DOCSLIB.ORG

Hydrocarbon Geology Hydrocarbon – V Resources Utdallas 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hydrocarbon Geology Hydrocarbon – V Resources Utdallas 1 .edu /~ Page metin 1 utdallas Resources – Hydrocarbon Geology v Outline Rocks Oil Formation Oil Migration Traps and Reservoirs Prof. Metin Çakanyıldırım used various resources to prepare this document for teaching/training. To use this in your own course/training, please obtain permission from Prof. Çakanyıldırım. If you find any inaccuracies, please contact [email protected] for corrections. Updated in Sumer 2019 .edu /~ Page metin 2 utdallas Rock Types v Volcanic (Igneous) Rocks: Crystalline solid rocks from cooled down magma. Metamorphic Rocks. E.g., marble develops under high pressure Sedimentary Rocks composed of sediments (grains, mud, salts) such as – Clastic: Collection/compaction/cementation of broken up rock pieces. Gypsum – Chemical (Crystalline): Including minerals and chemical salts For this & others, see the st » Gypsum: Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate: CaSO 4.2H2O. Soft rock for artifacts from ancient times. window case on the 1 floor Founders North building – Organic: Calcium from animal bones can combine with organic materials (proteins). » Proteins Amino acids including carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) & nitrogen (N). ← Volcanic Body fat is complicated Rock Metamorphic Clastic Chemical Sedimentary Organic CH Carbon-Carbon 2 bond Carbon- Nitrogen C bond C N Acidic Amino part COOH part NH2 Limestone, seashells Simple amino acid Sandstone, sand grains Rich in Calcite CaCO 3 Glycine NH2CH2COOH Shale, mud particles .edu /~ Page metin 3 utdallas Sedimentary Rocks and Shield v Sedimentary rock layers are on top of each other. Often sandstone is above shale which is above limestone. E.g., layering of rocks in Tulsa Densities of these are close 1.85-2.36 tons/yard3=2.4-3.1 tons/m3 Sandstone However, layering sequence of rocks on top of each other Shale Limestone depends on depositional sequence and materials, and can also be Basement rock altered by tectonic plate movements and earthquakes. Basement rock is either volcanic or metamorphic rock. Basement rock is on the surface in some places. Then it is called shield. Shields are rich for minerals. But do not expect gas or oil in shields. Chances of oil or gas is low in mountain areas. Search for oil in stable geological platforms that contain sedimentary rocks. Shields Mountains Stable platforms including sedimentary rocks .edu /~ Page metin 4 utdallas Organic – Inorganic Carbon Cycle v Sunlight Organic Carbon Carbondioxide Plants: Animals without a vertebral column: Such as Oak Such as insects, clams, sea urchin, worms Water Photosynthesis Eaten by Several years Decomposition Bacterial Decay Rotting Reservoir > 1000 of years Move up by Earthquakes Migration Inorganic Carbon Evolution to Oil, Gas, Coal .edu /~ Page metin 5 utdallas Contents of Crude and Refined Oil v Chains: Aliphatic Compounds Molecule Type Weight Example: by % Methane Example: Paraffins (Alkanes): 30 Alkane short or long chain, C-C bond Alkane - Cyclopentane Naphtenes (Cycloalkanes), 49 circle, C-C bond Cyclo Aromatics (incl. Benzene), 15 circle, C=C bond Circles: xylene - Asphaltics, 6 Aromatic Compounds non-uniform, complicated Ortho Aromatic Example: Aromatic Post Refinery # of Carbons / Molecule Weight % Gasoline 4-10 31 Refinery Kerosene 11-12 10 Gas Oil 13-20 15 Lubricating Oil 20-40 20 Residuum 40+ 24 .edu /~ Page metin 6 utdallas v Oil & Gas Formation .edu /~ Page metin 7 utdallas Generation of Crude Oil, Gas & Coal v 1% of rocks conytain organic minerals. 90% of organic material is kerogen. – Kerogen is a polymeric compound containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, which are also the building blocks of organic materials. When a living organism (algae, planktons, plants, animals) dies, the body decomposes into smaller molecules which can combine under pressure/temperature to create larger molecule of kerogen. – Kerogen is not a specific chemical substance but a collection of hydrocarbons. » Green River formations have oil shale in the from of Kerogen (in proportions of 215 Carbon; 330 Hydrogen; 12 Oxygen; 5 Nitrogen; 1 Sulphur). Green River – Kerogen can be cracked into smaller and lighter hydrocarbons under high temperature (thermal cracking). 10% of organic material is bitumen. – Bitumen is chemically similar to kerogen but solvable migrates easily. ⇒ Coal Carbon rich No Hydrogen Organic Decomposition Kerogen Material Greenish Maturation Yellow Carbon along Oil & Gas With Hydrogen .edu /~ Page Van Krevelen Diagram Pre Catagenesis metin 8 utdallas Maturation of Kerogen v Diagenesis is the initial chemical process. It can happen closer to surface at low temperatures & pressures. Diagenesis the oxygen content of the complex molecule (lateral leftward move in the graph) and yields kerogen. ↓ Kerogen I: Mainly algal remains, anoxic conditions H to C ratio 1.65. O to C ratio 0.06. Ratios similar to Lipids (fat, oil). 1.5 Animals without a vertebral column: Diagenesis Such as insects, clams, sea urchin 70% Protein; 20% Carbohydrate; Kerogen II: 10% Lipid; 0% Lignin. Mainly marine planktonic 1.0 Intermediate between I and III Oak Leaves: Atomic Hydrogen/Carbon Atomic Diagenesis 37% Lignin, 52% Carbohydrate; 6% Protein; 5% Lipid Kerogen III: Other plants/animals, (sub-)oxic conditions 0.5 Diagenesis Mainly from lignin in plants H to C ratio < 0.84. O to C ratio 0.13. Lacking chains; Rich in circles Low H/C ratio is similar to coal Atomic Oxygen/Carbon 0.1 0.2 .edu /~ Page Van Krevelen Diagram Post Catagenesis metin 9 utdallas Maturation of Kerogen v Kerogen I H/C Catageneis is maturation of kerogen oil & gas. It 1.5 Diagenesis happens at deeper levels (high temperature & pressure). It hydrogen content (vertical→ / diagonal Kerogen II move in the graph. It yields first oil & then gas. ↓ Oil Metagensis is further maturation of hydrocarbons Diagenesis into smaller gas molecules. It releases methane. The remaining residual material can further evolve to coal. 1.0 Oil Kerogen III Oil Diagenesis Wet gas contains less gas more liquids than dry gas. 0.5 Gas is methane, liquids are more complex. Dry gas does not include liquids. Graphite Gas does not become coal O/C 0.1 0.2 0.3 Temperature rises by 1 oC per 50 metres of depth. Surface has 23 oC. metres feet o o o Oil forming temperature: 65-150 C = 149-302 F 150-300 F. 2100 7,000 . Oil forming depth:≈ 50 (65 23 = 42) = 2100 metres Oil Formation o o ≈ o o o Gas forming temperature: > 150 C = 302 F 300 F . 6350 150 C 300 F ≈ ∗ − 20,800 . Gas forming depth: 50 (150 23 = 127) = 6350 metres Gas Formation . ≈ For gas formation, >5500 metres depth suggested by Hyne. ≈ ∗ − .edu /~ Page metin 10 utdallas v Hydrocarbon properties .edu /~ Page metin 11 utdallas API Gravity v Density g/cm3 API Lighter crude 0.790 [ 100 Light crude 0.825 Ammonia Olive oil 0.850 1 cm 1 cm Water 1.000 1 cm3=1 milliliter Salty water 1.025 densestWater at C 4 Easier toswim in the sea than a pool Light Oil Specific Gravity (SG) of a substance is the ratio of that substance’s density to water density. Specific gravity of lighter crude oil = 0.790/1=0.79 unitless . Heavy API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity = 131.5 Oil 141 5 » API gravity of water: 141.5/1-131.5 =10 10 [ » API gravity of olive oil: 141.5/0.85-131.5=34.97 SG − 0.6 1.0 1.3 . [ ] » API gravity of lighter crude oil: 131.5 = 47.6 48 crude API 48. Density . 141. 5 » API gravity of light crude oil: 131.5 = 40 crude API 40. 0 790 − ≈ ⇒ 141 5 – has API 22 or less, so its density is Transformation: Density API to Heavy oil 0 825 − ⇒ 141.5/(22 + 131.5) = 0.922 enlarge a tight interval of [0.6-1.0] g/cm3 or more. → – Extra-heavy oil has API less than 12 or 15, so its density is 141.5/(12 + 131.5) = 0.986 g/cm3 or more. Extra-heavy oil has density water density. ≈ .edu /~ Page metin Characteristics of Crude Oils at 12 utdallas Various Locations v API Gravity Sulfur % Viscosity SSU at 100 oF Water 10 0 30 East Texas 38.4 0.33 40 (flows like milk) Smackover, Ark 20.5 2.30 270 Loudon, Ill 38.8 0.26 45 Poza Rica, Mexico 30.7 1.67 68 Kirkuk, Iraq 36.6 1.93 42 Kern River, Cal 10.7 2.30 6700+ (does not flow) Sulfur is corrosive so it can damage the production equipment. Sulfur is removed from oil at refineries. – Sweet (Sour) crudes have < (>) than 1% sulfur by weight. Sweet costs a few dollars more per barrel than sour. Benchmark Crude Oils: – West Texas Intermediate (WTI) has 38-40 API and 0.3% Sulfur. – West Texas Sour has 33 API and 1.6% Sulfur. – Brent (from North Sea) has 38 API and 0.3% Sulfur – Dubai has 31 API and 2% Sulfur. Viscosity is resistance to flow. It is important for handling / transporting oil. – Higher viscosity (in SSU or cp) implies resistance to flow. » It can be measured by Saybolt Second Universal (SSU): the time required in seconds for a given amount of liquid to flow through a standard tube. Water has 30 SSU and Milk has 40 SSU at 68 oF. See standards ASTM 445, D2170, and D2171 from (American Society for Testing and Materials) astm.org. » The most popular unit of viscosity in oil industry is centi poise (cp). Water ~1 cp and honey 2,000 cp. .edu /~ Page metin Pour Point: Solid Liquid 13 utdallas Melting (Solidification) Temperature v Crude oil includes Paraffins, saturated hydrocarbons (i.e.,↔ carbons have a single covalent bond): Paraffin wax H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C25H52 : H C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H Candle-like H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Paraffin is used as a heat absorber in house drywalls.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Seismic Reflection Methods in Offshore Groundwater Research
    geosciences Review Seismic Reflection Methods in Offshore Groundwater Research Claudia Bertoni 1,*, Johanna Lofi 2, Aaron Micallef 3,4 and Henning Moe 5 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK 2 Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Université des Antilles, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France; johanna.lofi@gm.univ-montp2.fr 3 Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, GEOMAR, 24148 Kiel, Germany; [email protected] 4 Marine Geology & Seafloor Surveying, Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta 5 CDM Smith Ireland Ltd., D02 WK10 Dublin, Ireland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 April 2020; Accepted: 26 July 2020; Published: 5 August 2020 Abstract: There is growing evidence that passive margin sediments in offshore settings host large volumes of fresh and brackish water of meteoric origin in submarine sub-surface reservoirs. Marine geophysical methods, in particular seismic reflection data, can help characterize offshore hydrogeological systems and yet the existing global database of industrial basin wide surveys remains untapped in this context. In this paper we highlight the importance of these data in groundwater exploration, by reviewing existing studies that apply physical stratigraphy and morpho-structural interpretation techniques to provide important information on—reservoir (aquifer) properties and architecture, permeability barriers, paleo-continental environments, sea-level changes and shift of coastal facies through time and conduits for water flow. We then evaluate the scientific and applied relevance of such methodology within a holistic workflow for offshore groundwater research. Keywords: submarine groundwater; continental margins; offshore water resources; seismic reflection 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Barriers and R&D Opportunities for Offshore, Sub-Seabed Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide
    Technical Barriers and R&D Opportunities for Offshore, Sub-Seabed Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide Report Prepared for the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) Technical Group By the Offshore Storage Technologies Task Force September 14, 2015 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by participants in the Offshore Storage Task Force: Mark Ackiewicz (United States, Chair); Katherine Romanak, Susan Hovorka, Ramon Trevino, Rebecca Smyth, Tip Meckel (all from the University of Texas at Austin, United States); Chris Consoli (Global CCS Institute, Australia); Di Zhou (South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China); Tim Dixon, James Craig (IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme); Ryozo Tanaka, Ziqui Xue, Jun Kita (all from RITE, Japan); Henk Pagnier, Maurice Hanegraaf, Philippe Steeghs, Filip Neele, Jens Wollenweber (all from TNO, Netherlands); Philip Ringrose, Gelein Koeijer, Anne-Kari Furre, Frode Uriansrud (all from Statoil, Norway); Mona Molnvik, Sigurd Lovseth (both from SINTEF, Norway); Rolf Pedersen (University of Bergen, Norway); Pål Helge Nøkleby (Aker Solutions, Norway) Brian Allison (DECC, United Kingdom), Jonathan Pearce, Michelle, Bentham (both from the British Geological Survey, United Kingdom), Jeremy Blackford (Plymouth Marine Laboratory, United Kingdom). Each individual and their respective country has provided the necessary resources to enable the development of this work. The task force members would like to thank John Huston of Leonardo Technologies, Inc. (United States), for coordinating and managing the information contained in the report. i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provides an overview of the current technology status, technical barriers, and research and development (R&D) opportunities associated with offshore, sub-seabed geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO2).
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Report 08-05 Skb-Tr-98-05
    SE9900011 TECHNICAL REPORT 08-05 SKB-TR-98-05 The Very Deep Hole Concept - Geoscientific appraisal of conditions at great depth C Juhlin1, T Wallroth2, J Smellie3, T Eliasson4, C Ljunggren5, B Leijon3, J Beswick6 1 Christopher Juhlin Consulting 2 Bergab Consulting Geologists 3 ConterraAB 4 Geological Survey of Sweden 5 Vattenfall Hydropower AB 6 EDECO Petroleum Services Ltd June 1998 30- 07 SVENSK KARNBRANSLEHANTERING AB SWEDISH NUCLEAR FUEL AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CO P.O.BOX 5864 S-102 40 STOCKHOLM SWEDEN PHONE +46 8 459 84 00 FAX+46 8 661 57 19 THE VERY DEEP HOLE CONCEPT • GEOSCIENTIFIC APPRAISAL OF CONDITIONS AT GREAT DEPTH CJuhlin1, T Wai froth2, J Smeflie3, TEIiasson4, C Ljunggren5, B Leijon3, J Beswick6 1 Christopher Juhlin Consulting 2 Bergab Consulting Geologists 3 Conterra AB 4 Geological Survey of Sweden 5 Vattenfall Hydropower AB 6 EDECO Petroleum Services Ltd. June 1998 This report concerns a study which was conducted for SKB. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily coincide with those of the client. Information on SKB technical reports froml 977-1978 (TR 121), 1979 (TR 79-28), 1980 (TR 80-26), 1981 (TR 81-17), 1982 (TR 82-28), 1983 (TR 83-77), 1984 (TR 85-01), 1985 (TR 85-20), 1986 (TR 86-31), 1987 (TR 87-33), 1988 (TR 88-32), 1989 (TR 89-40), 1990 (TR 90-46), 1991 (TR 91-64), 1992 (TR 92-46), 1993 (TR 93-34), 1994 (TR 94-33), 1995 (TR 95-37) and 1996 (TR 96-25) is available through SKB.
    [Show full text]
  • Geo V18i2 with Covers in Place.Indd
    VOL. 18, NO. 2 – 2021 GEOSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINED GEO EDUCATION Geoscientists for the Energy Transition INDUSTRY ISSUES Gas Flaring EXPLORATION Alaska Anxiously Awaits its Fate GEOPHYSICS Nimble Nodes ENERGY TRANSITION Increasing Energy While Decreasing Carbon geoexpro.com GEOExPro May 2021 1 Previous issues: www.geoexpro.com Contents Vol. 18 No. 2 This issue of GEO ExPro focuses on North GEOSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINED America; New Technologies and the Future for Geoscientists. 30 West Texas! Land of longhorn cattle, 5 Editorial mesquite, and fiercely independent ranchers. It also happens to be the 6 Regional Update: The Third Growth location of an out-of-the-way desert gem, Big Bend National Park. Gary Prost Phase of the Haynesville Play takes us on a road trip and describes the 8 Licencing Update: PETRONAS geology of this beautiful area. Launches Malaysia Bid Round, 2021 48 10 A Minute to Read The effects of contourite systems on deep water 14 Cover Story: Gas Flaring sediments can be subtle or even cryptic. However, in recent years 20 Seismic Foldout: The Greater Orphan some significant discoveries and Basin the availability of high-quality regional scale seismic data, 26 Energy Transition: Critical Minerals has drawn attention to the from Petroleum Fields frequent presence of contourite dominated bedforms. 30 GEO Tourism: Big Bend Country 34 Energy Transition Update: Increasing Energy While Decreasing Carbon 36 Hot Spot: North America 52 Seismic node systems developed in the past 38 GEO Education: Geoscientists for the decade were not sufficiently compact to efficiently Energy Transition acquire dense seismic in any environment. To answer this challenge, BP, in collaboration 42 Seismic Foldout: Ultra-Long Offsets with Rosneft and Schlumberger, developed a new nimble node system, now being developed Signal a Bright Future for OBN commercially by STRYDE.
    [Show full text]
  • Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4Th Conference Volume 1 Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4Th Conference
    Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference Volume 1 Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference held at the Barbican Centre, London 29 March-1 April 1992 Volume 1 edited by J. R. Parker Shell UK Exploration and Production, London with I. D. Bartholomew Oryx UK Energy Company, Uxbridge W. G. Cordey Shell UK Exploration and Production, London R. E. Dunay Mobil North Sea Limited, London O. Eldholm University of Oslo A. J. Fleet BP Research, Sunbury A. J. Fraser BP Exploration, Glasgow K. W. Glennie Consultant, Ballater J. H. Martin Imperial College, London M. L. B. Miller Petroleum Science and Technology Institute, Edinburgh C. D. Oakman Reservoir Research Limited, Glasgow A. M. Spencer Statoil, Stavanger M. A. Stephenson Enterprise Oil, London B. A. Vining Esso Exploration and Production UK Limited, Leatherhead T. J. Wheatley Total Oil Marine pic, Aberdeen - 1993 Published by The Geological Society London THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1807 as The Geological Society of London and is the oldest geological society in the world. It received its Royal Charter in 1825 for the purpose of 'investigating the mineral structure of the Earth'. The Society is Britain's national learned society for geology with a membership of 7500 (1992). It has countrywide coverage and approximately 1000 members reside overseas. The Society is responsible for all aspects of the geological sciences including professional matters. The Society has its own publishing house which produces the Society's international journals, books and maps, and which acts as the European distributor for publications of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists and the Geological Society of America.
    [Show full text]
  • Integration of Seismic and Petrophysics to Characterize Reservoirs in ‘‘ALA’’ Oil Field, Niger Delta
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation The Scientific World Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 421720, 15 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/421720 Research Article Integration of Seismic and Petrophysics to Characterize Reservoirs in ‘‘ALA’’ Oil Field, Niger Delta P. A. Alao, S. O. Olabode, and S. A. Opeloye Department of Applied Geology, Federal University of Technology Akure, P.M.B 704 Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria Correspondence should be addressed to P. A. Alao; [email protected] Received 9 April 2013; Accepted 25 June 2013 Academic Editors: M. Faure and G.-L. Yuan Copyright © 2013 P. A. Alao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In the exploration and production business, by far the largest component of geophysical spending is driven by the need to characterize (potential) reservoirs. The simple reason is that better reservoir characterization means higher success rates and fewer wells for reservoir exploitation. In this research work, seismic and well log data were integrated in characterizing the reservoirs on “ALA” field in Niger Delta. Three-dimensional seismic data was used to identify the faults and map the horizons. Petrophysical parameters and time-depth structure maps were obtained. Seismic attributes was also employed in characterizing the reservoirs. Seven hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs with thickness ranging from 9.9 to 71.6 m were delineated. Structural maps of horizons in six wells containing hydrocarbon-bearing zones with tops and bottoms at range of −2,453 to −3,950 m were generated; this portrayed the trapping mechanism to be mainly fault-assisted anticlinal closures.
    [Show full text]
  • Best Research Support and Anti-Plagiarism Services and Training
    CleanScript Group – best research support and anti-plagiarism services and training List of oil field acronyms The oil and gas industry uses many jargons, acronyms and abbreviations. Obviously, this list is not anywhere near exhaustive or definitive, but this should be the most comprehensive list anywhere. Mostly coming from user contributions, it is contextual and is meant for indicative purposes only. It should not be relied upon for anything but general information. # 2D - Two dimensional (geophysics) 2P - Proved and Probable Reserves 3C - Three components seismic acquisition (x,y and z) 3D - Three dimensional (geophysics) 3DATW - 3 Dimension All The Way 3P - Proved, Probable and Possible Reserves 4D - Multiple Three dimensional's overlapping each other (geophysics) 7P - Prior Preparation and Precaution Prevents Piss Poor Performance, also Prior Proper Planning Prevents Piss Poor Performance A A&D - Acquisition & Divestment AADE - American Association of Drilling Engineers [1] AAPG - American Association of Petroleum Geologists[2] AAODC - American Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors (obsolete; superseded by IADC) AAR - After Action Review (What went right/wrong, dif next time) AAV - Annulus Access Valve ABAN - Abandonment, (also as AB) ABCM - Activity Based Costing Model AbEx - Abandonment Expense ACHE - Air Cooled Heat Exchanger ACOU - Acoustic ACQ - Annual Contract Quantity (in reference to gas sales) ACQU - Acquisition Log ACV - Approved/Authorized Contract Value AD - Assistant Driller ADE - Asphaltene
    [Show full text]
  • &EPA Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Toluene
    United States Cffice of Water EPA 440/5-80-075 Environmental Protection Regula.ions and Standards O,:tober 1980 Agency Criteria and Standards Division Washington DC 20480 c.). & EPA Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Toluene tz r AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR TOLUENE Prepared By U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Water Regulations and Standards Criteria and Standards Division Washington, D.C. Office of Research and Development Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office Cincinnati, Ohio Carcinogen Assessment Group Washington, D.C. Environmental Research Laboratories Corvalis, Oregon Duluth, Minnesota Gulf Breeze, Florida Narragansett, Rhode Island DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. AVAILABILITY NOTICE This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161. El~TAL l'R~e1'!tjf A~ ii FOREWORD Section 304 (a)(1) of the Clear Water Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-217), requires the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish criteria for water quality accurately reflecting the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare which may be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of water, including ground water. Proposed water quality criteria for the 65 toxic pollutants listed under section 307 (a) (1) of the Cl ean Water Act were deve loped and a notice of thei r availability was published for public comment on March 15, 1979 (44 FR 15926), July 25, 1979 (44 FR 43660), and October 1, 1979 (44 FR 56628).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Alkenes and Alkynes in an Alkane, All Covalent Bonds
    Introduction to Alkenes and Alkynes In an alkane, all covalent bonds between carbon were σ (σ bonds are defined as bonds where the electron density is symmetric about the internuclear axis) In an alkene, however, only three σ bonds are formed from the alkene carbon -the carbon thus adopts an sp2 hybridization Ethene (common name ethylene) has a molecular formula of CH2CH2 Each carbon is sp2 hybridized with a σ bond to two hydrogens and the other carbon Hybridized orbital allows stronger bonds due to more overlap H H C C H H Structure of Ethylene In addition to the σ framework of ethylene, each carbon has an atomic p orbital not used in hybridization The two p orbitals (each with one electron) overlap to form a π bond (p bonds are not symmetric about the internuclear axis) π bonds are not as strong as σ bonds (in ethylene, the σ bond is ~90 Kcal/mol and the π bond is ~66 Kcal/mol) Thus while σ bonds are stable and very few reactions occur with C-C bonds, π bonds are much more reactive and many reactions occur with C=C π bonds Nomenclature of Alkenes August Wilhelm Hofmann’s attempt for systematic hydrocarbon nomenclature (1866) Attempted to use a systematic name by naming all possible structures with 4 carbons Quartane a alkane C4H10 Quartyl C4H9 Quartene e alkene C4H8 Quartenyl C4H7 Quartine i alkine → alkyne C4H6 Quartinyl C4H5 Quartone o C4H4 Quartonyl C4H3 Quartune u C4H2 Quartunyl C4H1 Wanted to use Quart from the Latin for 4 – this method was not embraced and BUT has remained Used English order of vowels, however, to name the groups
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Exposure to Benzene and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons at Two Oil Refineries 1977–2014
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Managing Exposure to Benzene and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons at Two Oil Refineries 1977–2014 Tapani Tuomi *, Henna Veijalainen and Tiina Santonen Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Topeliuksenkatu 41 B, P.O. Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, FI-00032 Helsinki, Finland; henna.veijalainen@ttl.fi (H.V.); tiina.santonen@ttl.fi (T.S.) * Correspondence: tapani.tuomi@ttl.fi; Tel.: +358-9-4747-2926 Received: 15 December 2017; Accepted: 18 January 2018; Published: 24 January 2018 Abstract: Air concentrations of and inhalation exposure to total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and benzene was monitored separately at two oil refineries from 1977 to 2014. Prevention policies and control measures that may explain changes were surveyed. The aim was to evaluate how the application of of Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series OHSAS 18001.04 principles as well as Environmental protection Agency EPA and European Oil Company Organisation for Environment, Health and Safety CONCAWE practices have influenced air concentrations. Benzene air concentrations declined in 11 of 17 units, six of which were associated with declining exposures. Benzene air concentrations declined across all units on average by 46%. This amounts to an average yearly decline of 1.7%. TPH air concentrations declined in 10 of 17 units, seven of which were associated with declining exposures. The average decline in TPH air concentrations was 49%, corresponding to 1.3% per year. As a result, average working day exposure in 10 of 17 units have declined significantly and today, benzene and TPH exposure in most units are well below 10% of the current Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL8h:s).
    [Show full text]
  • An Arctic Engineer's Story 1971 to 2006
    An Arctic Engineer’s Story 1971 to 2006 by Dan Masterson To my wife Ginny and my sons, Andrew, Greg, and Mark ii Preface In 1971, I just happened to be in the right place at the right time. I had just completed my PhD and was looking for work. I was told to contact Hans Kivisild who had just been given a contract from an oil company to investigate an engineering issue in the Arctic. This started my career in Arctic engineering, just when the second major exploration phase was beginning in the western Arctic, 123 years after Franklin started the first phase of exploration in the area. This recent phase was also filled with individuals who were going “where few had gone before,” but unlike the earlier explorers, these recent explorers were accompanied by regulators, scientists and engineers who wanted to ensure that the environment was protected and also to ensure that the operations were carried out in the safest and most cost- efficient manner. Between about 1970 to 1995, several oil companies and Arctic consulting companies turned Calgary into a world leader in Arctic technology. It was a time that one could have an idea, check it out in small scale, and within a year or so, use it in a full-scale operation. During the next 25 years, industry drilled many wells in the Arctic using the technologies described in this book. In 1995, the oil industry pulled out of the Arctic mainly due to lack of government incentives and poor drilling results. In 2016, both the Canadian and United States governments declared a moratorium on Arctic drilling.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oil Boom After Spindletop
    425 11/18/02 10:41 AM Page 420 Why It Matters Now The Oil Boom Petroleum refining became the 2 leading Texas industry, and oil remains important in the Texas After Spindletop economy today. TERMS & NAMES OBJECTIVES MAIN IDEA boomtown, refinery, Humble 1. Analyze the effects of scientific discov- After Spindletop, the race was on to Oil and Refining Company, eries and technological advances on the discover oil in other parts of Texas. wildcatter, oil strike, oil and gas industry. In just 30 years, wells in all regions Columbus M. “Dad” Joiner, 2. Explain how C. M. “Dad” Joiner’s work of the state made Texas the world hot oil affected Texas. leader in oil production. 3. Trace the boom-and-bust cycle of oil and gas during the 1920s and 1930s. With the discovery of oil at Spindletop, thousands of fortune seekers flooded into Texas, turning small towns into overcrowded cities almost overnight. An oil worker’s wife described life in East Texas in 1931. There were people living in tents with children. There were a lot of them that had these great big old cardboard boxes draped around trees, living under the trees. And any- and everywhere in the world they could live, they lived. Some were just living in their cars, and a truck if they had a truck. And I tell you, that was bad. Just no place to stay whatsoever. Mary Rogers, interview in Life in the Oil Fields Oil, Oil Everywhere The oil boom of the 1920s and 1930s caused sudden, tremendous growth in Texas.
    [Show full text]