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Feeding Oflarval Sprat(Sprattus Spratius L.) Ami Sardine

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Feeding Oflarval Sprat(Sprattus Spratius L.) Ami Sardine ., '-ejJt< ........ -.~ .' International Council for the C.M. I9911L: 76 Exploration of the Sea Biological Oceanography Committee. Theme Session v Feeding oflarval sprat (Sprattus spratiUs L.) ami sardine (Sardina pilchardus 'Valbaum) D.V.P. Conwayl, P.R.G. Tranteri, M.L. Femandez de Puelles2 and s.il. Coombs1• 1 Natural Erivironment Research Council, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PLI 3DH, Devon, England 2 Centro OceanogrMico de BaIeares, Instituto Espaiiol de Oceanogrilfia, Muelle de Poniente s/n, Ap:irtado 291, Palma de Mallorca, Mallorca; Spain. ABSTRACf • Ai; a contributiori towards the Sardine Arichovy Recruitrrient Projeci (SARP) a study was carried out on the food of larval sprat in the Irish Sea and Geiman Bight of the North Sea. and hlrval sardine offthc north coast ofSpain. The specificobjectives of the work were to determirie the dietafy range and prey size preferences of the larvae in order to allow microzooplankton analysis to be focussed on the organisms of rdevance in the diet. In common with other su-aight-gutted speeies ahigh proportion of larvae had empty guts due to evacuation during sampling. Similar to the diet of most marine fish larvae, those of sprat and sardine fed predominantly on. the developmeniaI stages of copepods (on average 85% of the diet). As jaw gape increased with length of larvae the maXimum prey size also increased, aIthough the parallel increase in minimum prey size was less marked. Diurnal changes in feeding incidence were less ob'Vious in larvae <lOrriril in length than in larger larvae. Feeding incidence of sardine was lower than sprat, which may reflect the lower concentratioris food found off the Spanish coast 01' may relate to an interspecific difference in evacuation of the gut In general the contents of the guts from the different • areas reflected differences in microzooplankton distribution and abundarice• INTRODUenON The Sardine Anchovy Recruitment Project (SARP) is an integrated study to determine the factors dunng the clupeid, larVal phase which deterrriine recniitment levels (IOC, 1989). Central to the study is the hypothesis that unfavourable oceanographic conditioris (eg offshore transport) are ainong the principal determinants of larVal survival. Food availabiIiiy is considered to be one of the main links between oceanography and larval survival (eg Hunter. 1976; BaHey arid Houde, 1989). Tbe preseni work fomis part of a European SARP programme on larval sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.) in the Gerrrian Bight (North Sea), sardirie (Sardina pilchardus Walbaum) off the north coast of Spain and änchovy (Engraulis ellcrasicolus (L.)) off Portugal. Also included are results from a complenientary progranime on sprat in the Irish Sea. The -- ----- I ~ ...• ~ specific objectives of the work reported here were to determine the dieiary range and prey size preferences of the larvae so that analysis .of microzooplankton sampIes to gauge temporal and spatial differences in food availability could be tailoroo to the feeding requirements of the larvae. i " . , '. "'." ; . , ..' ; " .\ (' Microzooplankton was. sampled concurrently wlth the larvae. Samphng was by. nets of 53pm mesh aperture·. either attached to the MAFF sainpler. äs small fcimed (20cm diameter) bongo riets. or by means of direct filtnitiori of water through a 53prri gauze. On the basis of the size and range of organisms on which hlrVae. werc~ feeding the microzooplankton sampIes were analysed for copepod eggst nauplii und copepodile stages by dissecting microscope. In this study, for cOInparative purposes. the results of the microzooplankton arialysis was arranged by sire ~ groups: eggs <O.2mm. riauplii <0.45mm and copepodites <O.7mm. 2 •• > . " . , RESULTS .' Feeding ofsprat in the Irlsh Sea i987 • 1991 A total of 403 sprat larVae were examinoo from five cruises in the Irish Sea (Table 1), 58% of which had food in their guts. The scope of the diet and feedirig incidence for three , length rimges of larvae are given in Table 2. There was an increasing mean number of 'food hems laken with increasirig size of larvae. The main focid items for the sinallest hirvae «lOmm in length) were copepod näuplii, ,which decreasect in importance with increase in size of larvae until the main items in the diet of the hirgest larvae (>15mm in length) were calanoid eopepodite stages and eopepodite stages of the smaller cyc1opoid copepod, Oiihona spp. Diet varied sÜghtiy.between eruises, retlecting the inierozooplai1kton spedes present in the plankton. This influence was also seen in larvae from the more inshore stations where a wider variety of food organisms were also taken in the planktori. arie larVae in the central I~sh Sea had fed on four C()sciliodiscUs sp., the,only phytoplankton species observed. However in sampIes taken off the north eoast of ,\Vales, gutS of,larvae, especially of the smaller specimens, contained green unidentifiable inaterial whieh had no, recognisable strUeture; at this time there was a bloori-i of Phaeocystis sp. in the area. Only one rotifer was foimct in all of the guts exainiried, although they were present iri significtlnt riumbers in surfaee microzooplankton sampies. Feeding ofsprat in the Germa" Bighl 1989· 1991 Of the 499 sprat larvae examined from the six emises in the German Hight eTables 1 and 3) 58% had been feeding (the sameperceniage as in the Irish Sea). Copepod nauplii and copepodite stages agäin predominated in the diet. Ca/anus spp. eggs, whieh are liberated free into. the sea, riumerically forrned a signifieant proportion of the diet of the larger larvae. Duririg the May!lune 1991 cruise many srriall hirvae (3.3 - 4.6mm in length) were sarnpled, of whieh a high proportion still had remains of yolk sacs, but norie had any food iri their guts. The mimber offood items per feeding larvae was simiJar to the Irish Sea, being generally higher for larger larvae. As in the Irish Sea larger food items were taken with increase in size of die larvrie (i.e. fewer eopepod nauj>lii imd more eopepodite stages). SmalJer larVae had the greatest proportiori of unidentifiable material in their guts. This may have been of phytoplankton or faeeal pellet origin, but any eolour may have bleaehed out during preservatiori. Identifiable phytoplankton was agairi an insignificant pan of the diet. Fee'ding ör sardine offthc north coast of Spain 1991. 181 sardine)arVae were examined from the north eoast of Spain (Table 4) ofwhieh 28% had been feedirig . This is a lower percentage than for sprat larvae from the Irish Sea or German Bight. Mean number of items in the guts was similar for aiI iength ranges ami lower than for sprat in the Irish Sea or German Bight. Tbe range of organisms laken was 3 .. more limited than iri the other two areas, but this may rehite. to the fewer larvae examined. Devclopmental stages of copepods again predominated, the larger larvae laking more copepod copepodite stages than smaJler larVae. Copepod nauplii were an importllnt component in the diet of alJ sizes of larvae. Tintinnids (Tintinnopsis sp.) were found in the guts of a few of the smaJler larvae. I Diel variation iri fe~dirig incidence. ., _ The diel vanaiion in feeding iflcidence for" the three sire ranges of iarväe shows higher :feeding inciderice in sprat larvae compared to: sardine (Fig. 2). For ,all species. lowest . feeding incidence was duririg the. dark. betweeri 2000 and 0400 GMT. Larval sprat arid sardine <10rrim in length showed the least change in feeding incidence over the diel period. vafying betweeeri,17% and 48% and iridicating JittJe diurnal effeet; larvae >15mrri showed the most change. Sardine larvae >15Il'llli. .had the lowest feeding incidence (0-50%). From the digestive condition of foOd in the guts of both sprat and sardine it was ciear that some feeding was takirig plnce throughout the 24 hour penod, as reJaÜvely undigested remains were found at all times. Observations 'on the degree of digestion of items in the • guts of sprat larvae in thc Irish Sea, indicated, that at least in this area, there was a dusk and dawn increase in feedirig, which is paraJleloo to some extent in the feeding incidence plot of Fig. 2. ' , Larger larvae tended to have more food items in their guts (Fig. 3); as many as 30 items in one gut, with the exception of sardine larvae >15rriiri in length which had a low feeding incidence. The mean number of items in the gutS of different lengths of laivae over thc diel period was very variable. For sprat there was a suggestion of a dawn and dusk increase in numher of food partic](';s taken. The smaJlest diel chariges in riumber of fooÜ iiems laken were in larvae <10min of both sprat and sardine. ; , Diet compared with microzooplankton abundance I a)Sprat larvae: ,..,.,... Feeding iricidence' between the Irish Sea and German Bight (fables 2 and 3) waS simiJar for all lengths oe larVae. There waS also JittJe :difference in the mean riumber of eggs, nauplii arid copepOditc stages of copepods in the' gutS (Fig. 4). 111e number of copepodites laken was slightly lower in the, Germari Bight but this was compensated hy a higher number of copepod eggs. Numbers of the different, copepod developmental stages in microzooplankton sampIes was also generally simiJar in theIrish Seil arid Gcrman Bight (Fig. 5). However then~ were somewhat higher ilurribers of copepodites in the German Bight which was not reflected in the observed diet. The results suggests some selection of nauplii in preference to copepodites. b) Sardine larvae: Sardine larvae off the north coast of Spain were sampled at three 24 hour stations (Fig. 1). Concentrations of potential food iteros wece half the values in the Irish Sea or German Bight (Fig. 7. cf Fig. 5). Feeding incidence between the three sites was similar (fable 5) but larvae at Station 1 (Off Cape Ortegal) had on average twice aS many particles in their guts.
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