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Traps and Reservoirs and Traps
Oil Migration Oil
Oil Formation Oil
Rocks
Outline
Hydrocarbon Geology Hydrocarbon – v Resources utdallas 1
metin Page
edu /~ .
Shale, mud particles mud Shale,
2 2
Glycine NH Glycine COOH CH
3 Rich in Calcite CaCO Calcite in Rich
Sandstone, sand grains sand Sandstone,
Simple amino acid amino Simple
Limestone, seashells Limestone,
2
part part NH
part COOH part
Amino
N Acidic
C
bond
C Nitrogen Nitrogen
- Carbon
bond
2
CH Carbon - Carbon
Organic
Sedimentary
Chemical
Metamorphic
Rock Rock Clastic
Volcanic Body fat is complicated complicated is fat Body
←
Amino acids including carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) (O) oxygen (H), hydrogen (C), carbon including acids Amino Proteins » nitrogen (N). nitrogen &
acu fo nml oe a obn ih rai aeil (proteins). materials organic with combine can bones animal from Calcium : Organic –
Founders North North Founders building
2 4
: CaSO : Dihydrate Sulfate Calcium : Gypsum » Soft rock for artifacts from ancient times. times. ancient from artifacts for rock Soft O. .2H window case on the 1 the on case window floor floor
st
For this & others, see the the see others, & this For
(Crystalline): Including minerals and chemical salts chemical and minerals Including (Crystalline): Chemical –
Gypsum
Collection/compaction/cementation of broken up rock pieces. pieces. rock up broken of Collection/compaction/cementation : Clastic –
Rocks composed of sediments (grains, mud, salts) such as such salts) mud, (grains, sediments of composed Rocks Sedimentary
Rocks. Rocks. Metamorphic arble develops under high pressure high under develops arble m E.g.,
Volcanic (Igneous) (Igneous) Rocks: Crystalline solid rocks from cooled down magma. magma. down cooled from rocks solid Crystalline Rocks: v Types Rock utdallas 2
metin Page
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sedimentary rocks sedimentary
including including
Stable platforms platforms Stable
Mountains
Shields
htcnansdmnay rocks. sedimentary contain that platforms geological stable in oil for Search
areas. mountain in low is gas or oil of Chances
are rich for minerals. But do not expect gas or oil in in oil or gas expect not do But minerals. for rich are Shields . shields
Basement rock is on the surface in some places. Then it is called called is it Then places. some in surface the on is rock Basement . . shield
aeet oki ihrvlai rmtmrhc rock. metamorphic or volcanic either is rock Basement
altered by tectonic plate movements and earthquakes. and movements plate tectonic by altered
Basement rock Basement
depends on depositional sequence and materials, and can also be be also can and materials, and sequence depositional on depends
Limestone
However, layering sequence of rocks on top of each other other each of top on rocks of sequence layering However, Shale
Sandstone Densities of these are close 1.85 close are these of Densities 2.36 tons/yard 2.36 - 3.1 tons/m 3.1 - =2.4
3 3
E.g., layering of rocks in in rocks of layering E.g., Tulsa Often sandstone is above shale which is above limestone. above is which shale above is sandstone Often
eietr rc aes r ntpo ah other. each of top on are layers rock Sedimentary v Shield and Rocks Sedimentary utdallas 3
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Oil, Gas, Coal Gas, Oil,
Evolution to to Evolution Inorganic Carbon Inorganic
Earthquakes Migration Earthquakes
Move up by up Move
years of 1000 >
Reservoir
otting R
Bacterial Decay Bacterial
Several years Several
Decomposition
Photosynthesis Eaten by Eaten
Water Such as Oak as Such Such as insects, clams, sea urchin, worms worms urchin, sea clams, insects, as Such
Carbondioxide Plants: Animals without a vertebral column: vertebral a without Animals
Organic Carbon Organic
Sunlight
Inorganic Carbon Cycle Carbon Inorganic – v Organic utdallas 4
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24 40+ Residuum
Lubricating Oil Lubricating 20 40 - 20
Gas Oil Gas 15 20 - 13
Refinery 10 12 - 11 Kerosene
Gasoline 31 10 - 4
% Weight Molecule / Carbons of # Refinery Post
Aromatic Example:
, complicated , uniform - Ortho non
6 , Asphaltics Aromatic Compounds Aromatic
-
Circles: Circles: circle, C=C bond C=C circle,
15 Benzene), (incl. Aromatics
C bond C - C
Cyclo circle,
(Cycloalkanes), (Cycloalkanes), Naphtenes 49
Cyclopentane
-
Alkane
short or long chain, C chain, long or short C bond C -
(Alkanes): (Alkanes): Paraffins 30
Alkane Example:
% Methane by
Weight Type
Example: Molecule
Compounds Aliphatic
Chains: Chains: v Oil Refined and Crude of Contents utdallas 5
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Oil & Gas Formation Gas & Oil
v utdallas 6
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With Hydrogen With
Gas Oil &
Carbon along Carbon
Yellow
Material
Maturation
Greenish
Decomposition
Organic Kerogen
No Hydrogen No
Coal Carbon rich Carbon
⇒
Bitumen is chemically similar to kerogen but solvable solvable but kerogen to similar chemically is Bitumen – migrates easily. easily. migrates
. . bitumen is material organic of 10%
). ). cracking (thermal temperature
can be cracked into smaller and lighter hydrocarbons hydrocarbons lighter and smaller into cracked be can Kerogen – under high high under
Green River Green Sulphur 1 Nitrogen; 5 Oxygen; 12 Hydrogen; 330 Carbon; 215 ). ).
Green River formations have oil shale in the from of Kerogen (in proportions of of proportions (in Kerogen of from the in shale oil have formations River Green »
hydrocarbons. hydrocarbons.
not a specific chemical substance substance chemical specific a not is Kerogen – but a collection of of collection a but
pressure/temperature to create larger molecule of kerogen. of molecule larger create to pressure/temperature
decomposes into smaller molecules which can combine under under combine can which molecules smaller into decomposes
When a living organism (algae, planktons, plants, animals) dies, the body body the dies, animals) plants, planktons, (algae, organism living a When
nitrogen, sulfur, which are also the building blocks of organic materials. materials. organic of blocks building the also are which sulfur, nitrogen,
polymeric compound compound polymeric a is Kerogen – containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, containing
90% of organic material is is material organic of 90% . . kerogen
1% of rocks rocks of 1% conytain organic minerals. organic v Coal & Gas Oil, Crude of Generation utdallas 7
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0.1 0.2
Atomic Oxygen/Carbon Atomic
Low H/C ratio is similar to coal to similar is ratio H/C Low
Lacking chains; Rich in circles in Rich chains; Lacking
H to C ratio < 0.84. O to C ratio 0.13. ratio C to O 0.84. < ratio C to H
Diagenesis
plants in lignin from Mainly 0.5
conditions oxic ) - (sub plants/animals, Other
III: Kerogen
6% Protein; 5% Lipid 5% Protein; 6%
37% Lignin, 52% Carbohydrate; 52% Lignin, 37%
Diagenesis Atomic Hydrogen/Carbon
Oak Leaves: Leaves: Oak
1.0 Intermediate between I and III and I between Intermediate
Mainly marine planktonic marine Mainly
II: Kerogen
% Lignin. % 0 Lipid; 10%
20% Carbohydrate; Carbohydrate; 20% Protein; 70%
Diagenesis
Such as insects, clams, sea urchin urchin sea clams, insects, as Such
Animals without a vertebral column: vertebral a without Animals
1.5 Ratios similar to Lipids (fat, oil). (fat, Lipids to similar Ratios
H to C ratio 1.65. O to C ratio 0.06. ratio C to O 1.65. ratio C to H
Mainly algal remains, anoxic conditions anoxic remains, algal Mainly
I: Kerogen
↓
the oxygen content of the complex molecule (lateral leftward move in the graph) and yields kerogen. kerogen. yields and graph) the in move leftward (lateral molecule complex the of content oxygen the Diagenesis
Diagenesis is the initial chemical process. It can happen closer to surface at low temperatures & pressures. pressures. & temperatures low at surface to closer happen can It process. chemical initial the is
Kerogen of
v Maturation
utdallas 8 Krevelen Van Catagenesis Pre Diagram
metin Page
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− ∗
≈
. . yne H by suggested depth metres >5500 formation, gas For ≈ .
Gas Formation Gas
metres depth: forming Gas 0 635 = ) 127 = 23 150 ( 50 .
− ∗
20,800
6350
≈ 150 F 300 C
150 temperature: forming Gas . . F 300 F 302 C
> = ≈
o o
o o o
Oil Formation Oil ≈ metres depth: forming Oil
2100 = ) 42 = 23 65 ( 50 .
2100 7,000
302 302 - 149 C 150 - 65 temperature: forming Oil . . F 300 - 150 F
=
o o o
23 has Surface depth. of metres 50 per C 1 by rises Temperature C.
feet metres o o
0.1 0.3 0.2
Graphite Gas does not become coal become not does Gas O/C
osnticue iud. liquids. include not does gas Dry
Gas is methane, liquids are more complex. more are liquids methane, is Gas 0.5
Oil contains less gas more liquids than dry gas. dry than liquids more gas less contains gas Wet Diagenesis
Kerogen III Kerogen
Oil
1.0
remaining residual material can further evolve to coal. coal. to evolve further can material residual remaining
Diagenesis
into smaller gas molecules. It releases methane. The The methane. releases It molecules. gas smaller into
Oil
Metagensis is further maturation of hydrocarbons hydrocarbons of maturation further is ↓
It yields first oil & then gas. gas. then & oil first yields It graph. the in move
Kerogen II Kerogen
content (vertical / diagonal diagonal / (vertical content hydrogen It pressure). →
1.5
Diagenesis happens at deeper levels (high temperature & & temperature (high levels deeper at happens
Catageneis is maturation of kerogen kerogen of maturation is It It gas. & oil
H/C Kerogen I Kerogen
Kerogen of
v Maturation
utdallas 9 Krevelen Van Catagenesis Post Diagram
metin Page
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Hydrocarbon properties Hydrocarbon
v utdallas 10 metin
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≈
water density. density. water density has oil heavy - Extra more. or g/cm3 986 . 0 = ) 5 . 131 + 12 ( / 5 . 141
heavy - Extra oisdniy is density its so 15, or 12 than less API has oil –
→
g/cm3 or more. or g/cm3
922 . 0 = ) 5 . 131 + 22 ( / 5 . 141
1.0] - [0.6 of interval tight a enlarge
⇒ −
825 0
Heavy oil oil Heavy
has API 22 or less, so its density is is density its so less, or 22 API has – API to API Density Transformation:
5 141
.
⇒ ≈ −
790 0 crude API 40. API crude oil: crude light of gravity API » 0 4 = 5 . 131
.
5 141
.
crude API 48. 48. API crude oil: crude lighter of gravity API » 48 6 . 47 = 5 . 131
Density
.
] [
1.3 131.5=34.97 - 141.5/0.85 oil: olive of gravity API »
− SG 0.6 1.0
131.5 =10 131.5 - 141.5/1 water: of gravity API »
[ 10 5 141
) gravity gravity ) ( API 131.5 Institute Petroleum American = Oil
. Heavy
unitless 0.790/1=0.79 = oil crude lighter of gravity Specific .
of that substance’s density to water density. density. water to density substance’s that of
Specific Gravity (SG) of a substance is the ratio ratio the is substance a of (SG) Gravity Specific
Oil
Light
Salty water Salty the sea than a pool than sea the in swim to Easier 4 C at Water densest 1.025
1 milliliter 1 cm 1
= Water 1.000 3
1 cm 1
0.850 oil 1 cm 1 Olive
Ammonia Light crude Light 0.825
100
Lighter crude Lighter [ 0.790
API
g/cm Density 3 v Gravity API utdallas 11
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and honey 2,000 cp. 2,000 honey and cp ~1 Water ). cp ( poise centi is industry oil in viscosity of unit popular most The »
D2170, and D2171 from (American Society for Testing and Materials) astm.org. astm.org. Materials) and Testing for Society (American from D2171 and D2170,
liquid to flow through a standard tube. Water has 30 SSU and Milk has 40 SSU at 68 68 at SSU 40 has Milk and SSU 30 has Water tube. standard a through flow to liquid . . F
See standards ASTM 445, 445, ASTM standards See
o
Second Universal (SSU): the time required in seconds for a given amount of of amount given a for seconds in required time the (SSU): Universal Second Saybolt by measured be can It »
) implies resistance to flow. to resistance implies ) cp or SSU (in viscosity Higher –
Viscosity is resistance to flow. It is important for handling / transporting oil. oil. transporting / handling for important is It flow. to resistance is Viscosity
Dubai has 31 API and 2% Sulfur. 2% and API 31 has Dubai –
Brent (from North Sea) has 38 API and 0.3% Sulfur 0.3% and API 38 has Sea) North (from Brent –
West Texas Sour has 33 API and 1.6% Sulfur. 1.6% and API 33 has Sour Texas West –
40 API and 0.3% Sulfur. Sulfur. 0.3% and API 40 - 38 has (WTI) Intermediate Texas West –
Benchmark Crude Oils: Oils: Crude Benchmark
(>) than 1% sulfur by weight. Sweet costs a few dollars more per barrel than sour. than barrel per more dollars few a costs Sweet weight. by sulfur 1% than (>) < have crudes (Sour) Sweet –
ufri orsv oi a aae h rdcineupet Slu srmvdfo i trfnre. refineries. at oil from removed is Sulfur equipment. production the damage can it so corrosive is Sulfur
6700+ (does not flow) not (does 6700+ 2.30 10.7 Cal River, Kern
42 1.93 36.6 Iraq Kirkuk,
Poza Rica, Mexico Rica, Poza 1.67 30.7 68
Loudon, Ill Loudon, 0.26 38.8 45
20.5 Ark Smackover, 2.30 270
Texas East 0 foslk milk) like (flows 40 0.33 38.4
Water 0 10 30
F Gravity API Sulfur % Sulfur Viscosity SSU at 100 at SSU
o v Locations Various
utdallas 12 at Oils Crude of Characteristics metin
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! oil your freeze can it that cold so is winter Norwegian words, other In
− ≥ easily goes below 15 15 below goes easily and the oil can solidify. solidify. can oil the and F
o
14 6
H C
. Winter temperature in Norway Norway in temperature Winter . F 15 of point pour a has Norway from oil Ekofisk
o
95 Hexane Hexane
so it is liquid at the surface temperatures. temperatures. surface the at liquid is it so F 30 - of point pour a has light Arabian
− ≥ o
22 10 about the phase changes between solid and liquid. liquid. and solid between changes phase the about H C
35 Decane conditions, melting and solidification temperatures are the same as they are are they as same the are temperatures solidification and melting conditions,
≥
The pour point of oil is the lowest temperature for solidification. Under ideal ideal Under solidification. for temperature lowest the is oil of point pour The
52 25 H C
Paraffin
45
≥
difficult to deal with. with. deal to difficult is & pipes the clogs oil Such
62 30 C H
is high. high. is temperature melting its carbons, more & paraffins more contains oil the If .
Triacontane
66
solidifies before it reaches the surface and clogs the pipes. pipes. the clogs and surface the reaches it before solidifies Triacontane ≈
Liquid for for Liquid C
liquid form. As it is pulled, into the pipes pipes the into pulled, is it As form. liquid towards the surface it cools down. down. cools it surface the towards & o
is in in is triacontane ), F 150 ( C temperatures with hot is reservoir the If 66 66
>
o o ↑
Paraffin is in crude oil. More paraffin in oil and more carbon in paraffin paraffin in carbon more and oil in paraffin More oil. crude in is Paraffin . temperature melting
is used as a heat absorber heat a as used is Paraffin nhuedyal. drywalls. house in
H H H H H H H H H H H H like - Candle H H H H H H H H H H H H H
52 52 25 : H C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Paraffin wax wax Paraffin H H
↔
Crude oil includes includes oil Crude , saturated hydrocarbons (i.e., carbons have a single covalent bond): covalent single a have carbons (i.e., hydrocarbons saturated , Paraffins
v Temperature (Solidification) Melting
utdallas Pour Point: Solid Solid Point: Pour 13 Liquid metin
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Porosity, Permeability, Migration, Traps Migration, Permeability, Porosity,
v utdallas 14 metin
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Think of permeability as the presence of roads (for liquids) in the rock. the in liquids) (for roads of presence the as permeability of Think
Porous and permeable and Porous Porous but impermeable but Porous
the other side other the the other side other the
Liquid on this side can reach can side this on Liquid Liquid on this side cannot reach cannot side this on Liquid
A porous rock may be permeable. permeable. be may rock porous A
can serve as a pipe a as serve can
Not a source rock but but rock source a Not
rock may be impermeable (not permeable). (not impermeable be may rock porous A
Clastic Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary Clastic
Pore
Grain
of pores. of connectedness the is Permeability
3 CaCO
- 10 generally rock; of space/Volume void of Volume Porosity – 30%. = 2 , SiO
Cement
in the rock the in space void the is Porosity Natural Natural
Permeability vs v Porosity utdallas 15 metin
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Subsurface Flow Module: Flow Subsurface Comsol – . . multiphysics - ol ms co - flow - pipe - www.comsol.com/video/simulating & module - flow - www.comsol.com/subsurface
npatc,fo qain r ovdnmrcly yuigcmuainlfuddnmc software. dynamics fluid computational using by numerically solved are equations flow practice, In
lead to complicated differential equations that cannot be be cannot that equations differential complicated to lead linearities - on N – . form - closed a in solved analytically
Δ𝑃𝑃
Quadratic, cubic relations or even higher order (power) relations by by relations (power) order higher even or relations cubic Quadratic, – century). 20 early the (in Forchheimer
th
are suggested to salvage Darcy’s law Darcy’s salvage to suggested are and I between relations Nonlinear
(indicated by high Reynolds number). number). Reynolds high by (indicated high are flow) to particles of resistance (the forces inertial the –
Δ𝑃𝑃
hc dsub h rel lmnr fo fprilsadcue ubln flow, turbulent causes and particles of flow (laminar) orderly the disturbs which high, is flow of speed the –
Δ𝑃𝑃
does not increase linearly with the the with linearly increase not does I rate flow experiments, from , However when difference pressure
⇒ Δ𝑃𝑃
yields higher flow rate flow higher yields difference pressure Higher
The flow happens from high pressure region to low pressure region. region. pressure low to region pressure high from happens flow The
[ ] 0 = Flow [ ] 0 = 𝜇𝜇
𝑃𝑃 Δ 𝐼𝐼 𝜇𝜇 𝐿𝐿
Viscosity Viscosity 𝐴𝐴 𝐾𝐾
pressure difference difference pressure
Flow rate Flow = =
n reservoir n i Controllab le le Controllab
Higher pressure Higher
of rock of rock and liquid/gas and rock A Area
𝐼𝐼 𝜅𝜅
Geometry
Intrinsic properties of of properties Intrinsic pipe
L ess n to to
transmitting rock transmitting
↑ 𝑃𝑃 Δ
flows
- Thick
, in terms of a simpler form of Darcy’s law Darcy’s of form simpler a of terms in , rate Flow – : of of Permeability
Gas 𝐴𝐴 ↑
Oil/ the rate the , difference Pressure Controllable: –
𝐿𝐿 ↓ pressure
flow to perpendicular rock transmitting of area Surface – the rate the ,
Lower ↓ 𝜇𝜇
, , rock transmitting of Thickness – the rate the
↑ 𝜅𝜅
to surface to
rate the , liquid/gas the of Viscosity –
flows
Intrinsic permeability (of transmitting rock) rock) transmitting (of permeability Intrinsic – the rate the , Oil/Gas
Flow rate of a liquid/gas through a rock depends on on depends rock a through liquid/gas a of rate Flow v Rate Flow and Permeability utdallas 16 metin
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oiotl passages horizontal 3 some diagonal passages diagonal some
5 vertical passages vertical 5 passages vertical 3 5 vertical and 3 horizontal 3 and vertical 5 and vertical 5
Acidizing: Introducing hydrochloric acid to open passages: passages: open to acid hydrochloric Introducing Acidizing: »
Fracturing: Introducing high pressure water & sand mixture to open passages, open to mixture sand & water pressure high Introducing Fracturing: »
Low permeability to Higher permeability by permeability Higher to permeability Low –
Permeability: Streets and highways in the matter the in highways and Streets Permeability:
. Tight rocks can have 0,000001 0,000001 have can rocks Tight . millidarcy 1,000 . millidarcy
indicates good permeability. Some permeable permeable Some permeability. good indicates millidarcy 200 - 100 . millidarcy or darcy can have have can rocks
In oil industry, permeability is measured in terms of flow rate of a liquid. The units of flow rate is is rate flow of units The liquid. a of rate flow of terms in measured is permeability industry, oil In v Rate Flow Increases Permeability utdallas 17 metin
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Source Rock, where oil matured oil where Rock, Source
is stopped by a trap. trap. a by stopped is
Depending on its viscosity, oil will migrate until it it until migrate will oil viscosity, its on Depending
Oil has lower density. lower has Oil
water and pass through it: through pass and water
If oil contacts ground water, it will go through through go will it water, ground contacts oil If
permeable rocks. permeable
rocks and within within and rocks among happens Migration
solvable, smaller/lighter kerogen kerogen smaller/lighter solvable, Bitumen –
migrates more easily than kerogen. than easily more migrates Bitumen –
of water from kerogen kerogen from water of xpulsion E – makes it lighter it makes
rocks toward the surface (reservoir rock). (reservoir surface the toward rocks
Oil / gas typically moves from deeper (source) (source) deeper from moves typically gas / Oil
Reservoir Rock Reservoir v Rocks among Flows Oil utdallas 18 metin
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PDOD_FEnNk ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ https reservoir: a in Gas & Oil of Formation
Salt is impermeable and traps the oil. oil. the traps and impermeable is Salt
It may not reach the surface and forms an underground salt dome. salt underground an forms and surface the reach not may It
Salt flows under enough heat and pressure towards the surface. surface. the towards pressure and heat enough under flows Salt
a fault trap. trap. fault a
A fault line can form form can line fault A
Source rocks (permeable) rocks Source crest of the arch. arch. the of crest
shape) and oil accumulates at the the at accumulates oil and shape) Water
into an arch (anticline or concave concave or (anticline arch an into
Trap rock (impermeable) (impermeable) rock Trap Both trap and source rocks are bent bent are rocks source and trap Both
Oil migrates until it cannot, i.e., it is trapped by impermeable rock. impermeable by trapped is it i.e., cannot, it until migrates Oil v Offshore and Onshore Traps: utdallas 19 metin
Page edu /~ .
www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VbU0gdRHTc :// https and www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6XWLN6GnGk .
M - www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWysYg_0I Origins Petroleum watch now may You ,
Kharghoria Arun with 2015 in communication Private , PhD in Petroleum Engineering. Petroleum in PhD , -
Texas Tech University University Tech Texas
. PhD Thesis. Dept. of Mathematics, Mathematics, of Dept. Thesis. PhD . Media Porous in Flows Forchheimer - Darcy Nonlinear of Analysis 2009. . Çakmak A. -
Oil, Gas Exploration and Production Production and Exploration Gas Oil, of 3 Chapter Reserves. Hydrocarbon . Petrole du Francais Institut by -
Basic Petroleum Geology Geology Petroleum Basic of 11 Chapter Reserves. and Petroleum by P. Link. Link. P. by -
Generation and Migration of Petroleum of Migration and Generation of 5 Chapter Geology. Petroleum of Elements . Selley C. R. By . -
Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production. By N. J. J. N. By Production. and Drilling Exploration, Geology, Petroleum to Guide Nontechnical . Hyne -
Based on on Based
Traps and Reservoirs and Traps
Oil Migration Oil
Oil Formation Oil
Rocks
this photo in Spring 2012 Spring in photo this
side of the building!!! building!!! the of side Metin took took Metin
SOM Searching for oil in the east east the in oil for Searching SOM
what you learnt so far: so learnt you what
Immediate application of of application Immediate
Hydrocarbon geology Hydrocarbon – v Summary utdallas 20 metin
Page edu /~ .
Looks glossy because of minerals of because glossy Looks
Igneous Rock: Granite Rock: Igneous
Earthquakes
Continental Movements Continental
v Transportation and Weathering utdallas Process: Sedimentation 21 metin
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Economic Geology. Geology. Economic
Atlas of Salt Domes in the East Texas Basin. 1984. M.P.A. Jackson and S.J. S.J. and Jackson M.P.A. 1984. Basin. Texas East the in Domes Salt of Atlas . Published by Bureau of of Bureau by Published . Seni -
Based on on Based
Case Studies: East Texas Fields and Offshore Fields Fields Offshore and Fields Texas East Studies: Case
v utdallas 22 metin
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Sandstone
) in Adolphus Hotel, Dallas; see huntoil.com. see Dallas; Hotel, Adolphus in ) Illionis from
(originally (originally Hunt L. Haroldson to rights the passes Joiner
iet ne Limesto
financial challenges. financial
then was used as cotton farms. He discovered oil but had had but oil discovered He farms. cotton as used was then
acquired leases on the land, which which land, the on leases acquired Joiner M. Columbus
iet ne Limesto
in West Texas. West in
iet ne Limesto
Shale production companies moved to newly discovered fields fields discovered newly to moved companies production
The area was explored in the 1900s, no oil found and and found oil no 1900s, the in explored was area The Sandstone
. Chalk Austin rock, cap by, stopped Migration 7.
source rock. source Ford Eagle from northeast migrated Oil 6.
sediments.
(a limestone) and other other and limestone) (a Chalk Austin deposited Seas 5.
sandstone. woodbine exposed the removed Erosion 4.
exposed the woodbine sandstone. woodbine the exposed uplift Sabine 3.
the woodbine sandstone. woodbine the covered sediments Other 2.
formation type; Similarly, Austin Chalk. Austin Similarly, type; formation
is is Sandstone location; the is Woodbine layer.
as a horizontal horizontal a as deposited was sandstone Woodbine 1.
100 million years ago, shallow seas covered East Texas East covered seas shallow ago, years million 100
. 20 Highway Interstate on Interstate 20 Interstate
or a rectangle about 190 190 about rectangle a or away from Dallas Dallas from away kms
a rectangle about 35 about rectangle a east of Tyler, of east kms 40 -
East Texas oil field is is field oil Texas East 72 km long long km 72 8 km wide km 8 and , v Fields Oil Texas East Study: Case utdallas 23 metin
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in the East Texas Salt Dome Province. Published by Bureau of Economic Geology. Geology. Economic of Bureau by Published Province. Dome Salt Texas East the in
Source: D.H. Wood and A.B. Giles. 1982. Hydrocarbon Accumulation Patterns Patterns Accumulation Hydrocarbon 1982. Giles. A.B. and Wood D.H. Source:
Depth of Salt dome is about 6,000 m. 6,000 about is dome Salt of Depth
and County Road 724. The base is about 1 km north of peak. peak. of north km 1 about is base The 724. Road County and
south axis and between State Highway 64 64 Highway State between and axis south - north on are base and peak The concave (convex) shaped fold. shaped (convex) concave
26’55” West. 26’55” 95 and North 23’09” 32
Anticline (Syncline) is a a is (Syncline) Anticline
o o
Smith county. To be specific specific be To county. Smith central - west in Creek Prairie over bridge
Mount Sylvan Dome has a circular peak to 1 km north of the Highway 64 64 Highway the of north km 1 to peak circular a has Dome Sylvan Mount
off anticlines/synclines off
extrapolate boundaries extrapolate
Many well samples to samples well Many
movement.
vertical plate vertical
Faults indicate indicate Faults
metres 34 - 18 Rock Cap of Depth
Depth to Salt dome is about 170 170 about is dome Salt to Depth metres
Rusk Co. Rusk Co. Smith Van Zandt Co. Zandt Van
Kaufman Co. Kaufman
Henderson, Tyler,
Wills Point, Wills
ea iha 64 Highway Texas
Southeast v Creek Prairie utdallas Texas East in Dome Salt Sylvan Mount 24 metin
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. 1984. Atlas of Salt Domes in the East Texas Basin. Published by Bureau of Economic Geology. Geology. Economic of Bureau by Published Basin. Texas East the in Domes Salt of Atlas 1984. . Seni S.J. and Jackson M.P.A. Source:
Salt Sandstone
Limestone
Cap Rock Cap
Southeast v Texas East in Wells Sylvan Mount utdallas 25 metin
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the East Texas Basin. Published by Bureau of Economic Geology. Geology. Economic of Bureau by Published Basin. Texas East the
94 ta f atDms in Domes Salt of Atlas 1984. . Seni S.J. and Jackson M.P.A. Source: Dallas
Mount Sylvan
Shreveport v Texas East in Domes Salt of Atlas utdallas 26 metin
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Possibly interior before cracking before interior Possibly smooth sides: Violent cracking possibly by icing by possibly cracking Violent sides: smooth - Non
This side has lighter shade shade lighter has side This
iet e sdi l ul ings build old in used ne Limesto
Hard, firm, dense, dark dense, firm, Hard,
aeo ietn? limestone? or hale s
Is this sandstone, sandstone, this Is
sedimentary rock? sedimentary
Is this volcanic or or volcanic this Is
rock piece rock
Side view of the the of view Side
of the rock piece rock the of
Side and top view view top and Side
Mt. Bryce Mt.
Metin Metin
oto taac river Athabasca of Root
Shreveport
Cascade Mountain Cascade
Columbia Glacier Columbia
Mt. Bryce Mt.
Cascade Mountain Cascade
Mt. Athabasca Mt. v Alberta of Rocks utdallas 27 metin
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depth of 5138 5138 of depth , is owned 60% by Noble Energy and 40% by Stone Energy. Stone by 40% and Energy Noble by 60% owned is , metres
commercial amounts of hydrocarbons. The well has a a has well The hydrocarbons. of amounts commercial - non have to out turns
McMoRan O & G. G. & O McMoRan - Freeport with owned jointly field, Madison prospect in Block 479 479 Block in prospect Madison in well exploration energy’s Noble 2015, Jan
plans 5 more wells in the the in wells more 5 plans Eni . metres 2160 about of depth
starts production at Lucius oilfie ld in water water in ld oilfie Lucius at production starts Eni 2015, Jan
Oilfield
Lucius
Generic Submarine Canyon Canyon Submarine Generic
Mississippi River Submarine Canyon Canyon Submarine River Mississippi Hudson River Submarine Canyon Canyon Submarine River Hudson
sea fan. Submarine canyons can contain reservoirs. contain can canyons Submarine fan. sea
Submarine canyons are made up by erosion of the sediments in the canyon. Sediments are deposited along the deep deep the along deposited are Sediments canyon. the in sediments the of erosion by up made are canyons Submarine
river deltas. river
Canyon starting in continental continental in starting Canyon Canyon: Submarine extending towards the sea bottom. sea the towards extending & shelf They often occur at at occur often They
Continental Shelf Continental
Continental shelf is shallow and extends tens of kilometers into the sea. the into kilometers of tens extends and shallow is shelf Continental
~0.03
metres
Slope
elgclsrcue xedfo ec otecnietl shelf. continental the to beach from extend structures Geological of 140 140 of
Steeper
depth
the oil under the water is the same as they are or on land. on or are they as same the is water the under oil the
Slope 0.01 Slope
Shelf
Geological structures (sedimentary rocks, faults, traps) and formation of of formation and traps) faults, rocks, (sedimentary structures Geological
continents.
Slope
Continental Shelf: Shelf: Continental Flat shallow underwater platform that surrounds surrounds that platform underwater shallow Flat
Continental Coastline v Canyon Submarine and Shelf Continental
utdallas 28 Offshore metin
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Developing Fields Developing
Subsea Completions Subsea
Scotland
Gas Field Gas
Frigg Frigg
Norway
Fields
Sea
North
Largest Offshore Field Offshore Largest
ontains most of the the of most ontains c wells . .
ufo eioSef edge Shelf Mexico of Gulf v Mediterranean Eastern Sea, North Gulf,
utdallas 29 Fields Offshore of Examples metin
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. Sonangol of head as daughter
Santos appointed, June 3 2016, his his 2016, 3 June appointed, Santos dos E. Jose
President President Angolan nepotism, of example an As
Income Tax, Transaction Tax, Surface Fee. Surface Tax, Transaction Tax, Income
Taxes: Petroleum Production Tax, Petroleum Petroleum Tax, Production Petroleum Taxes:
Block 6 is licensed for $305,000. for licensed is 6 Block
. . km 5000 about is block Each
2
, state oil firm, grants rights in Angola. in rights grants firm, oil state , Sonangol
Initial oil 10% oil Initial
Falcon oil 10% oil Falcon
Inter oil 10% oil Inter
20% Sonangol
40% Petrobras
Block 6 Block v Angola in
utdallas 30 Concessions metin
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