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A Reviews on Use of Sea Cucumber As a Treatment for Oral Cancer

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A Reviews on Use of Sea Cucumber As a Treatment for Oral Cancer Sys Rev Pharm 2020; 11(5): 299 307 A multifaceted review journal in the field of pharmacy E-ISSN 0976-2779 P-ISSN 0975-8453 A Reviews on Use of Sea Cucumber as a Treatment for Oral Cancer Amiruddin Eso1*, Herlina Uinarni2, Thomas Tommy3, Ryanto Karobuana Sitepu4, Iwan Kurnia Effendi5, Yustinus Charles Ariestiyanto6, Hutasoit Charles Martamba7, Evi Mustikawati Arifin8, Ferra Olivia Mawu9, Bayu Indra Sukmana10, Huldani11 *1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. 2Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences Atma Jaya Catholic University, Indonesia. 3Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Pelita Harapan University, Tangerang, Indonesia. 4Department of Surgery, Sub-Division Digestive Surgery, Siloam Hospitals Lippo Cikarang, Indonesia 5Department of Obstetry Gynaecology Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University, Jakarta, Indonesia 6Department of Obstetric Gynecology, Mitra Medika Hospitals Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia 7Department of Urology, Siloam Hospital Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta, Indonesia. 8Department of Dermatology, Parikesit MA General Hospital, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia 9Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia. 10Departement of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, Indonesia 11Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia Corresponding Author: [email protected] Article History: Submitted: 24.02.2020 Revised: 10.04.2020 Accepted: 12.05.2020 ABSTRACT Introduction: Cancer is an abnormality in body tissue cells that The effects of cytotoxic on three types of sea cucumbers such as continues to grow and develop uncontrollably. One type of cancer that H.scabra, H.parva, and H. leucospilota are then extracted using organic is dangerous and can cause death is oral cancer. The content of sea extracts namely, n-Hexane , ethyl acetate and methanol by using cucumbers is useful as an anti-virus, help the growth of new cells, and several organs in specimens such as body wall , gonads , intestine as an anti-cancer. tract , respiratory tree , coelomic fluid and cuverien tubules. Objective: The purpose of this literature is to look based on literature, Conclusion: Bioactive compounds isolated from sea cucumbers for the treatment of oral cavity cancer using sea cucumbers as herbs. use as anti-cancer agents have attracted the attention of cancer Methods: Scientific evidence and clinical cases are taken from the researchers because of their natural origin and long history as literature to support this review and information about sea cucumber nutritious foods. The detailed mechanism of anti-cancer activity of sea herbs as an alternative treatment for oral cancer. A systematic review cucumber compounds is still unclear, and a comprehensive study of the literature is carried out by searching for related articles. The identifying this mechanism is still needed. Sea cucumber extract has a article search begin on April 22nd, 2020, with keywords; "Oral cancer, promising future to be developed as a functional food. sea cucumbers". The following searching database is: google. Keywords: Sea cucumber, Oral cancer, Holothurians, Herb, Triterpene Results: It is using sea cucumbers or Holothuria atra as an ingredient glycosides to be assessed for its anti-cancer properties. This study used 20kg of Correspondence: sea cucumbers, which were then extracted by the maceration method Amiruddin Eso with 96% alcohol for 24 hours, then filtered with Whatman paper and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Halu Oleo University, repeated up to 6 times at room temperature. Triterpene glycosides are Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia a type of saponin in sea cucumbers whose structure contains a sugar E-mail: [email protected] group. Triterpene glycoside compounds are compounds that can DOI: 10.31838/srp.2020.5.44 inhibit the mechanism of division and trigger apoptosis of cancer cells. @Advanced Scientific Research. All rights reserved INTRODUCTION cancer cases will increase by 0.5 million cases annually Sea cucumbers are one of the marine products that are quite (WHO)7,8 economical because of its high nutritional content, easy to Cancer is an abnormality in body tissue cells that continues find, and has long been a consumption ingredient among to grow and develop uncontrollably. One type of cancer that the community, is also trusted with its efficacy in infecting is dangerous and can cause death is oral cancer. This type of diseases.Indonesia is the biggest sea cucumber exporting cancer occurs in the head and neck that includes the lips, country in the world. However, only a few Indonesian labial and buccal mucosa, 2/3 anterior to the tongue, people understand the benefits of sea cucumbers. The retromolar pad, floor of the mouth, gingiva, and hard palate. content of sea cucumbers is useful as an anti-virus, anti- Up to 70% of oral cancers show red or white patches that microbial, anti-inflammatory, beauty, enhance immunity, remain in the mouth at the beginning.9,10,11,12,13 help the growth of new cells, and as an anti-cancer. 1,2 To treat this disease, it has been usually done is the Sea cucumbers have health benefits and can be an ingredient conventional way treatment, such as chemotherapy, in making drugs. Janakiram (2015) states that sea cucumber radiotherapy, surgery, or the combinations of those extracts contain bioactive compounds as antioxidants such therapies. But as widely known, conventional cancer as triterpene glycosides as inhibitors of degenerative diseases therapies are giving adverse side effects, with the healing due to free radicals such as heart disease and cancer. 3,4,5,6 rate that is not commensurate with the side effects. Cancer is one of the leading cause of death worldwide. Data Chemotherapy, for example, having side effects such as taken from Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia decreased in blood cell count, multiple infections, anemia, mentioned that about 10 million deaths was caused by nosebleed, alopecia, skin dryness, nausea, dehydration, cancer. More than 60% of new cases and about 70% of hypotension, constipation, diarrhea, and nervous system deaths caused of cancer worldwide occurs annually in disorders. Whilst radiotherapy having side effects such as Africa, Asia, Central and South America. It is estimated that nausea, white decreased in leukocytes count, multiple 299 Systematic Review Pharmacy Vol 11, Issue 5, 2020 Amiruddin Eso et al / A Reviews on Use of Sea Cucumber as a Treatment for Oral Cancer infections/inflammations, sunburn like effect, fatigue, DISCUSSION 14,415,16 mouth and throat pain, severe diarrhea, and alopecia. 1. Sea Cucumber So it needs an alternative method to treat cancer with Sea cucumbers or holothurians (Holorhurioidea, minimum effect, such as natural treatment. Natural Echinoderms) are one of the specific and easily recognizable treatment uses natural materials derived from clinically groups of sea biota. Sea cucumber, in general, is cylindrical tested extracts from animals or plants. This kind of shape extending from the tip of the mouth towards the anus treatment able to detoxify blood tissue and stimulate the (orally-aborally). The mouth is located anteriorly at the tip, immune system to jointly fight the cancer cells. The use of and the anus is at the posterior end. As with echinoderm in natural compounds in this type of cancer treatment appear general, the sea cucumber's body is a "pentamerous radial from several approaches, based on the concept from the symmetry" with a horizontal axis. However, the shape of the research that cancer was reversible; concept of treatment by symmetry is modified by an upright plate (dorsoventral inhibiting cancer growth by eliminating carcinogens and plane), appearing as "bilateral symmetry." Like other environments that support the genetic mutation of cancer Echinoderms, besides the symmetry radial, other cell growth; concept of cancer cells aging by inhibiting the characteristics are the shape of the skeleton and the presence growth of cancer cells in order to eradicates the opportunity of a watervascular system.7 to develop, then the cancer cells will aging and death; Sea cucumbers have an elastic, and its body comes with concept of strengthening other healthy cells around the varied shapes, such as rounded, cylindrical, rectangular, or cancer cell to form a cell defense that can withstand the elongated round like a snake. The mouth is located at the development of cancer cells.17,18,19,20,21 anterior end, while the anus is at the posterior end. Length Sea cucumber is classified in Echinodermata phylum according to the type and length, ranging from 3 cm to 150 Holothuridea class 3. Most species of sea cucumbers are cm. Sea cucumber body shape is a taxonomic characteristic having high economic value as a food source with also some at the level of the nation (order) and tribe (family), promising biological activities. Demand for sea cucumbers specifically for the tribes of the nation Aspidochirotida.6,7,26 in global market for food and pharmaceutical use increases Sea cucumbers, in general, have a dull skin color, such as significantly and has been recognized as a traditional gray, brown, full green, or black. The ventral side is usually treatment in Chinese and Malaysian literatures for lighter than the backside, such as white, yellow,
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