DOCSLIB.ORG

Eskom Ingula Pump Storage Scheme

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eskom Ingula Pump Storage Scheme ESKOM INGULA PUMP STORAGE SCHEME GEOHYDROLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROPOSED CEMETERY MAY 2010 FINAL REPORT for INGULA PUMPED STORAGE SHEME by GHT CONSULTING SCIENTISTS PROJECT TEAM L.J. van Niekerk M. Smit Project no.: 274-19-ghd.576 Start Date: February 2010 Current Phase: Final Report Start Date: February 2010 Report no.: RVN 576.1/1025 Report Date: May 2010 Geo-Hydro Technologies OFS (Pty)Ltd. Trading as GHT Consulting • Reg. no. 94/05593/07 • VAT no. 493 017 5890 PO Box 32998 Fichardt Park 9317 • http://www.ghtglobal.com • E-Mail: [email protected] Tel: +27 (0) 51 522 7185 • Fax: +27 (0) 51 522 4205 • Cell: +27 (0) 82 652 2992 +27 (0) 82 656 6996 10 May 2010 Our ref.: RVN 576.1/1025 Zi tholele Consulting (Pty) Ltd PO Box 6002 Hal fway House 1685 South Africa FO R ATTENTION: Mr. Konrad Kruger Dear Sir, GEOHYDROLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROPOSED CEMETERY AT ESKOM INGULA PUMPED STORAGE SCHEME MEI 2010 - FINAL REPORT It is our pleasure in enclosing one electronic copy and three hard copies of the report RVN 576.1/1025 “GEOHYDROLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROPOSED CEMETERY AT ESKOM INGULA PUMPED STORAGE SCHEME MEI 2010 - FINAL REPORT”. This is a final report and includes the field work and detailed description of the hydrological as well as geohydrological assessments on three candidate cemetery sites. All the issues that need immediate attention are also discussed in detail in this report. We trust that the report will fulfil the expectations of the Power Station and we will supply any additional information if needed. Yours sincerely, Louis J van Niekerk (Pr.Sci.Nat.) Cell: 082 6522992 E-mail: [email protected] Copies: 1) Three Printed copies and one electronic copy to Mr Konrad Kruger of Zitholele Consulting (Pty) Ltd Although Geo-Hydro Technologies (Pty) Ltd. exercises due care and diligence in rendering services and preparing documents, Geo-Hydro Technologies (Pty) Ltd. accepts no liability, and the client, by receiving this document, indemnifies Geo-Hydro Technologies (Pty) Ltd. and its directors, managers, agents and employees against all action, claims, demands, losses, liabilities, costs, damages and expenses arising from or in connection with services rendered, directly or indirectly by Geo-Hydro Technologies (Pty) Ltd. and by the use of the information contained in this document. ______________________________ This document contains confidential and proprietary information of Geo-Hydro Technologies (Pty) Ltd. and is protected by copyright in favour of Geo-Hydro Technologies (Pty) Ltd. and may not be reproduced, or used without the written consent of Geo-Hydro Technologies (Pty) Ltd., which has been obtained beforehand. This document is prepared exclusively for ESKOM Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme and is subjected to all confidentiality, copyright and trade secret rules, intellectual property law and practices of SOUTH AFRICA. Directors: L.J. van Niekerk Pr.Sci.Nat. [M.Sc.]; D.C. Rudolph Pr.Sci.Nat. [M.Sc] Head Office: Bloemfontein (Free State) Offices: Springs (Gauteng); Vryheid (KwaZulu-Natal); Middelburg (Eastern Cape); Hendrina (Mpumalanga); Kimberley (Northern Cape) - 1 - - TABLE OF CONTENTS - 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................... 1 2 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................. 1 2.1 EXTENT OF INVESTIGATION ............................................................................................................. 1 2.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND SURFACE DRAINAGE .......................................................................................... 1 2.2.1 Candidate Site 1 ...................................................................................................................... 1 2.2.2 Candidate Site 2 ...................................................................................................................... 2 2.2.3 Candidate Site 6 ...................................................................................................................... 2 2.3 INFRASTRUCTURE AND MAN-MADE FEATURES ................................................................................ 2 2.4 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION............................................................................................................. 3 3 UNSATURATED ZONE SOIL CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................... 3 4 GEOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................ 5 5 GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION................................................................................................ 6 5.1 APPROACH TO THE MAGNETIC SURVEY ........................................................................................... 6 5.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE MAGNETIC METHOD....................................................................................... 6 5.3 STUDY OF ORHTO-PHOTOGRAPHS .................................................................................................... 7 5.3.1 Candidate Site 1 ...................................................................................................................... 7 5.3.2 Candidate Site 2 ...................................................................................................................... 7 5.3.3 Candidate Site 6 ...................................................................................................................... 7 5.4 STUDY OF AIRBORNE MAGNETIC MAP ............................................................................................. 7 5.5 GROUND MAGNETIC SURVEY .......................................................................................................... 8 5.5.1 Candidate Site 1 ...................................................................................................................... 8 5.5.2 Candidate Site 2 ...................................................................................................................... 9 5.5.3 Candidate Site 6 .................................................................................................................... 10 5.6 RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................................................... 12 6 GEOHYDROLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 13 6.1.1 Hydrocensus Information and Field Observations ................................................................. 13 6.1.2 Groundwater Flow Direction ................................................................................................ 13 7 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................ 13 7.1 POTENTIAL CONTAMINANT IMPACTS ............................................................................................. 13 7.2 ASSESSMENT OF FLAG CONDITIONS ............................................................................................... 14 7.3 ASSESSMENT OF AQUIFER VULNERABILITY ................................................................................... 18 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................... 19 9 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 20 GHT Consulting Scientists Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme Proposed Cemetery – April 2010 RVN576.1/1025 - 2 - - TABLE OF FIGURES - FIGURE 1. MAGNETIC PROFILE ALONG TRAVERSE T09. 8 FIGURE 2. MAGNETIC PROFILE ALONG TRAVERSE T10. 9 FIGURE 3. MAGNETIC PROFILE ALONG TRAVERSE T11. 9 FIGURE 4. MAGNETIC PROFILE ALONG TRAVERSE T12. 9 FIGURE 5. MAGNETIC PROFILE ALONG TRAVERSE T06. 10 FIGURE 6. MAGNETIC PROFILE ALONG TRAVERSE T07. 10 FIGURE 7. MAGNETIC PROFILE ALONG TRAVERSE T08. 10 FIGURE 8. MAGNETIC PROFILE ALONG TRAVERSE T01. 11 FIGURE 9. MAGNETIC PROFILE ALONG TRAVERSE T02. 11 FIGURE 10. MAGNETIC PROFILE ALONG TRAVERSE T03. 12 FIGURE 11. MAGNETIC PROFILE ALONG TRAVERSE T04. 12 FIGURE 12. MAGNETIC PROFILE ALONG TRAVERSE T05. 12 - LIST OF TABLES - TABLE 1. LABORATORY PERMEABILITY TEST RESULTS OF SOIL SAMPLES. ........................................... 4 TABLE 2. FLAG CONDITIONS CRITERIA AND WEIGHTED FACTORS. ..................................................... 14 TABLE 3. FLAG CONDITIONS OF CANDIDATE CEMETERY SITE 1. ........................................................ 15 TABLE 4. FLAG CONDITIONS OF CANDIDATE CEMETERY SITE 2. ........................................................ 16 TABLE 5. FLAG CONDITIONS OF CANDIDATE CEMETERY SITE 6 ......................................................... 17 TABLE 6. VULNERABILITY OF GROUNDWATER AQUIFER DUE TO HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.. 19 - APPENDICES - APPENDIX A MAPS APPENDIX B LABORATORY PERMEABILITY TEST RESULTS OF SOIL SAMPLES GHT Consulting Scientists Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme Proposed Cemetery – April 2010 RVN576.1/1025 - 1 - 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objectives of the Impact Assessment GHT Consulting was appointed by Zitholele Consulting (Pty) Ltd to perform geohydrological impact investigation on the local aquifer underlying proposed new cemetery sites for the relocation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Meso-Archaean and Palaeo-Proterozoic Sedimentary Sequence Stratigraphy of the Kaapvaal Craton
    Marine and Petroleum Geology 33 (2012) 92e116 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Marine and Petroleum Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpetgeo Meso-Archaean and Palaeo-Proterozoic sedimentary sequence stratigraphy of the Kaapvaal Craton Adam J. Bumby a,*, Patrick G. Eriksson a, Octavian Catuneanu b, David R. Nelson c, Martin J. Rigby a,1 a Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada c SIMS Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia article info abstract Article history: The Kaapvaal Craton hosts a number of Precambrian sedimentary successions which were deposited Received 31 August 2010 between 3105 Ma (Dominion Group) and 1700 Ma (Waterberg Group) Although younger Precambrian Received in revised form sedimentary sequences outcrop within southern Africa, they are restricted either to the margins of the 27 September 2011 Kaapvaal Craton, or are underlain by orogenic belts off the edge of the craton. The basins considered in Accepted 30 September 2011 this work are those which host the Witwatersrand and Pongola, Ventersdorp, Transvaal and Waterberg Available online 8 October 2011 strata. Many of these basins can be considered to have formed as a response to reactivation along lineaments, which had initially formed by accretion processes during the amalgamation of the craton Keywords: Kaapvaal during the Mid-Archaean. Faulting along these lineaments controlled sedimentation either directly by Witwatersrand controlling the basin margins, or indirectly by controlling the sediment source areas. Other basins are Ventersdorp likely to be more controlled by thermal affects associated with mantle plumes.
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Proceedings 2006
    FOSAF THE FEDERATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN FLYFISHERS PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10 TH YELLOWFISH WORKING GROUP CONFERENCE STERKFONTEIN DAM, HARRISMITH 07 – 09 APRIL 2006 Edited by Peter Arderne PRINTING & DISTRIBUTION SPONSORED BY: sappi 1 CONTENTS Page List of participants 3 Press release 4 Chairman’s address -Bill Mincher 5 The effects of pollution on fish and people – Dr Steve Mitchell 7 DWAF Quality Status Report – Upper Vaal Management Area 2000 – 2005 - Riana 9 Munnik Water: The full picture of quality management & technology demand – Dries Louw 17 Fish kills in the Vaal: What went wrong? – Francois van Wyk 18 Water Pollution: The viewpoint of Eco-Care Trust – Mornē Viljoen 19 Why the fish kills in the Vaal? –Synthesis of the five preceding presentations 22 – Dr Steve Mitchell The Elands River Yellowfish Conservation Area – George McAllister 23 Status of the yellowfish populations in Limpopo Province – Paul Fouche 25 North West provincial report on the status of the yellowfish species – Daan Buijs & 34 Hermien Roux Status of yellowfish in KZN Province – Rob Karssing 40 Status of the yellowfish populations in the Western Cape – Dean Impson 44 Regional Report: Northern Cape (post meeting)– Ramogale Sekwele 50 Yellowfish conservation in the Free State Province – Pierre de Villiers 63 A bottom-up approach to freshwater conservation in the Orange Vaal River basin – 66 Pierre de Villiers Status of the yellowfish populations in Gauteng Province – Piet Muller 69 Yellowfish research: A reality to face – Dr Wynand Vlok 72 Assessing the distribution & flow requirements of endemic cyprinids in the Olifants- 86 Doring river system - Bruce Paxton Yellowfish genetics projects update – Dr Wynand Vlok on behalf of Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Threatened Ecosystems in South Africa: Descriptions and Maps
    Threatened Ecosystems in South Africa: Descriptions and Maps DRAFT May 2009 South African National Biodiversity Institute Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Contents List of tables .............................................................................................................................. vii List of figures............................................................................................................................. vii 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 8 2 Criteria for identifying threatened ecosystems............................................................... 10 3 Summary of listed ecosystems ........................................................................................ 12 4 Descriptions and individual maps of threatened ecosystems ...................................... 14 4.1 Explanation of descriptions ........................................................................................................ 14 4.2 Listed threatened ecosystems ................................................................................................... 16 4.2.1 Critically Endangered (CR) ................................................................................................................ 16 1. Atlantis Sand Fynbos (FFd 4) .......................................................................................................................... 16 2. Blesbokspruit Highveld Grassland
    [Show full text]
  • Rivers of South Africa Hi Friends
    A Newsletter for Manzi’s Water Wise Club Members May 2016 Rivers of South Africa Hi Friends, This month we are exploring our rivers. We may take them for granted but they offer us great services. Rivers provide a home and food to a variety of animals. You will find lots of plants, insects, birds, freshwater animals and land animals near and in a river. You can say rivers are rich with different kinds of living things. These living things play different roles such as cleaning the river and providing food in the river for other animals. Rivers carry water and nutrients and they play an important part in the water cycle. We use rivers for water supply which we use for drinking, in our homes, watering in farms, making products in factories and generating electricity. Sailing, taking goods from one place to another and water sports such as swimming, skiing and fishing happens in most rivers. Have you ever wondered where rivers begin and end? Well friends, rivers begin high in the mountains or hills, or where a natural spring releases water from underground. They usually end by flowing into the ocean, sea or lake. The place where the river enters the ocean, sea or lake is called the mouth of the river. Usually there are lots of different living things there. Some rivers form tributaries of other rivers. A tributary is a stream or river that feeds into a larger stream or river. South Africa has the following major rivers: . Orange River (Lesotho, Free State & Northern Cape Provinces), Limpopo River (Limpopo Province), Vaal River (Mpumalanga, Gauteng, Free State & Northern Cape Provinces), Thukela River reprinted with permission withreprinted (Kwa-Zulu Natal Province), Olifants River – (Mpumalanga & Limpopo Provinces), Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bronkhorstspruit and Wilge River Conservancy Association (Gca067)
    NOTICE OF OBJECTION AND REQUEST TO BE REGISTERED AS AN INTERESTED OR AFFECTED PARTY IN RESPECT OF THE FOLLOWING EXPLORATION RIGHTS AND ENVIROMENTAL AUTHORISATION APPLICATION: NAME OF APPLICANT: Rhino Oil & Gas PASA REF: 12/3/291ER, 12/3/294, 12/3/295, 12/3/317, 12/3/318 Please note my objection to the abovementioned applications to explore for oil and gas and please register me as an interested or affected party in all applications. NAME: Jackie Nightingale EMAIL ADDRESS: [email protected] REASON FOR Environmental INTEREST: Environmental Health Community Economic ISSUES & CONCERNS: Water Climate Change I reserve my right to elaborate and/or add to these issues and concerns at a later stage. Jackie Nightingale ………………………………………………………………………………. SIGNATURE EMAIL TO: SLR Stella Moeketse [email protected] THE BRONKHORSTSPRUIT AND WILGE RIVER CONSERVANCY ASSOCIATION (GCA067) email : [email protected] contact nr : 082 442 2483 20 Sept 2016 To: The Regional Manager DMR Braamfontein [email protected] [email protected] To : Rhino Oil and Gas Exploration SA Att : SLR [email protected] [email protected] COMMENTS AND OBJECTION – 12/3/294ER - EIR AND EMP FOR AN EXPLORATION RIGHT APPLICATION FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ON VARIOUS FARMS IN THE FREE STATE , MPUMALANGA, GAUTENG – Steynsrus, Frankfort, Petrus Steyn, Heilbron, Vrede,Standerton,Villiers, Oranjeville The Bronkhorstspruit and Wilge River Conservancy Ass is a constituted Association, operating in the greater catchment areas of the Bronkhorstspruit and Wilge river, with 150 concerned members. This Conservancy is affiliated to the Gauteng Conservancy Stewardship Association and The National Conservancy of SA. Although these application areas are far removed from our Conservancy borders, the impact it will have on the environment and health of all living in the said areas, and the probable impact on the wider communities around those areas, and South Africa as a whole, makes this Conservancy and all its members Interested and Affected Parties.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Floods and High Rainfall on the Water Quality in Selected Sub-Areas of the Upper Vaal Catchment
    THE EFFECT OF FLOODS AND HIGH RAINFALL ON THE WATER QUALITY IN SELECTED SUB-AREAS OF THE UPPER VAAL CATCHMENT. Sonia Merolla Minor dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Faculty of Science University of Johannesburg Supervisor: Prof. J. T. Harmse September 2011 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of flooding and high rainfall on water quality at selected points along the Vaal River, Wilge River and Vaal Dam that make up part of the Upper Vaal Catchment Area. Four study sites were selected, three along a section of the Vaal River that flows from Standerton (site S-ST_NEW) through Villiers (site C-VV) into the Vaal Dam ( C-VD21). The fourth site is on the Wilge River at Frankfort (C-WF) and joins with the Vaal River at site C-VD21 in the Vaal Dam. For each of these four sites seven water quality parameters, namely Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), conductivity, chloride, fluoride, orthophosphate, sulphate and faecal coliforms where used to determine if there is a change in water quality during flooding and high rainfall in a six year period from 2005 to 2011. This period included the 2006 and 2011 floods and the 2009 high rainfall period. The results of this study demonstrated two types of changes that flooding and high rainfall can cause, either a dilution effect or a concentrating effect. Dilution is caused by low runoff of a particular pollutant/contaminant with an increase in water volume while the concentrating effect is due to a much increased runoff of a particular pollutant/contaminant.
    [Show full text]
  • Provincial Overview
    Cultural Guiding Free State Course 1 Module # 1 – Component # 1 Provincial Overview Introduction The Free State is known as South Africa's ‘breadbasket’ or ‘granary of the country’ and more than 30,000 farms produces over 70% of the country's grain. The province also boasts, among others productive gold and diamond mines, majestic sandstone mountains and archaeological and paleontological treasures. To the local rugby supporter this is ‘Cheetah country’! The landscape is characterised by the grassy plains of South Africa’s interior plateau. This is South Africa’s geographical heart, caught up between the Vaal and Orange Rivers. It is landlocked by KwaZulu Natal, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, North West, the Eastern Cape and Northern Cape. The neighbouring Lesotho fits in the hollow of the province’s bean- like shape. The current borders date from 1994 when the Bantustans were abolished and included into the provinces of South Africa. It is the only Province of the former provinces of South Africa which did not undergo border changes (excluding the incorporation of the Qwa-Qwa Bantustan). The Republic of the Orange Free State (Afrikaans: Oranje-Vrystaat; Dutch: Oranje- Vrijstaat) was an independent Boer republic in southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century. After the Second Anglo Boer War (Great South African War) it was a British colony for a short period, until 1910 when it became one of the four provinces of the Union of South Africa. In 1995, it became known as the Free State Province, one of the nine provinces of South Africa under the new dispensation.
    [Show full text]
  • State of the Rivers Report Obtainable From
    State of the Rivers Report Obtainable from: Water Research Commission PO Box 824 PRETORIA 0001 ISBN: 1 86845 689 7 Printed in the Republic of South Africa Disclaimer This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. r State of the Rivers Report Crocodile, Sahie-Stznd & Olifants River Systems A report of the River Health Programme http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/ WRC Report No, IT 147/01 March 2001 Participating Organisations ami Programmes Department ofWater Affairs and forestry Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Water Research Commission CSIR Etivironmentek Mpumatanga Parks Hoard Krtiger \ational Park Working for Water Programme (Atpitma/anga) Biomonitoring Serrices Steering Group Steve Mitchell Henk van Vliet Rudi Pretorius Alison I low man Joban de Beer Editorial Team Anna Balhince Liesl Hill Dirk Roux Mike Silherhauer Wilma Strydom Technical Contributions Andrew Deacon Gerhard Diedericks Joban Fngelbrecht Neels K/eynhaus Anton Linstrb'm Tony Poulter Francois Roux Christa Thirion Photographs Allan Batcl.wtor Andrew Deacon Anuelise (,'erher Neels Kleynhans Liesl Hill Johann Mey Dirk Roux loretta Steyn Wilma Strydom F.rnita van Wyk Design Loretta Steyn Graphic Design Studio Contents The Hirer Health Programme 7 A new Witter Act for South Africa 2 An Overview of the Study Area 4 River Indicators and Indices 6 Indices in this Report 8 The Crocodile River System Ecoregions and River Characteristics . 10 Present Ecological State 12 Drirers <>t Eco/miii/i/ Ch/un'i' 14 Desired Ecological State 16 The Sabie-Sand River System Ecoregions and River Characteristics .
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Note: Hydrological Review of the Olifants River Catchment
    Technical Note: Hydrological Review of the Olifants River Catchment 1. Introduction The Olifants Basin is a principal sub-catchment of the Limpopo River. It rises in the north of South Africa (in the province of Mpumalanga) and flows north-east (through Northern Province) into Mozambique (Figure 1). In South Africa, significant mining, industrial and agricultural activities (including intensive irrigation schemes) are concentrated within the catchment, so it is of considerable importance for the country’s economy. In compliance with the National Water Act (1998) and National Water Resources Strategy (NWRS), it is planned to establish a Catchment Management Agency to manage the water (DWAF, 2002). This Agency will be responsible for managing water resources to the point where the Olifants river flows into Mozambique. DWAF and the Limpopo Permanent Technical Committee are currently involved in discussions to determine downstream flow requirements in Mozambique, but at the present time there is no accepted international agreement specifying trans-boundary flow requirements. The Letaba River, a major tributary that rises in South Africa but joins the Olifants in Mozambique, will not be included in the Olifants Water Management Area. For this reason, and because most previous studies have not included the Letaba River, the information presented in this technical note focuses only on the region (54,308 km2) that will be incorporated in the Olifants Water Management Area, hereafter simply referred to as the Olifants catchment. This note comprises a review of existing data and a brief discussion of the main hydrological issues pertaining to the Olifants catchment. 2. Catchment Description A detailed description of the biophysical and demographic characteristics of the Olifants catchment is presented in de Lange et al.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Ecotoxicological
    A COMPARATIVE ECOTOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF TWO MAJOR SOUTH AFRICAN RIVER SYSTEMS: A CATCHMENT SCALE APPROACH FOR IMPROVED RISK ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF ABIOTIC, BIOTIC, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR ENDPOINTS By Arno Reed de Klerk Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Natural Sciences Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Anna-Maria Botha-Oberholster (Genetics Department) Co-supervisor: Prof. Johannes H van Wyk (Department of Botany and Zoology) Co-supervisor: Prof. Paul J Oberholster (Department of Botany and Zoology; CSIR: NRE) December 2016 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION 1 By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. This dissertation includes two original papers published in peer-reviewed journals and three unpublished publications. The development and writing of the papers (published and unpublished) were the principal responsibility of myself and, for each of the cases where this is not the case, a declaration is included in the dissertation, indicating the nature and extent of the contributions of the co-authors. Signature: Declaration with signature in possession of candidate and supervisor Date: Copyright © 2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT Along with the prosperity of humankind, the inevitable increase in developments to support this often results in water resources becoming repositories for the waste generated by such progress.
    [Show full text]
  • Specialist Report
    AN AQUATIC ASSESSMENT OF THE LOCAL RIVER SYSTEMS OF THE BRAKFONTEIN MINING OPERATION UNIVERSAL COAL SEPTEMBER 2012 _________________________________________________ Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd. Co. Reg. No. 1999/05985/07. Fern Isle, Section 10, 359 Pretoria Ave Randburg Private Bag X10046, Randburg, 2125, South Africa Tel: +27 11 789 9495, Fax: +27 11 789 9498, [email protected], www.digbywells.com _________________________________________________ Directors: AR Wilke, LF Koeslag, PD Tanner (British)*, AJ Reynolds (Chairman) (British)*, J Leaver*, GE Trusler (C.E.O) *Non-Executive _________________________________________________ p:\projects l to z\universal coal plc\brakfontein\specialists\eia - specialists\biophysical\aquatics\brakfontien biomonitoring uni1292\report\brakfontein biomonitoring uni1292 public review version 2 do.docx AN AQUATIC ASSESSMENT OF THE LOCAL RIVER SYSTEMS OF THE BRAKFONTEIN MINING OPERATION UNI1292 This document has been prepared by Digby Wells Environmental. Report Title: AN AQUATIC ASSESSMENT OF THE LOCAL RIVER SYSTEMS OF THE BRAKFONTEIN MINING OPERATION Project Number: UNI1292 Name Responsibility Signature Date Russell Tate Report compiler 13 August 2012 Andrew Husted Review 23 July 2012 Danie Otto Review This report is provided solely for the purposes set out in it and may not, in whole or in part, be used for any other purpose without Digby Wells Environmental prior written consent. ii AN AQUATIC ASSESSMENT OF THE LOCAL RIVER SYSTEMS OF THE BRAKFONTEIN MINING OPERATION UNI1292 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Digby Wells Environmental (Digby Wells) has been appointed, by Universal Coal Plc., to conduct an aquatic assessment at the proposed Brakfontein Coal Mine. The Brakfontein Coal Project is located in the Delmas district, on the western margin of the Witbank coalfield This report details the aquatic assessment for inclusion into the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)/Environmental Management Plan (EMP) reports for the project.
    [Show full text]
  • Coal Mining on the Highveld and Its Implications for Future Water Quality in the Vaal River System
    COAL MINING ON THE HIGHVELD AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE WATER QUALITY IN THE VAAL RIVER SYSTEM T S MCCARTHY and K PRETORIUS INTRODUCTION The history of coal mining in South Africa is closely linked with the economic development of the country. Commercial coal mining commenced in the eastern Cape near Molteno in 1864. The discovery of diamonds in the late 1870s led to expansion of the mines in order to meet the growing demand for coal. Commercial coal mining in KwaZulu-Natal and on the Witwatersrand commenced in the late 1880s following the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886. In 1879 coal mining commenced in the Vereeniging area and in 1895 in the Witbank area to supply both the Kimberly mines and those on the Witwatersrand. South Africa began a period of major economic development after World War II. New goldfields were discovered and developed in the Welkom, Klerksdorp and Evander areas; a local steel industry was established with mills being built at Pretoria, Newcastle and Vanderbijlpark; an oil-from-coal industry was established, initially at Sasolburg and later at Secunda; mining of iron, manganese, chromium, vanadium, platinum and various other commodities commenced and expanded; and power stations were erected on the coalfields to supply energy to these developing industries and to the growing urban population in the country. In addition to meeting local needs, coal mining companies began to develop an export market, making South Africa a major international supplier of coal. Given the long history coal mining, some deposits have been worked out and mines closed.
    [Show full text]