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Holothurian (Echinodermata) Diversity of the Glorieuses

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Holothurian (Echinodermata) Diversity of the Glorieuses Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci. Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 71-78, 2013 © 2014 WIOMSA Short Communication Holothurian (Echinodermata) Diversity in the Glorieuses Archipelago (Eparses Islands, France, Mozambique Channel) Conand Chantal1,2, Thierry Mulochau3 and Chabanet Pascale4 1Laboratoire Ecologie Marine, Université de La Réunion, 97715 Saint Denis, La Réunion, France; 2Muséum Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France; 3Aquarium de La Réunion, Port de plaisance, 97434 Saint-Gilles les Bains, France;4IRD, BP 50172, 97492 Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France. Keywords: Holothuria, Glorieuses Islands, Western Indian Ocean, occurrence, diversity, coral reefs Abstract—Due to their isolation, Eparses Islands provide a valuable opportunity to investigate biodiversity in the absence of anthropogenic infuence. The Glorieuses Archipelago forms part of the Eparses Islands, or the French scattered islands in the Mozambique Channel (Western Indian Ocean). Inventories of several taxa, including the holothurians (Echinodermata), were carried out in December 2012 as part of the BIORECIE (Biodiversity, Resources and Conservation of Eparses Islands) programme. Specimens were collected and photographed on the reef slopes of the island at ten sites down to 20 m and the reef fats at twelve sites. Given the worldwide overexploitation of holothurians, it is important to know their present diversity and distribution in such remote areas. The Holothuria comprised 20 species: 10 species were collected on the slopes and 15 on the reef fats. Despite the limited number of sites surveyed, the occurrence of the different species allowed their categorisation as common, uncommon or rare. The commercial species, Holothuria nobilis, Bohadschia atra and B. subrubra, were common. Comparisons at local and regional scales using the same methodology showed that holothurian diversity in Glorieuses is high, but already occurring illegal fsheries are a serious concern. INTRODUCTION Since they are remote and have no permanent human population, the Eparses Islands Coral reefs are among the most diverse of provide a valuable opportunity to evaluate marine ecosystems with the highest species coral reef biodiversity without anthropogenic diversity on the globe (Paulay, 1997; Bellwood infuence. Furthermore, the Glorieuses & Hughes, 2001). Numerous reports on their Archipelago, part of the Eparses Islands, was condition over the last decades warn of their declared a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in growing degradation (e.g. Wilkinson, 2004), 2011 and is in need of a management plan owing to increasing anthropogenic pressure. based on scientifc knowledge. To date, knowledge on the Eparses Islands remains Corresponding author: CC Email:[email protected] 72 C. Chantal et al. scarce because of their limited accessibility. fats of the Glorieuses have been published The programme BIORECIE (Biodiversity, by Vergonzannes (1977) and, more recently, Resources and Conservation of the Eparses on several sites located on outer reef slope Islands) was devised to inventorise several and reef fat by Mulochau et al. (2008). The taxonomic groups (scleractinians, hydroids, commercial value of the different species algae, echinoderms (including holothurians), varies and the product can be classifed as of crustaceans and fsh) and, more widely, high value, comprising large species such as to survey the health of the coral reefs to the teatfsh Holothuria nobilis, H. fuscogilva identify priority zones for conservation. The and Thelenota ananas; medium value - several Archipelago is composed of two principal Actinopyga, Bohadschia and Stichopus islands, Grande Glorieuses, which is 3 km species; and low value - many smaller species in diameter and characterized by a group of which are harvested when the larger ones have dunes attaining an altitude of 12 m, and Lys been overfshed (Conand, 2004; Purcell et al., Island, or Petite Glorieuse, with a diameter of 2012; Eriksson & Byrne, 2013). The objective 0.6 km and a bog at its centre. Two rip-raps, of this study was to provide an inventory of les Roches Vertes and l'Ile aux Crabes, with the holothurian diversity, compare it with associated sandbars that emerge at low tide, earlier data and estimate the importance of the complete the archipelago, with a land surface Holothuria in the context of poaching on the of 5 km2 and coral reef with an area of 196 Eparses Islands. km2 (Andrefouët et al., 2009). Holothurians are presently overexploited MATERIALS and METHODS worldwide for export of the dried product Bêche-de-mer (or trepang) consumed by Study areas Asiatic populations (Conand 2004, 2006; A multidisciplinary team explored the reef Toral-Granda et al., 2008; Purcell et al., fats of the island at low tide and the reef 2013). The holothurian fsheries in the slopes down to 20 meters using SCUBA in Indian Ocean have been described (Conand, December 2012. Twelve reef fat sites (19, 22, 2008) and their poor management has been 23, 27 to 33, 36, 37) and ten reef slopes (GLO pointed out (Conand & Muthiga, 2007; FAO, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and sites 16, 17, 18, 20) were 2013; Muthiga & Conand, 2014). Previous surveyed; details of their locations and depth observations on the holothurians on the reef are presented in Figure 1. Table 1. Holothurians recorded at ten sites on the reef slopes of the Glorieuses Islands. Family Species Occurrence Holothuriidae Bohadschia atra 1 Holothuriidae Holothuria arenicola 0.10 Holothuriidae Holothuria atra 0.20 Holothuriidae Holothuria hilla 0.10 Holothuriidae Holothuria nobilis 0.30 Holothuriidae Holothuria pardalis 0.20 Holothuriidae Holothuria sp. juv 0.10 Holothuriidae Pearsonothuria graeffei 0.20 Stichopodidae Thelenota ananas 0.20 Chiridotidae Chiridota stuhlmani 0.10 Holothurians of the Glorieuses Archipelago, Western Indian Ocean 73 Figure 1. Map of the Glorieuses Islands in the Mozambique Channel with the sampling sites surveyed in 2012. Holothurian specimens were collected and RESULTS photographed for identifcation. A preliminary sort of morphs and species was done in the Species lists are presented for the outer feld and the samples were preserved in reef slopes (Table 1) and reef fat habitats 95% ethanol. Identifcation to species level (Table 2). Eight species of the Holothuriidae was undertaken at the Paris MNHN by were observed on the reef slopes (Table 1). morphological and spicule examination. The Bohadschia atra occurred at all sites while taxonomy here follows the World Register the second most frequent species, the teatfsh of Marine Species (Appeltans et al., 2012). Holothuria nobilis, was only observed at three Holothurian occurrence was calculated sites. One juvenile could not be identifed to separately as the number of sites where a species level. Thelenota ananas was the only species was present in the main habitats, member of the Stichopodidae. Chiridota divided by the total number of sites for each stuhlmani, a small species of the Chiridotidae, habitat, and categorized the feld observations was only found at one site. as common, uncommon or rare. Historical On the reef fats, 11 species of surveys (Vergonzannes, 1977; Mulochau et Holothuriidae were observed, the occurrence al., 2008) were used for temporal comparison. of B. atra and H. nobilis respectively 74 C. Chantal et al. Table 2. Holothurians recorded at twelve sites on the reef fats of the Glorieuses Islands. Family Species Occurrence Holothuriidae Actinopyga mauritiana 0.25 Holothuriidae Bohadschia atra 0.42 Holothuriidae Bohadschia koellikeri 0.08 Holothuriidae Bohadschia subrubra 0.33 Holothuriidae Holothuria nobilis 0.58 Holothuriidae Holothuria arenicola 0.08 Holothuriidae Holothuria diffcilis 0.08 Holothuriidae Holothuria fuscocinerea 0.33 Holothuriidae Holothuria hilla 0.17 Holothuriidae Holothuria lineata 0.08 Holothuriidae Holothuria pardalis 0.25 Stichopodidae Stichopus chloronotus 0.08 Sclerodactylidae Afrocucumis africana 0.08 Synaptidae Euapta godeffroyi 0.08 Synaptidae Synapta maculata 0.17 comprising 42% and 58% (Table 2) of the author recorded ten species, only H. pardalis population. The Stichopodidae were only being common; it was found again in 2008 represented by S. chloronotus, and the and in the present study. H. arenicola and L. Sclerodactylidae by Afrocucumis africana, semperianum were less common according to found under rubble blocks. The Synaptidae Vegonzannes (1977) and were not recorded in Euapta godeffroyi and Synapta maculata 2008 or 2012. However, this could originate were also observed but not common. from recent taxonomic changes giving rise to species complexes (Conand et al., 2010). DISCUSSION Moreover, Vergonzannes’ (1977) study was limited to reef fats which may explain why We found a total of 20 holothurian species none of the large commercial species (H. during the 2012 BIORECIE survey of the nobilis, large Bohadschia and Thelenota spp) Glorieuses Islands, comprising 15 species on were recorded in 1977, since the dead coral the reef fats and 10 species on the reef slopes. blocks found on the reef fats are not suitable The most common species on the reef fats habitats for these species. More recently, were Holothuria nobilis, Bohadschia atra, Mulochau and Conand (2008) also recorded B. subrubra, H. fuscocinerea and Actinopyga ten species on the Glorieuses reef fats, the mauritiana, and, on the reef slopes, B. atra and most frequent being H. nobilis and Synapta H. nobilis. These species are commercially maculata, and on the reef slopes, B. subrubra valuable, with medium to high values and H. nobilis.
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