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Traps and and Traps 

Oil Migration

Oil Formation Oil 

Rocks 

Outline

Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon – v Resources utdallas 1

metin Page

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Shale, mud particles mud ,

2 2

Glycine NH Glycine COOH CH

3 Rich in Calcite CaCO Calcite in Rich

Sandstone, sand grains sand ,

Simple amino acid amino Simple

Limestone, seashells Limestone,

2

part part NH

part COOH part

Amino

N Acidic

C

bond

C Nitrogen

-

bond

2

CH Carbon - Carbon

Organic

Sedimentary

Chemical

Metamorphic

Rock Rock Clastic

Volcanic Body is complicated complicated is fat Body

Amino acids including carbon (C), (H), (O) (O) oxygen (H), hydrogen (C), carbon including acids Amino Proteins » nitrogen (N). nitrogen &

acu fo nml oe a obn ih rai aeil (proteins). materials organic with combine can bones animal from Calcium : Organic –

Founders North North Founders building

2 4

: CaSO : Dihydrate Sulfate Calcium : Gypsum » Soft rock for artifacts from ancient times. times. ancient from artifacts for rock Soft O. .2H window case on the 1 the on case window floor floor

st

For this & others, see the the see others, & this For

(Crystalline): Including and chemical salts chemical and minerals Including (Crystalline): Chemical –

Gypsum

Collection/compaction/cementation of broken up rock pieces. pieces. rock up broken of Collection/compaction/cementation : Clastic –

Rocks composed of sediments (grains, mud, salts) such as such salts) mud, (grains, sediments of composed Rocks Sedimentary 

Rocks. Rocks. Metamorphic arble develops under high pressure high under develops arble m E.g., 

Volcanic (Igneous) (Igneous) Rocks: Crystalline rocks from cooled down magma. magma. down cooled from rocks solid Crystalline Rocks:  v Types Rock utdallas 2

metin Page

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sedimentary rocks sedimentary

including including

Stable platforms platforms Stable

Mountains

Shields

htcnansdmnay rocks. sedimentary contain that platforms geological stable in oil for Search

areas. mountain in low is or oil of Chances

are rich for minerals. But do not expect gas or oil in in oil or gas expect not do But minerals. for rich are Shields . shields

Basement rock is on the surface in some places. Then it is called called is it Then places. some in surface the on is rock Basement . . shield

aeet oki ihrvlai rmtmrhc rock. metamorphic or volcanic either is rock Basement

altered by tectonic plate movements and earthquakes. and movements plate tectonic by altered

Basement rock Basement

depends on depositional sequence and materials, and can also be be also can and materials, and sequence depositional on depends

Limestone

However, layering sequence of rocks on top of each other other each of top on rocks of sequence layering However, Shale

Sandstone Densities of these are close 1.85 close are these of Densities 2.36 tons/yard 2.36 - 3.1 tons/m 3.1 - =2.4

3 3

E.g., layering of rocks in in rocks of layering E.g., Tulsa Often sandstone is above shale which is above limestone. above is which shale above is sandstone Often

eietr rc aes r ntpo ah other. each of top on are layers rock Sedimentary v Shield and Rocks Sedimentary utdallas 3

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Oil, Gas, Gas, Oil,

Evolution to to Evolution Inorganic Carbon Inorganic

Earthquakes Migration Earthquakes

Move up by up Move

years of 1000 >

Reservoir

otting R

Bacterial Decay Bacterial

Several years Several

Decomposition

Photosynthesis Eaten by Eaten

Water Such as Oak as Such Such as insects, clams, sea urchin, worms worms urchin, sea clams, insects, as Such

Carbondioxide Plants: Animals without a vertebral column: vertebral a without Animals

Organic Carbon Organic

Sunlight

Inorganic Carbon Cycle Carbon Inorganic – v Organic utdallas 4

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24 40+ Residuum

Lubricating Oil Lubricating 20 40 - 20

Gas Oil Gas 15 20 - 13

Refinery 10 12 - 11

Gasoline 31 10 - 4

% Weight Molecule / of # Refinery Post

Aromatic Example:

, complicated , uniform - Ortho non

6 , Asphaltics Aromatic Compounds Aromatic

-

Circles: Circles: circle, C=C bond C=C circle,

15 ), (incl. Aromatics

C bond C - C

Cyclo circle,

(), (Cycloalkanes), Naphtenes 49

Cyclopentane

-

Alkane

short or long chain, C chain, long or short C bond C -

(): (Alkanes): Paraffins 30

Alkane Example:

% by

Weight Type

Example: Molecule

Compounds Aliphatic

Chains: Chains: v Oil Refined and Crude of Contents utdallas 5

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Oil & Gas Formation Gas & Oil 

v utdallas 6

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With Hydrogen With

Gas Oil &

Carbon along Carbon

Yellow

Material

Maturation

Greenish

Decomposition

Organic

No Hydrogen No

Coal Carbon rich Carbon

Bitumen is chemically similar to kerogen but solvable solvable but kerogen to similar chemically is Bitumen – migrates easily. easily. migrates

. . bitumen is material organic of 10% 

). ). (thermal temperature

can be cracked into smaller and lighter hydrocarbons hydrocarbons lighter and smaller into cracked be can Kerogen – under high high under

Green River Green Sulphur 1 Nitrogen; 5 Oxygen; 12 Hydrogen; 330 Carbon; 215 ). ).

Green River formations have in the from of Kerogen (in proportions of of proportions (in Kerogen of from the in shale oil have formations River Green »

hydrocarbons. hydrocarbons.

not a specific chemical substance substance chemical specific a not is Kerogen – but a collection of of collection a but

pressure/temperature to create larger molecule of kerogen. of molecule larger create to pressure/temperature

decomposes into smaller molecules which can combine under under combine can which molecules smaller into decomposes

When a living organism (algae, planktons, plants, animals) dies, the body body the dies, animals) plants, planktons, (algae, organism living a When

nitrogen, , which are also the building blocks of organic materials. materials. organic of blocks building the also are which sulfur, nitrogen,

polymeric compound compound polymeric a is Kerogen – containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, containing

90% of organic material is is material organic of 90% . . kerogen 

1% of rocks rocks of 1% conytain organic minerals. organic v Coal & Gas Oil, Crude of Generation utdallas 7

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0.1 0.2

Atomic Oxygen/Carbon Atomic

Low H/C ratio is similar to coal to similar is ratio H/C Low

Lacking chains; Rich in circles in Rich chains; Lacking

H to C ratio < 0.84. O to C ratio 0.13. ratio C to O 0.84. < ratio C to H

Diagenesis

plants in lignin from Mainly 0.5

conditions oxic ) - (sub plants/animals, Other

III: Kerogen

6% Protein; 5% 5% Protein; 6%

37% Lignin, 52% ; 52% Lignin, 37%

Diagenesis Atomic Hydrogen/Carbon

Oak Leaves: Leaves: Oak

1.0 Intermediate between I and III and I between Intermediate

Mainly marine planktonic marine Mainly

II: Kerogen

% Lignin. % 0 Lipid; 10%

20% Carbohydrate; Carbohydrate; 20% Protein; 70%

Diagenesis

Such as insects, clams, sea urchin urchin sea clams, insects, as Such

Animals without a vertebral column: vertebral a without Animals

1.5 Ratios similar to (fat, oil). (fat, Lipids to similar Ratios

H to C ratio 1.65. O to C ratio 0.06. ratio C to O 1.65. ratio C to H

Mainly algal remains, anoxic conditions anoxic remains, algal Mainly

I: Kerogen

the oxygen content of the complex molecule (lateral leftward move in the graph) and yields kerogen. kerogen. yields and graph) the in move leftward (lateral molecule complex the of content oxygen the Diagenesis

Diagenesis is the initial chemical process. It can happen closer to surface at low temperatures & pressures. pressures. & temperatures low at surface to closer happen can It process. chemical initial the is

Kerogen of

v Maturation

utdallas 8 Krevelen Van Pre Diagram

metin Page

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− ∗

. . yne H by suggested depth metres >5500 formation, gas For ≈ .

Gas Formation Gas

metres depth: forming Gas 0 635 = ) 127 = 23 150 ( 50 .

− ∗

20,800

6350

≈ 150 F 300 C

150 temperature: forming Gas . . F 300 F 302 C

> =  ≈

o o

o o o

Oil Formation Oil ≈ metres depth: forming Oil

2100 = ) 42 = 23 65 ( 50 .

2100 7,000

302 302 - 149 C 150 - 65 temperature: forming Oil . . F 300 - 150 F

= 

o o o

23 has Surface depth. of metres 50 per C 1 by rises Temperature C.

feet metres o o

0.1 0.3 0.2

Graphite Gas does not become coal become not does Gas O/C

osnticue iud. . include not does gas Dry

Gas is methane, liquids are more complex. more are liquids methane, is Gas 0.5

Oil contains less gas more liquids than dry gas. dry than liquids more gas less contains gas Wet Diagenesis

Kerogen III Kerogen

Oil

1.0

remaining residual material can further evolve to coal. coal. to evolve further can material residual remaining

Diagenesis

into smaller gas molecules. It releases methane. The The methane. releases It molecules. gas smaller into

Oil

Metagensis is further maturation of hydrocarbons hydrocarbons of maturation further is ↓

It yields first oil & then gas. gas. then & oil first yields It graph. the in move

Kerogen II Kerogen

content (vertical / diagonal diagonal / (vertical content hydrogen It pressure). →

1.5

Diagenesis happens at deeper levels (high temperature & & temperature (high levels deeper at happens

Catageneis is maturation of kerogen kerogen of maturation is It It gas. & oil

H/C Kerogen I Kerogen

Kerogen of

v Maturation

utdallas 9 Krevelen Van Catagenesis Post Diagram

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Hydrocarbon properties Hydrocarbon 

v utdallas 10 metin

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density. density. water density has oil heavy - Extra more. or g/cm3 986 . 0 = ) 5 . 131 + 12 ( / 5 . 141

heavy - Extra oisdniy is density its so 15, or 12 than less API has oil –

g/cm3 or more. or g/cm3

922 . 0 = ) 5 . 131 + 22 ( / 5 . 141

1.0] - [0.6 of interval tight a enlarge

⇒ −

825 0

Heavy oil oil Heavy

has API 22 or less, so its density is is density its so less, or 22 API has – API to API Density Transformation:

5 141

.

⇒ ≈ −

790 0 crude API 40. API crude oil: crude light of gravity API » 0 4 = 5 . 131

.

5 141

.

crude API 48. 48. API crude oil: crude lighter of gravity API » 48 6 . 47 = 5 . 131

Density

.

] [

1.3 131.5=34.97 - 141.5/0.85 oil: olive of gravity API »

− SG 0.6 1.0

131.5 =10 131.5 - 141.5/1 water: of gravity API »

[ 10 5 141

) gravity gravity ) ( API 131.5 Institute American = Oil

. Heavy

unitless 0.790/1=0.79 = oil crude lighter of gravity Specific .

of that substance’s density to water density. density. water to density substance’s that of

Specific Gravity (SG) of a substance is the ratio ratio the is substance a of (SG) Gravity Specific

Oil

Light

Salty water Salty the sea than a pool than sea the in swim to Easier 4 C at Water densest 1.025

1 milliliter 1 cm 1

= Water 1.000 3

1 cm 1

0.850 oil 1 cm 1 Olive

Ammonia Light crude Light 0.825

100

Lighter crude Lighter [ 0.790

API

g/cm Density 3 v Gravity API utdallas 11

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and 2,000 cp. 2,000 honey and cp ~1 Water ). cp ( poise centi is industry oil in of unit popular most The »

D2170, and D2171 from (American Society for Testing and Materials) astm.org. astm.org. Materials) and Testing for Society (American from D2171 and D2170,

to flow through a standard tube. Water has 30 SSU and Milk has 40 SSU at 68 68 at SSU 40 has Milk and SSU 30 has Water tube. standard a through flow to liquid . . F

See standards ASTM 445, 445, ASTM standards See

o

Second Universal (SSU): the time required in seconds for a given amount of of amount given a for seconds in required time the (SSU): Universal Second Saybolt by measured be can It »

) implies resistance to flow. to resistance implies ) cp or SSU (in viscosity Higher –

Viscosity is resistance to flow. It is important for handling / transporting oil. oil. transporting / handling for important is It flow. to resistance is Viscosity 

Dubai has 31 API and 2% Sulfur. 2% and API 31 has Dubai –

Brent (from North Sea) has 38 API and 0.3% Sulfur 0.3% and API 38 has Sea) North (from Brent –

West Sour has 33 API and 1.6% Sulfur. 1.6% and API 33 has Sour Texas West –

40 API and 0.3% Sulfur. Sulfur. 0.3% and API 40 - 38 has (WTI) Intermediate Texas West –

Benchmark Crude : Oils: Crude

(>) than 1% sulfur by weight. Sweet costs a few dollars more per than sour. than barrel per more dollars few a costs Sweet weight. by sulfur 1% than (>) < have crudes (Sour) Sweet –

ufri orsv oi a aae h rdcineupet Slu srmvdfo i trfnre. refineries. at oil from removed is Sulfur equipment. production the damage can it so corrosive is Sulfur 

6700+ (does not flow) not (does 6700+ 2.30 10.7 Cal River, Kern

42 1.93 36.6 Iraq Kirkuk,

Poza Rica, Mexico Rica, Poza 1.67 30.7 68

Loudon, Ill Loudon, 0.26 38.8 45

20.5 Ark Smackover, 2.30 270

Texas East 0 foslk milk) like (flows 40 0.33 38.4

Water 0 10 30

F Gravity API Sulfur % Sulfur Viscosity SSU at 100 at SSU

o v Locations Various

utdallas 12 at Oils Crude of Characteristics metin

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! oil your freeze can it that cold so is winter Norwegian words, other In

− ≥ easily goes below 15 15 below goes easily and the oil can solidify. solidify. can oil the and F

o

14 6

H C

. Winter temperature in Norway Norway in temperature Winter . F 15 of point pour a has Norway from oil Ekofisk

o

95 Hexane

so it is liquid at the surface temperatures. temperatures. surface the at liquid is it so F 30 - of point pour a has light Arabian

− ≥ o

22 10 about the phase changes between solid and liquid. liquid. and solid between changes phase the about H C

35 conditions, melting and solidification temperatures are the same as they are are they as same the are temperatures solidification and melting conditions,

The pour point of oil is the lowest temperature for solidification. Under ideal ideal Under solidification. for temperature lowest the is oil of point pour The

 52 25 H C

Paraffin

45

difficult to deal with. with. deal to difficult is & pipes the clogs oil Such

62 30 C H

is high. high. is temperature melting its carbons, more & paraffins more contains oil the If .

Triacontane

66

solidifies before it reaches the surface and clogs the pipes. pipes. the clogs and surface the reaches it before solidifies Triacontane ≈

Liquid for for Liquid C

liquid form. As it is pulled, into the pipes pipes the into pulled, is it As form. liquid towards the surface it cools down. down. cools it surface the towards & o

is in in is triacontane ), F 150 ( C temperatures with hot is the If 66 66

> 

o o ↑

Paraffin is in crude oil. More paraffin in oil and more carbon in paraffin paraffin in carbon more and oil in paraffin More oil. crude in is Paraffin . temperature melting 

is used as a heat absorber heat a as used is Paraffin nhuedyal. drywalls. house in 

H H H H H H H H H H H H like - Candle H H H H H H H H H H H H H

52 52 25 : H C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Paraffin wax Paraffin H H

Crude oil includes includes oil Crude , saturated hydrocarbons (i.e., carbons have a single covalent bond): covalent single a have carbons (i.e., hydrocarbons saturated , Paraffins 

v Temperature (Solidification) Melting

utdallas Pour Point: Solid Solid Point: Pour 13 Liquid metin

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Porosity, Permeability, Migration, Traps Migration, Permeability, , 

v utdallas 14 metin

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Think of permeability as the presence of roads (for liquids) in the rock. the in liquids) (for roads of presence the as permeability of Think

Porous and permeable and Porous Porous but impermeable but Porous

the other side other the the other side other the

Liquid on this side can reach can side this on Liquid Liquid on this side cannot reach cannot side this on Liquid

A porous rock may be permeable. permeable. be may rock porous A

can serve as a pipe a as serve can

Not a but but rock source a Not

rock may be impermeable (not permeable). (not impermeable be may rock porous A

Clastic Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary Clastic

Pore

Grain

of pores. of connectedness the is Permeability 

3 CaCO

- 10 generally rock; of space/Volume void of Volume Porosity – 30%. = 2 , SiO

Cement

in the rock the in space void the is Porosity  Natural Natural

Permeability vs v Porosity utdallas 15 metin

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Subsurface Flow Module: Flow Subsurface Comsol – . . multiphysics - ol ms co - flow - pipe - www.comsol.com/video/simulating & module - flow - www.comsol.com/subsurface

npatc,fo qain r ovdnmrcly yuigcmuainlfuddnmc software. dynamics fluid computational using by numerically solved are equations flow practice, In 

lead to complicated differential equations that cannot be be cannot that equations differential complicated to lead linearities - on N – . form - closed a in solved analytically

Δ𝑃𝑃

Quadratic, cubic relations or even higher order (power) relations by by relations (power) order higher even or relations cubic Quadratic, – century). 20 early the (in Forchheimer

th

are suggested to salvage Darcy’s law Darcy’s salvage to suggested are and I between relations Nonlinear 

(indicated by high Reynolds number). number). Reynolds high by (indicated high are flow) to particles of resistance (the forces inertial the –

Δ𝑃𝑃

hc dsub h rel lmnr fo fprilsadcue ubln flow, turbulent causes and particles of flow (laminar) orderly the disturbs which high, is flow of speed the –

Δ𝑃𝑃

does not increase linearly with the the with linearly increase not does I rate flow experiments, from , However when difference pressure 

⇒ Δ𝑃𝑃

yields higher flow rate flow higher yields difference pressure Higher 

The flow happens from high pressure region to low pressure region. region. pressure low to region pressure high from happens flow The

[ ] 0 = Flow [ ] 0 =  𝜇𝜇

𝑃𝑃 Δ 𝐼𝐼 𝜇𝜇 𝐿𝐿

Viscosity Viscosity 𝐴𝐴 𝐾𝐾

pressure difference difference pressure

Flow rate Flow = =

n reservoir n i Controllab le le Controllab

Higher pressure Higher

of rock of rock and liquid/gas and rock A Area

𝐼𝐼 𝜅𝜅

Geometry

Intrinsic properties of of properties Intrinsic pipe

L ess n to to

transmitting rock transmitting

↑ 𝑃𝑃 Δ

flows

- Thick

, in terms of a simpler form of Darcy’s law Darcy’s of form simpler a of terms in , rate Flow – : of of Permeability

Gas 𝐴𝐴 ↑

Oil/ the rate the , difference Pressure Controllable: –

𝐿𝐿 ↓ pressure

flow to perpendicular rock transmitting of area Surface – the rate the ,

Lower ↓ 𝜇𝜇

, , rock transmitting of Thickness – the rate the

↑ 𝜅𝜅

to surface to

rate the , liquid/gas the of Viscosity –

flows

Intrinsic permeability (of transmitting rock) rock) transmitting (of permeability Intrinsic – the rate the , Oil/Gas

Flow rate of a liquid/gas through a rock depends on on depends rock a through liquid/gas a of rate Flow  v Rate Flow and Permeability utdallas 16 metin

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oiotl passages horizontal 3 some diagonal passages diagonal some

5 vertical passages vertical 5 passages vertical 3 5 vertical and 3 horizontal 3 and vertical 5 and vertical 5

Acidizing: Introducing hydrochloric acid to open passages: passages: open to acid hydrochloric Introducing Acidizing: »

Fracturing: Introducing high pressure water & sand mixture to open passages, open to mixture sand & water pressure high Introducing Fracturing: »

Low permeability to Higher permeability by permeability Higher to permeability Low –

Permeability: Streets and highways in the matter the in highways and Streets Permeability: 

. Tight rocks can have 0,000001 0,000001 have can rocks Tight . millidarcy 1,000 . millidarcy

indicates good permeability. Some permeable permeable Some permeability. good indicates millidarcy 200 - 100 . millidarcy or darcy can have have can rocks

In oil industry, permeability is measured in terms of flow rate of a liquid. The units of flow rate is is rate flow of units The liquid. a of rate flow of terms in measured is permeability industry, oil In  v Rate Flow Increases Permeability utdallas 17 metin

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Source Rock, where oil matured oil where Rock, Source

is stopped by a trap. trap. a by stopped is

Depending on its viscosity, oil will migrate until it it until migrate will oil viscosity, its on Depending 

Oil has lower density. lower has Oil 

water and pass through it: through pass and water

If oil contacts ground water, it will go through through go will it water, ground contacts oil If 

permeable rocks. permeable

rocks and within within and rocks among happens Migration 

solvable, smaller/lighter kerogen kerogen smaller/lighter solvable, Bitumen –

migrates more easily than kerogen. than easily more migrates Bitumen –

of water from kerogen kerogen from water of xpulsion E – makes it lighter it makes

rocks toward the surface (reservoir rock). (reservoir surface the toward rocks

Oil / gas typically moves from deeper (source) (source) deeper from moves typically gas / Oil 

Reservoir Rock Reservoir v Rocks among Flows Oil utdallas 18 metin

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PDOD_FEnNk ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ https reservoir: a in Gas & Oil of Formation

Salt is impermeable and traps the oil. oil. the traps and impermeable is Salt

It may not reach the surface and forms an underground . salt underground an forms and surface the reach not may It

Salt flows under enough heat and pressure towards the surface. surface. the towards pressure and heat enough under flows Salt

a fault trap. trap. fault a

A fault line can form form can line fault A

Source rocks (permeable) rocks Source crest of the arch. arch. the of crest

shape) and oil accumulates at the the at accumulates oil and shape) Water

into an arch (anticline or concave concave or (anticline arch an into

Trap rock (impermeable) (impermeable) rock Trap Both trap and source rocks are bent bent are rocks source and trap Both

Oil migrates until it cannot, i.e., it is trapped by impermeable rock. impermeable by trapped is it i.e., cannot, it until migrates Oil v Offshore and Onshore Traps: utdallas 19 metin

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VbU0gdRHTc :// https and www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6XWLN6GnGk .

M - www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWysYg_0I Origins Petroleum watch now may You ,

Kharghoria Arun with 2015 in communication Private , PhD in . Petroleum in PhD , -

Texas Tech University University Tech Texas

. PhD Thesis. Dept. of Mathematics, Mathematics, of Dept. Thesis. PhD . Media Porous in Flows Forchheimer - Darcy Nonlinear of Analysis 2009. . Çakmak A. -

Oil, Gas Exploration and Production Production and Exploration Gas Oil, of 3 Chapter Reserves. Hydrocarbon . Petrole du Francais Institut by -

Basic Geology Petroleum Basic of 11 Chapter Reserves. and Petroleum by P. Link. Link. P. by -

Generation and Migration of Petroleum of Migration and Generation of 5 Chapter Geology. Petroleum of Elements . Selley C. R. By . -

Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production. By N. J. J. N. By Production. and Drilling Exploration, Geology, Petroleum to Guide Nontechnical . Hyne -

Based on on Based

Traps and Reservoirs and Traps 

Oil Migration Oil 

Oil Formation Oil 

Rocks 

this photo in Spring 2012 Spring in photo this

side of the building!!! building!!! the of side Metin took took Metin

SOM Searching for oil in the east east the in oil for Searching SOM

what you learnt so far: so learnt you what

Immediate application of of application Immediate

Hydrocarbon geology Hydrocarbon – v Summary utdallas 20 metin

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Looks glossy because of minerals of because glossy Looks

Igneous Rock: Granite Rock: Igneous

Earthquakes

Continental Movements Continental

v Transportation and Weathering utdallas Process: Sedimentation 21 metin

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Economic Geology. Geology. Economic

Atlas of Salt Domes in the Basin. 1984. M.P.A. Jackson and S.J. S.J. and Jackson M.P.A. 1984. Basin. Texas East the in Domes Salt of Atlas . Published by Bureau of of Bureau by Published . Seni -

Based on on Based

Case Studies: East Texas Fields and Offshore Fields Fields Offshore and Fields Texas East Studies: Case 

v utdallas 22 metin

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Sandstone

) in Adolphus Hotel, Dallas; see huntoil.com. see Dallas; Hotel, Adolphus in ) Illionis from

(originally (originally Hunt L. Haroldson to rights the passes Joiner

iet ne Limesto

financial challenges. financial

then was used as cotton farms. He discovered oil but had had but oil discovered He farms. cotton as used was then

acquired leases on the land, which which land, the on leases acquired Joiner M. Columbus

iet ne Limesto

in West Texas. West in

iet ne Limesto

Shale production companies moved to newly discovered fields fields discovered newly to moved companies production

The area was explored in the 1900s, no oil found and and found oil no 1900s, the in explored was area The Sandstone

. Chalk Austin rock, cap by, stopped Migration 7.

source rock. source Ford Eagle from northeast migrated Oil 6.

sediments.

(a limestone) and other other and limestone) (a Chalk Austin deposited Seas 5.

sandstone. woodbine exposed the removed Erosion 4.

exposed the woodbine sandstone. woodbine the exposed uplift Sabine 3.

the woodbine sandstone. woodbine the covered sediments Other 2.

formation type; Similarly, Austin Chalk. Austin Similarly, type; formation

is is Sandstone location; the is Woodbine layer.

as a horizontal horizontal a as deposited was sandstone Woodbine 1.

100 million years ago, shallow seas covered East Texas East covered seas shallow ago, years million 100

. 20 Highway Interstate on Interstate 20 Interstate

or a rectangle about 190 190 about rectangle a or away from Dallas Dallas from away kms

a rectangle about 35 about rectangle a east of Tyler, of east kms 40 -

East Texas oil field is is field oil Texas East 72 km long long km 72 8 km wide km 8 and , v Fields Oil Texas East Study: Case utdallas 23 metin

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in the East Texas Salt Dome Province. Published by Bureau of . Geology. Economic of Bureau by Published Province. Dome Salt Texas East the in

Source: D.H. and A.B. Giles. 1982. Hydrocarbon Accumulation Patterns Patterns Accumulation Hydrocarbon 1982. Giles. A.B. and Wood D.H. Source:

Depth of Salt dome is about 6,000 m. 6,000 about is dome Salt of Depth

and County Road 724. The base is about 1 km north of peak. peak. of north km 1 about is base The 724. Road County and

south axis and between State Highway 64 64 Highway State between and axis south - north on are base and peak The concave (convex) shaped fold. shaped (convex) concave

26’55” West. 26’55” 95 and North 23’09” 32

Anticline (Syncline) is a a is (Syncline) Anticline

o o

Smith county. To be specific specific be To county. Smith central - west in Creek Prairie over bridge

Mount Sylvan Dome has a circular peak to 1 km north of the Highway 64 64 Highway the of north km 1 to peak circular a has Dome Sylvan Mount

off anticlines/synclines off

extrapolate boundaries extrapolate

Many well samples to samples well Many

movement.

vertical plate vertical

Faults indicate indicate Faults

metres 34 - 18 Rock Cap of Depth

Depth to Salt dome is about 170 170 about is dome Salt to Depth metres

Rusk Co. Rusk Co. Smith Van Zandt Co. Zandt Van

Kaufman Co. Kaufman

Henderson, Tyler,

Wills Point, Wills

ea iha 64 Highway Texas

Southeast v Creek Prairie utdallas Texas East in Dome Salt Sylvan Mount 24 metin

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. 1984. Atlas of Salt Domes in the East Texas Basin. Published by Bureau of Economic Geology. Geology. Economic of Bureau by Published Basin. Texas East the in Domes Salt of Atlas 1984. . Seni S.J. and Jackson M.P.A. Source:

Salt Sandstone

Limestone

Cap Rock Cap

Southeast v Texas East in Wells Sylvan Mount utdallas 25 metin

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the East Texas Basin. Published by Bureau of Economic Geology. Geology. Economic of Bureau by Published Basin. Texas East the

94 ta f atDms in Domes Salt of Atlas 1984. . Seni S.J. and Jackson M.P.A. Source: Dallas

Mount Sylvan

Shreveport v Texas East in Domes Salt of Atlas utdallas 26 metin

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Possibly interior before cracking before interior Possibly smooth sides: Violent cracking possibly by icing by possibly cracking Violent sides: smooth - Non

This side has lighter shade shade lighter has side This

iet e sdi l ul ings build old in used ne Limesto

Hard, firm, dense, dark dense, firm, Hard,

aeo ietn? limestone? or hale s

Is this sandstone, sandstone, this Is 

sedimentary rock? sedimentary

Is this volcanic or or volcanic this Is 

rock piece rock

Side view of the the of view Side

of the rock piece rock the of

Side and top view view top and Side

Mt. Bryce Mt.

Metin Metin

oto taac river Athabasca of Root

Shreveport

Cascade Mountain Cascade

Columbia Glacier Columbia

Mt. Bryce Mt.

Cascade Mountain Cascade

Mt. Athabasca Mt. v of Rocks utdallas 27 metin

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depth of 5138 5138 of depth , is owned 60% by Noble Energy and 40% by Stone Energy. Stone by 40% and Energy Noble by 60% owned is , metres

commercial amounts of hydrocarbons. The well has a a has well The hydrocarbons. of amounts commercial - non have to out turns

McMoRan O & G. G. & O McMoRan - Freeport with owned jointly field, Madison prospect in Block 479 479 Block in prospect Madison in well exploration energy’s Noble 2015, Jan

plans 5 more wells in the the in wells more 5 plans . metres 2160 about of depth

starts production at Lucius oilfie ld in water water in ld oilfie Lucius at production starts Eni 2015, Jan

Oilfield

Lucius

Generic Submarine Canyon Canyon Submarine Generic

Mississippi River Submarine Canyon Canyon Submarine River Mississippi Hudson River Submarine Canyon Canyon Submarine River Hudson

sea fan. Submarine canyons can contain reservoirs. contain can canyons Submarine fan. sea

Submarine canyons are made up by erosion of the sediments in the canyon. Sediments are deposited along the deep deep the along deposited are Sediments canyon. the in sediments the of erosion by up made are canyons Submarine 

river deltas. river

Canyon starting in continental continental in starting Canyon Canyon: Submarine extending towards the sea bottom. sea the towards extending & shelf They often occur at at occur often They 

Continental Shelf Continental

Continental shelf is shallow and extends tens of kilometers into the sea. the into kilometers of tens extends and shallow is shelf Continental

~0.03

metres

Slope

elgclsrcue xedfo ec otecnietl shelf. continental the to beach from extend structures Geological  of 140 140 of

Steeper

depth

the oil under the water is the same as they are or on land. on or are they as same the is water the under oil the

Slope 0.01 Slope

Shelf

Geological structures (sedimentary rocks, faults, traps) and formation of of formation and traps) faults, rocks, (sedimentary structures Geological 

continents.

Slope

Continental Shelf: Shelf: Continental Flat shallow underwater platform that surrounds surrounds that platform underwater shallow Flat 

Continental Coastline v Canyon Submarine and Shelf Continental

utdallas 28 Offshore metin

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Developing Fields Developing

Subsea Completions Subsea

Scotland

Gas Field Gas

Frigg Frigg

Norway

Fields

Sea

North

Largest Offshore Field Offshore Largest

ontains most of the the of most ontains c wells . .

ufo eioSef edge Shelf Mexico of Gulf v Mediterranean Eastern Sea, North Gulf,

utdallas 29 Fields Offshore of Examples metin

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. Sonangol of head as daughter

Santos appointed, June 3 2016, his his 2016, 3 June appointed, Santos dos E. Jose

President President Angolan nepotism, of example an As 

Income Tax, Transaction Tax, Surface Fee. Surface Tax, Transaction Tax, Income

Taxes: Petroleum Production Tax, Petroleum Petroleum Tax, Production Petroleum Taxes: 

Block 6 is licensed for $305,000. for licensed is 6 Block 

. . km 5000 about is block Each

 2

, state oil firm, grants rights in Angola. in rights grants firm, oil state , Sonangol 

Initial oil 10% oil Initial

Falcon oil 10% oil Falcon

Inter oil 10% oil Inter

20% Sonangol

40%

Block 6 Block v Angola in

utdallas 30 Concessions metin

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