Mechanical Weed Control in Arable Crops

MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL IN ARABLE CROPS

OPTIMISING AND PROMOTING MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL CASDAR PROJECT 2009/2011. TEXT VERSION: MARCH 2012.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE (PG. 5)

MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL: GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS (PG. 7)

PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR CONTROLLING WEEDS (PG. 9)

MECHANICALLY MANAGING WEEDS DURING THE CROP SEASON (PG. 15)

A FARMER'S EXPERIENCE (PG. 22)

DESCRIPTIVE SHEET 1: MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL IN COMMON WHEAT (AND WINTER GRAINS) (PG. 27)

DESCRIPTIVE SHEET 2: MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL IN FABA BEAN (PG. 39)

DESCRIPTIVE SHEET 3: MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL IN LINSEED (PG. 47)

DESCRIPTIVE SHEET 4: MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL IN MAIZE (PG. 53)

DESCRIPTIVE SHEET 5: MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL IN SPRING BARLEY (PG. 61)

DESCRIPTIVE SHEET 6: MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL IN SOYBEAN (PG. 67)

DESCRIPTIVE SHEET 7: MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL IN SUNFLOWER (PG. 75)

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PREFACE

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MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL: GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR CONTROLLING WEEDS

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MECHANICALLY MANAGING WEEDS DURING THE CROP SEASON

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Primary Fuel GHG Equipment energy Working Working consumption emissions operating costs consumption speed (ha/h) time (h/ha) (l/ha) (kg CO2/ha) ( /ha) (MJ/ha) Median values for a single pass (calculated based on data from 31 farmers)

TINE HARROW 2.5 117 8 14.3 4.5 0.2

ROTARY HOE 3.5 161 11 19.5 3.4 0.3

ROW CULTIVATOR 6.6 302 20 19.5 2 0.5

Equipment Fuel consumption Total working time Number of total operating costs (l/ha) (h/ha) passes (/ha)

Median values per crop for weed control regimes with fallow-period tillage and mechanical weed control (based on survey data from 31 farmers) Winter grains (n=19) 45 150 2.5 6.5

Spring grains (n=3) 20 120 1.6 4.0

Winter rapeseed (n=3) 35 150 2.8 7.0

Sunflower (n=4) 70 170 4.1 8.5

Maize (n=7) 65 380 3.9 8.0

Winter faba bean (n=5) 50 160 2.4 6.5

Potatoes (n=3) 75 410 4.8 8.5

REMEMBER:

MANY FACTORS WILL DETERMINE WHETHER WEED CONTROL IS SUCCESSFUL OR NOT

• Rainfall • Air temperature Climate • % Humidity • Light levels • Wind

Weeds Equipment • Growth stage type and usage Success of relative to crop • Type • Density • Settings weed control • Root depth • Working speed • Type • Response to weed control

Soil • Type • Moisture • Structure • Surface roughness

-- An organic grain and

meat poultry farm in the department of Sarthe (72) — - A weed control - regime based on agricultural strategies and limited mechanical - tool use

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MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL: CROP-SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS

MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL OF WINTER COMMON WHEAT (AND OTHER WINTER GRAINS) S

— wheat... Winter 1: heet

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… wheat... Winter 1: Sheet

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TINE HARROW

… Sheet 1: Winter wheat... Winter 1: Sheet - ––

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Early stem elongation Winter grain growth Post-sowing/ Emergence to 2 nodes 2–3 leaves Tillering Pseudo-stem stage Pre-emergence 1 leaf Heading erection (Zadoks 30) cleavers and germination/ Weed growth stage early growth to 2–3 leaves, max vetch "white thread" developed not Working speed 8–12 km/h 4 km/h 6–8 km/h 8–10 km/h recommended

Aggressiveness low to low intermediate to high intermediate Tine angle intermediate

Crop loss none high low none none

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ROTARY HOE

… Sheet 1: Winter wheat... Winter 1: Sheet

Early stem elongation Winter grain growth Post-sowing/ Emergence to 2 nodes 2–3 leaves Tillering Pseudo-stem stage Pre-emergence 1 leaf Heading erection (Zadoks 30) germination/ Weed growth stage early growth to 2–3 leaves, max "white thread"

not Working speed 12–15 km/h 15–20 km/h recommended unsuitable Working depth shallow shallow intermediate to deep

Crop loss none high low none

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ROW CULTIVATOR

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wheat... Winter 1: Sheet

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Early stem elongation Winter grain growth Post-sowing/ Emergence to 2 nodes 2–3 leaves Tillering Pseudo-stem stage Pre-emergence 1 leaf Heading erection (Zadoks 30)

Working speed 2–5 km/h

+ camera-based up to 14 km/h guidance system not recommended Crop spacing >20 cm

+ camera-based <20 cm guidance system

Crop loss high low

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… wheat... Winter 1: Sheet

Midi- Pays de la Loire Pyrénées / Centre Languedoc- 12% 28% Roussillon 10% Lorraine 8% Ile de France 8% Haute Normandie 34%

-- Winter common wheat grown by an organic grain farmer in the - Ile-de-France region

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+ - > > > > – AugAoût Sept Oct Nov DecDéc JanJan FebFév MarMars AprAvr MayMai JuneJuin JulJuil > > > StubbleDéchaumeur plough w/discs à StubbleDéchaumeur plough à dents + RowBineuse cultivator TineHerse harrow étrille TopperEcimeuse Weed control > disques w/discsdisques + tines 3 feuilles3 leaves à épiaison to heading 3 leavesfeuilles to headingà épiaison P Désherber PFalseFaux seedbed-semis creation PFalseFaux seedbed-semis creation PWeedDésherber control P WeedDésherber control DependingEn fonction - Terminate lucerne and Terminate lucerne and on weeds Détruire la luzerne et Détruire la luzerne et WeatherMétéo WeatherMétéo des adventices promote its promote its Weed levels Weed levels favorisermineralisation sa favorisermineralisation sa minéralisation Enherbement Enherbement minéralisation DécompacteurSubsoiler PSeedbedPréparer preparation le semis Winter common wheat grown by

an organic grain farmer in the - Centre region - > > > -- -- > - - > — — — — - + > > > > Août Sept Oct Nov Déc Jan Fév Mars Avr Mai Juin Juil Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Jul > - DéchaumeurStubble plough dents CharruePlough HerseTine harrow étrille TineHerse harrow étrille + row en combiné cultivator avec bineuse EcimeuseTopper w/discs+ disques + tines EnBlind aveugle cultivation TilleringTallage, 1 puis node 1 nœud PChopEtêter down adventices weeds > Remove weed Clean whole field Clean row middle; if ryegrass remains, Weed pressure, P Supprimer P Nettoyer en plein P Nettoyer inter-rang puis s’il reste un Selon pression > adventicesseedlings levées CréerCreate un gap décalage betweenentre weed levée peuthen de final ray -passgrass, for passageinsurance de sécurité adventicesesp. from thistle notamment Flush weed seed bank and crop emergence and wild oat Faire germer adventice et culture SoilPortance vulnerability du sol to compactionet météo chardon et folle avoine graines adventices SoilPortance vulnerability du sol to etcompaction météo StadeWeather adventice Weather Weed growth stage Winter common wheat grown by

an organic sheep farmer in the - Midi-Pyrénées region - - - — - > > – > - > > — - - + > > JulJuil AugAoût Sept Oct Nov Déc Jan Fév MarMars AprAvr MayMai JuneJuin Juil Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Jul > > StubbleDéchaumeur plough w/discs à CultivateurCultivator CombinedSemis tillage/sowing combiné HerseTine harrow étrille - disquesor sweeps ou socs Improve soil P Destroy weeds and Pre-emergence/4 leaves/Tillering > - P Ameublir les Détruire les Prélevée /4 f/Tallage PRemoveSupprimer élémentsstructure in the adventicesimprove soil et structure ameublir le PLevelNiveler the soil;le sol break et upfragmenter the earth to la terre pour top 20 cm to facilitate sowing herbesweed levées structuraux des 20 sol pour faciliter le semis couvrircover wheelde petites tracks motteswith small les clods passages de roues seedlings Destroy weeds (1st pass) > Soil is moist, but not wet > FaireFlush germer weed premiers cm Sol frais mais non (1ierControl passage) weeds and turn under After Nov 15 seedgraines bank Détruire adventices humide Désherberorganic fertiliser et enfouir l’engrais organique adventices FriableSols friables soil Après le 15 novembre SoilSur is terrains dry secs PostAprès harvest récolte DePreferably préférence in en October once rainy puis andaprès after chaque each rainfall octobreseason dèsstarts épisode pluvieux l’arrivée des pluies Winter common wheat grown by an organic livestock farmer in the Lorraine region

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- + > JuilJul AoûtAug SeptSept OctOct Nov DecDéc Jan FebFév MarsMar AvrApr MayMai JuneJuin JulJuil > > > DéchaumeurStubble plough à HerseChain harrow lourde + + roller rouleau HerseTine harrow étrille BineuseRow cultivator dentsw/discs + disques + tines PFlushFaire weed lever seed et bankdétruire and destroy le Mini 3 f, maxiMin: épi 3 leaves, 1 cm P KeepAvoir crop une free culture of weeds propre until as many weeds as possible (harrow) Max: Pseudo-stem erection enough cover has been produced > PBreakDégrader down résidus maximum d’adventices (herse). P Pourrd 3ème passage : 1 ou 2 j jusqu’à ce que celle-ci soit Do not dry out soil (roller) 3 pass: 1 or 2 days after row cultureresidue précédente from Ne pas assécher le sol (rouleau) après binage pour casser les assez couvrante preceding crop cultivator use to break up clods and Good pedoclimatic Good pedoclimatic FaireFlush lever weed seed Bonnes conditions mottesstraighten et up redresser crop plants la culture Conditions conditions rd conditions adventicesbank pédoclimatiques 3Pourpass: 3ème passage : pédoclimatiques ImmediatelyImmédiatement post conditionsPedoclimatic pédoclimatiques conditions SalissementWeed infestation de la in parcelle field > - aprèsharvest moisson to take pour after row cultivatoraprès binage use advantage of profiter humidité PloughCharrue residual soil PReduceDiminuer weed la pressure pression des adventices résiduellemoisture sol Mixed grains grown by an organic dairy farmer in the Brittany region - -

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- + > > - > AoûtAug Sept OctOct Nov DecDéc Jan FebFév MarsMar AprAvr MayMai JuneJuin JulJuil > - CanadianDéchaumeur springtine PloughCharrue TineHerse harrow étrille ManualManuel intervention -- canadiencultivator P TurnEnfouir under chaumes residues EarlyDébut tillering tallage P EliminateSur rumex dock, et P DestroyDétruire weeds P BreakEcrouter up soil sol crust chardonssorrel, and thistle adventicesReduce weed seed bank FavoriserPromote minéralisationmineralisation IfSi present présence Promote straw Weather (sun) Réduiremineralisation pool de Conditions météo (soleil) graines PortanceSoil vulnerability du sol to compaction Minéraliser pailles

MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL OF WINTER AND SPRING FABA BEAN

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bean... Faba 2: Sheet

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… Sheet 2: Faba bean... Faba 2: Sheet

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— — Type of seed drill Soil type Precision Classic 25–30 (SFB) 30–35 (SFB) Silty —--— 20–25 (WFB) 25–30 (WFB) 35–40 (SFB) 45–50 (SFB) Clayey 20–25 (WFB) 25–30 (WFB)

… bean... Faba 2: Sheet

TINE HARROW

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Post-sowing/ Faba bean growth stage Emergence to 1 leaf 2–4 leaves 4–8 leaves Pre-emergence germination/ Weed growth stage "white thread” cotyledon, 2 leaves max (optimum)

up to 10 km/h when … Working speed 7–8 km/h strongly discouraged 3–4 km/h crop reaches 10 cm bean... Faba 2: Sheet

Tine aggressiveness intermediate low high

Crop loss none high none to low

ROTARY HOE

Post-sowing/ Faba bean growth stage Emergence to 1 leaf 2–4 leaves 4–8 leaves Pre-emergence germination/ "white thread” (optimum) Weed growth stage "white thread” effective until 2-leaf stage (optimum)

Working speed 15 km/h strongly discouraged 12–20 km/h

Working depth shallow intermediate deep

low (after 8-leaf Crop loss none high none to low stage, risk of stem breakage)

ROW CULTIVATOR

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… Sheet 2: Faba bean... Faba 2: Sheet

Post-sowing/ Emergence to Faba bean growth stage 2–4 leaves 4–8 leaves Pre-emergence 2 leaves

Working speed 3 km/h 5 km/h throw dirt on the row use shields or Lelièvre during the last pass Component choice blades to avoid by raising the shields burying crop (or via sweep action, use is discouraged where appropriate) GPS, camera, tracking devices—all improve Guidance system work accuracy and precision Front mounted: improves comfort Cultivator/tractor Tool holder: improves precision configuration Rear mounted: traditional; reduced precision none to low (occurs if Crop loss very high none plants buried)

-- Spring faba bean grown by an organic grain farmer in the Brittany region — — > > > > - > — —

- + > - > > > AoûtAug Sept Oct Nov DecDéc JanJan FebFév MaMarrs AprAvr MayMai JuneJuin JulJuil AoûtAug StubbleDéchaumeur plough àw/discs disques CharruePlough RotaryHoue rotativehoe > Control weeds Control weeds P Lutter contre les adventices P Lutter contre les adventices 2--44 leaves f SoilHumidité moisture P ControlLutter weedscontre les adventices HerseTine étrille harrow Pre-emergence to germination CropStade growth culture stage et adventices + météo AveugleControl à germé weeds Weed growth stage P Lutter contre Croples adventices growth stage Weather Stade culture et adventicesWeed growth + météo stage Weather Spring faba bean grown by an

organic grain farmer in the

Brittany region

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+ - > > Sept Oct Nov Déc Jan Fév Mars Avr Mai Juin Juil Août > - > Charrue Herse étrille 2-4 f P Lutter contre les adventices Densité adventices Conditions climatiques Winter faba bean grown by an organic grain farmer in the Centre region – -

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Sept Oct NovNov DecDéc JanJan FebFév MarsMar AprAvr MayMai JuneJuin JulJuil AoûtAug > > Stubble plough Déchaumeur à dents + PloughCharrue TineHerse harrow étrille > w/discsdisques + tines P DestroyDétruire weeds les 2-44 leaves, f puis then 6 f 6 leaves P FissurerSlice up and et destroy détruire adventices P ControlDésherber weeds et and réchauffer warm soil le sol > rhizomesles rhizomes WellRessuyage-drained soildu sol LevelSalissement of du StadeWeeds filament in “white des thread” adventices stage (1st (pass)1ier passage) rd infestationchamp in field En Weedfonction infestation du salissement level (3 pass) (3ème passage) > >

MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL IN LINSEED

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Linseed... 3: Sheet

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… Sheet 3: Linseed... 3: Sheet

TINE HARROW

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Post-sowing/ Emergence to Linseed growth stage 5–10 cm 10–25 cm Pre-emergence 5 cm Weed growth stage young use not Working speed use not recommended about 6 km/h recommended Tine aggressiveness intermediate

Crop loss high low high

OTARY HOE R … Sheet 3: Linseed... 3: Sheet

Post-sowing/ Emergence to Linseed growth stage 5–7 cm 7–10 cm 10–25 cm Pre-emergence 5 cm

Weed growth stage young use not use not recommended recommended Working speed 10 km/h 12 km/h

Crop loss high low high

ROW CULTIVATOR

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Post-sowing/ Emergence to Linseed growth stage 4–7 cm 7–10 cm 10–25 cm Pre-emergence 4 cm

Weed growth stage even for well-developed weeds

use not recommended 2–3 km/h; only up to 8 km/h if Working speed using a guidance 3–5 km/h guidance system system used low; low; only using a Crop loss high use of twin rows can help limit guidance system losses

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… Sheet 3: Linseed... 3: Sheet > ---

-- Flax grown by an organic grain farmer in the Haute-Normandie region – – - – > > > - > > - — — - + > > - - > AoûtAug SeptSept Oct NovNov DecDéc Jan Fév Mars AprAvr MayMai JuneJuin Juil Jan Feb Mar Jul > > - StubbleDéchaumeur plough dentsw/tines + + CharruePlough HerseRotary rotative hoe TineHerse harrow étrille revolvingbêche roulante discs P ImproveStructurer soil structure le sol P FalseFaux seedbed-semis 8Stade-cm stage 8 cm P FlushFaire weed lever seed les bank (limono(clayey- argileux)silt) SoilCondition must not sol be : P DestroyDétruire weeds les adventices adventices SoilCondition must not sol be : pas pastoo trop wet humide Weather:Météo :if s forecasti prévu of temps dry weather sec après WeedHauteur height des troptoo humide wet post intervention SemisSowing avec herse w/rotary rotative hoe RollerRouleau adventices P PromoteFavoriser germination la germination PKeepGarder soil moist,le sol promotefrais, favoriser emergence la levée WeatherMétéo Weather:Météo :if s forecasti prévu of temps dry weather sec après post intervention Linseed grown by an organic grain

farmer in the Haute-Normandie

region - - -- — > > > - -

> > — - — June - + > > Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Jul Aug - or > -- Stubble plough w/tines Plough Danish cultivator Row cultivator Tine harrow + wing sweeps Take advantage False seedbed w/guidance Min: 5-cm stage > False seedbed of freezes to Level the system Destroy weeds improve soil ground Turn under straw Destroy weeds Prepare the soil for sowing structure Well-drained soil - If field is infested Weeds in cotyledon Well-drained soil (namely at stage, linseed well > rotation’s end) or established Good weed emergence Well-drained soil if the soil is > compacted - Roller Sowing w/rotary harrow and roller Press down the soil, promote the emergence of weeds Properly establish the linseed Well-drained soil Warm soil to promote rapid early growth of linseed

MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL IN MAIZE

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Maize... 4: Sheet

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- > - - … Sheet 4: Maize... 4: Sheet

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TINE HARROW

Post-sowing/ Post-sowing/ Maize growth stage 3–4 leaves 4–6 leaves Pre-emergence Germination

Weed growth stage germination/"white thread” seedlings seedlings

Working speed 8–12 km/h 3 km/h 4–5 km/h … Sheet 4: Maize... 4: Sheet

Tine aggressiveness intermediate to high intermediate low low to intermediate

low to high, none to tear damage to Crop loss none depending on root

intermediate leaves development

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ROTARY HOE

Maize growth Post-sowing/ Post-sowing/ Coleoptile 1 leaf 3 leaves 4–5 leaves 6–7 leaves stage Pre-emergence Germination

Weed growth germination/"white thread” germination/"white thread", cotyledon, 1–2 leaves stage

Working speed 15–20 km/h 10 km/h 10 km/h max 12–15 km/h 15–20 km/h 15–20 km/h

intermediate tassel Crop loss none intermediate low very low to high breakage

ROW CULTIVATOR …

Maize... 4: Sheet

Post-sowing/ Maize growth Post-sowing/ 4–5 6–7 8–11 Pre- Coleoptile 1 leaf 2 leaves 3 leaves

stage Germination leaves leaves leaves emergence

Weed growth "white Seedlings, up to 3–4 leaves stage thread" unsuitable Working 7–8 8–10 3 km/h 3 km/h 5 km/h 6 km/h speed km/h km/h

low; ridge intermediate Crop loss high low if properly equipped low creation is to high useful

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… Sheet 4: Maize... 4: Sheet

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-- Irrigated maize grown by

an organic grain farmer in the hilly part of the Gers region — > - > > > > - - > — — —

AoûtAug Sept Oct Nov DecDéc Jan FebFév MarsMar AvrilApr MayMai JuneJuin JulJuil AugAoût

+ - PloughCharrue w/4 4 socssweeps CultivateurCultivator DanishVibroculteur cultivator HoueRotary rotative hoe TineHerse harrow étrille ManualDésherbage weed controlmanuel Blind cultivation, Rip up common > or spading machine P EBreakclater down clods P Aerate the soil Dès 2Break-3 feuilles up P Arracher xanthium, > ou rotobèche Aérer sol et thenA l’aveugle starting at cocklebur, thorn apple, Prepare soil Aerate the soil Limit adult compacted P Préparer sol et mottes puis limiter taupins P Casser croute thepuis 4- or à 5partir-leaf daturaand barnyardgrasset panic Turn under manure Limit adult wireworms wireworms soil, crusts enfouir fumure aérer sol et Dès 8 jours Ripbattance up weeds stage4-5 feuilles Si présence Starting on Oct 15 Frozen soils As soon as there If weeds are A partir du 15 limiter taupins de beauhave temps been 8 days If Arrachersoil is PRipArracher up weeds present > octobre Sur sols gelés of good weather adventicescompacted adventicesGrowth stages Si battance Stades StubbleDéchaumeur plough à socs > w/sweeps Après une pluie BineuseRow cultivator Starting at the 3-leaf stage, then After rainfall A partir stade 3 feuilles, puis à 7-8 feuilles PagainSectionner at the 7- or plantes8-leaf stage de l’inter-rang > RecouvrirSlice up plants jeunes in row adventices middle du rang StadesBury young weeds in row Growth stages Irrigated maize grown by an organic grain farmer in the Midi-Pyrénées region – —

> > -- > > > - — — + - > Oct Nov DécDec JanJan FebFév MarsMar AvrilApr MayMai JuneJuin JuilJul AoûtAug SeptSept OOctct > > DéchaumeurStubble plough à socs FourCharrue-furrow 4 HerseRotary rotative hoe DanishVibroculteur cultivator HoueRotary rotative hoe BineuseRow cultivator > P Enfouirw/sweeps graines de ploughcorps P ALoosenmeublir soil PRemoveEliminer weeds RemoveP Détruire very P DésherberRemove weeds entre féveroleBury faba seméesbean seeds à la PControlEliminer sol Remove adventicesLoosen soil youngadventices weeds les inrangs row middle spread via broadcasting weeds Turn under Break up volée adventicesweeds Eliminer Assouplir sol très jeunes AbsenceNo rainfall inde forecast pluie sowing Weather organic fertiliser compacted soil Conditions de sol SolSoil ni is trop adventices Enfouir Casser croute annoncée Soil is not too wet Friable soil pas trop humide sec,neither ni trop too Météo engrais Friablede battance soil dry,humide nor organique Sol friable > > too wet Sol friable

MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL OF SPRING BARLEY

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barley... Spring 5: Sheet

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… - barley... Spring 5: Sheet - –

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… Sheet 5: Spring barley... Spring 5: Sheet

TINE HARROW

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Early stem elongation Spring barley Post-seeding/ Emergence to 2 nodes 3–4 leaves Tillering Pseudo-stem growth stage Pre-emergence 2 leaves Heading erection (Zadoks 30) germination/ Weed growth cleavers "white thread” cotyledon to 2 leaves max stage developed (optimum)

strongly Working speed 8–10 km/h 3–4 km/h 6–8 km/h 6–8 km/h 8–10 km/h discouraged

Aggressiveness low; deeper intermediate aggressiveness low high Tine angle seeds (also depends on soil) … Crop loss low high low possible none none barley... Spring 5: Sheet

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ROTARY HOE

- - Early stem elongation Spring barley Post-seeding/ Emergence to 2 nodes 3–4 leaves Tillering Pseudo-stem growth stage Pre-emergence 2 leaves Heading erection (Zadoks 30) Weed growth cotyledon to 2 leaves max stage

Working speed strongly discouraged 12–18 km/h not useful

Working depth shallow intermediate to deep

Crop loss high low possible none

ROW CULTIVATOR

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Early stem

elongation …

Spring barley Post-seeding/ Emergence 2 nodes barley... Spring 5: Sheet 3–4 leaves Tillering Pseudo-stem growth stage Pre-emergence to 2 leaves Heading erection (Zadoks 30)

Weed growth cleavers

stage developed

Working speed 3–4 km/h 6–8 km/h 8–10 km/h

+ camera- based guidance 7–8 km/h 10–14 km/h 15 km/h system use is discouraged use shields or Component Lelièvre blades to shields raised choice avoid burying the crop Guidance GPS, camera, tracking devices—all improve work accuracy and system precision Cultivator/ front mounted: improves comfort tractor tool holder: improves precision configuration rear mounted: traditional; reduced precision low (intermediate if Crop loss very high possible none crop is buried)

-- Spring barley grown by an organic grain farmer in southern Ile de France

- - > > > — - - > > — - + > > > > AoûtAug Sept Oct Nov DecDéc JanJan FebFév MarsMar AprAvr MayMai JuneJuin JulJuil

DiscCover harrow-crop CharruePlough VibroculteurDanish cultivatorà dents RollerRouleau P Enfouir l’importantTurn under the P LutterDestroy contreweeds P LutterWeed control contre in les DryTemps weather sec important forage Aerate soil couvert de radis les adventices adventicesinfested, dans les deep zones areas radish cover crop Warm soil HerseTine harrow étrille (green manure) Aérer le sol sales et profondes fourrager (engrais vert) If soil is drained early 33 feuillesbudding naissantesleaves Réchauffer leenough sol P DésherberWeed control et enfouir les graines de luzerne Bury lucerne seeds Si le sol est ressuyé Juste après le semis de la luzerne dans le assez tôt Just after lucerne is couvertundersown d’orgein barley

MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL IN SOYBEAN

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Sheet 6: Soybean... 6: Sheet -

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Soybean... 6: Sheet

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Soybean 6: Sheet

TINE HARROW

Soybean Post-sowing/ Post-sowing/ Scale leaves 1st single 1st trifoliate Cotyledon 10–20 cm 20–50 cm growth stage Pre-emergence Germination visible leaf set leaf

Weed growth germination between germination and 2–3 leaves stage

strongly strongly Working speed 8–12 km/h 2 km/h 3 km/h 4–5 km/h 6–7 km/h discouraged discouraged

Tine intermediate to low to intermediate low intermediate high aggressiveness high intermediate

none to Crop loss none high intermediate low fairly low none high intermediate

…

Soybean... 6: Sheet

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ROTARY HOE

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Scale 1st 1st Soybean Post-sowing/ Post-sowing/ leaves Cotyledon single trifoliate 10–20 cm 20–50 cm growth stage Pre-emergence Germination visible leaf set leaf Weed growth germination germination, cotyledon, 1–2 leaves stage

Working 12–15 15–20 15–20 15–20 km/h <10 km/h 10 km/h max unsuitable speed km/h km/h km/h

intermediate low to Crop loss none none very low none none to high intermediate

ROW CULTIVATOR

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Scale 1st 1st Soybean... 6: Sheet Soybean Post-sowing/ Post-sowing/ leaves Cotyledon single trifoliate 10–20 cm 20–50 cm 50–70 cm growth stage Pre-emergence Germination visible leaf set leaf Weed germination to 3–4 leaves growth stage discouraged

Working 8–10 3 km/h 5 km/h 6 km/h 7–8 km/h speed km/h none none ridge Crop loss high with with none none creation shield shield is useful

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> > > > > -– … Sheet 6: Soybean... 6: Sheet

-- Non-irrigated soybean grown by

an organic farmer in the - Midi-Pyrénées region - — -- - - > - - >

> > - > — — — - + > > - AoûtAug SeptSept Oct Nov DecDéc Jan FebFév MarMars AvrilApr MayMai JuneJuin JuilJul AuAogût > Déchaumeur Déchaumeur à Stubble plough DécompacteurSubsoiler Stubble plough HoueRotary rotative hoe RowBineuse cultivator PSowSemer intermediate la culture crop of P SoulagerComplement enfouisseur work of disquesw/discs 2 2cotylédons cotyledons FloweringFloraison Rip out seedlings intermédiairefaba bean de stubble(déchaumage) plough PTurnEnfouir under P Arracher PSliceSectionner up any weeds plantes present présentes and bury Well-drained soil Stimulate young weeds in row (ridge creation) féveroleJuly, August, and sometimes l’engraisgreen manure vert– Sol ressuyé plantules,germination faire of etCrop recouvrir exceeds jeunes tractor adventices September faba bean Juillet, août et deFinely féverole work the et germerbarnyardgrass le panic duclearance rang (buttage) > parfois septembre affiner sol Salissement Stade limite passage bineuse > soil Weed ImmediatelyJuste après infestationou sol battu or soil TineHerse harrow étrille décompactageafter soil 3 leaves decompaction compaction 3 feuilles PRipArracher out seedlings plantule After rainfall Après une pluie Soybean grown by an organic grain farmer in the Midi-Pyrénées region — -- — — > > > - > > — — - + > > Sept Oct Nov DécDec Jan FebFév MarsMar AvrilApr MayMai JuneJuin JuilJul AoûAugt > > StubbleDéchaumeur plough à CharruePlough HerseRotary rotative hoe HoueRotary rotative hoe BineuseRow cultivator P w/sweepssocs P EliminerRemove adventices weeds FinelyAffiner work labour P Enlever adventicesRemove very P DésherberControl weeds entre les rangs P BuryEnfouir faba bean graines seeds EnfouirTurn engrais under vertsgreen Eliminerthe soil trèsyoung jeunes weeds Pluiein row middle de(green féverole manure) Ni tropmanure sec, ni trop adventicesRemove weeds Désherber surControl le rang weeds Rainfall in row After(engrais broadcast vert )sowing of Soil that humideis neither WeatherMétéo Dès 1ières levées winter Après faba lebean semis too dry nor too wet d’adventices,Starting puis w/1st weeds > à la volée de la répétition VibroculteurDanish cultivator to emerge, féverole d’hiver hebdomadaire,then repeat si P Eliminer adventices, assouplir sol Remove weeds weeklybesoin as Loosen soil necessary

MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL IN SUNFLOWER

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7: 7: Sunflower

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Sunflower... 7: Sheet

TINE HARROW

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Scale BBCH 12: Sunflower Post-sowing/ Post-sowing/ BBCH 14: 20 cm < h < leaves Cotyledon one pair of growth stage Pre-emergence Germination h<20 cm 40 cm visible leaves Weed growth "white thread” germination to 2-3 leaves stage

Working speed 8–10 km/h strongly discouraged 2–4 km/h 5 km/h 5 km/h

Tine intermediate low to high low intermediate aggressiveness to high intermediate

none to none to intermediate intermediat Crop loss high intermediate intermediate intermediate to great e to great

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► – … Sheet 7: Sunflower... 7: Sheet

ROTARY HOE

BBCH 12: Sunflower Post-sowing/ Germination/ Scale leaves BBCH 14: 20 cm < h < Cotyledon one pair of growth stage Pre-emergence Pre-emergence visible h<20 cm 40 cm leaves

Weed growth "white thread” "white thread", cotyledon, 1 leaf stage discouraged discouraged Working speed 15 km/h 8–10 km/h 10–12 km/h 12–15 km/h

none to none to none to Crop loss high intermediate intermediate high intermediate intermediate intermediate

ROW CULTIVATOR

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Scale BBCH 12: Sunflower Post-sowing/ Post-sowing/ BBCH 14: 20 cm < h leaves Cotyledon one pair of BBCH 16–18: growth stage Pre-emergence Germination h<20 cm 20 cm < h < 40 cm < 40 cm visible leaves Weed growth cotyledon to 3- or 4-leaf stage stage … Sheet 7: Sunflower... 7: Sheet Working speed unsuitable 3–4 km/h 5 km/h 6 km/h 8–9 km/h

low if ridge Crop loss properly none none creation equipped useful

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> > > – > > – … Sheet 7: Sunflower... 7: Sheet

-- Sunflower grown by an organic sheep farmer in the

Midi-Pyrénées region - - - - > - > — > - - > - > — — - - - + > > - - Sept OctOct Nov DecDéc JanJan FebFév MarsMar AprAvril MayMai JuneJuin JuilJul AoûtAug > > > StubbleDéchaumeur plough à SubsoilerDécompacteur CultivatorCultivateur DanishVibroculteur cultivator TineHerse harrow étrille FrontBineuse-mounted à l’avant du > disques puis socs P Aérer et P Remonter en P Désherber Juste après semis, tracteur w/discs then Aerate and Bring up Manage wild oat Just after sowing, row cultivator w/sweepsP Supprimer fissurerbreak up sol soil structuralsurface andfolle spring avoine dicots et thenpuis at the à 22--to3cm 3- PHoeSarcler and slice et sectionnerup weeds elements to cm stage herbes levées SectionnerSlice up et éléments dicotylédones P Niveler et adventicesThen throw puis dirt on butter the le Remove Level and break Faire germer perennial roots; exposestructuraux them to pour de printemps fragmenter sol tournesolrow to suffocate pour étouffer young emergent weeds dessécher up soil let them dry out freezing weeds > Flush weedgraines seed racines de temperaturesles exposer au CouvrirCover de wheel petites jeunes adventices du rang Hot Starting at the 2-leaf- bankadventices Destroygel weeds mottestracks passages with small de Dès stade 2 paires de vivacestemperatures pair stage on non-moist After harvest, then Soil is frozen and clods Après récolte (35Quand°C in Détruire roues feuillessoil and sur before sol a non period frais, et after each rainfall not vulnerable to Control weeds puis après températuressummer) adventices Désherber avantof nice une weather période de beau compaction Growth stage chaque épisode extrêmes (35°C Sol gelé et Stade temps pluvieux l’été) portant Sunflower grown by an organic grain farmer in the Centre region

> > - > - > > — — - + > > - > > > - > > JuilJul AoûtAug Sept OctOct Nov DecDéc JanJan FebFév MarsMar AprAvr MayMai JuneJuin JuJulil > StubbleDéchaumeur plough à StubbleDéchaumeur plough à disques DanishVibroculteur cultivatorou or BineuseRow cultivator (puis buttage) (then ridge creation) w/tinesdents + +discs disques w/discsP Faux-semis, rotaryherse hoe rotative LevéeEmergence, puis 2- 4then f puis 2- to limite 4-leaf stagede passage until crop height > tractor clearance Break up soil False seedbeds 2- to 4-leaf stage, P Fissurer et Mélanger débris de culture 2-4 f puis 6 f P LimiterLimit weeds l’enherbement in row and row inter et intra- and destroy Mix crop residues and then 6-leaf stage détruire les vivaces et couche superficielle P Affiner le sol rang etmiddle réchauffer le sol perennial weeds superficial soil layer Finely work soil Disponibilité StateEtat of thedu land,terrain, season saison State ofEtat soil du sol EtatWarm des soil adventices et du sol Availability Weed growth stage, state of soil

SOME USEFUL REFERENCES

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