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Analysis of the Coding Sequences of Clownfish Reveals Molecular Sahm et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2019) 19:89 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1409-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Analysis of the coding sequences of clownfish reveals molecular convergence in the evolution of lifespan Arne Sahm1, Pedro Almaida-Pagán2, Martin Bens1, Mirko Mutalipassi3, Alejandro Lucas-Sánchez2, Jorge de Costa Ruiz2, Matthias Görlach1 and Alessandro Cellerino1,4* Abstract Background: Standard evolutionary theories of aging postulate that reduced extrinsic mortality leads to evolution of longevity. Clownfishes of the genus Amphiprion live in a symbiotic relationship with sea anemones that provide protection from predators. We performed a survey and identified at least two species with a lifespan of over 20 years. Given their small size and ease of captive reproduction, clownfish lend themselves as experimental models of exceptional longevity. To identify genetic correlates of exceptional longevity, we sequenced the transcriptomes of Amphiprion percula and A. clarkii and performed a scan for positively-selected genes (PSGs). Results: The PSGs that we identified in the last common clownfish ancestor were compared with PSGs detected in long-lived mole rats and short-lived killifishes revealing convergent evolution in processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis. Among individual genes, the Mitochondrial Transcription Termination Factor 1 (MTERF1), was positively- selected in all three clades, whereas the Glutathione S-Transferase Kappa 1 (GSTK1) was under positive selection in two independent clades. For the latter, homology modelling strongly suggested that positive selection targeted enzymatically important residues. Conclusions: These results indicate that specific pathways were recruited in independent lineages evolving an exceptionally extended or shortened lifespan and point to mito-nuclear balance as a key factor. Keywords: Amphiprion, Positive selection, Evolution of lifespan, Life-history trait, Mito-nuclear balance Background positive selection. A frequently used method for detecting The lifespan of vertebrate species spans more than two positive selection relies on the comparison of the orders of magnitude, from a few months for annual killi- sequence of protein-coding genes in related clades where fishes [1] to several centuries for the Greenland shark one of the clades evolved the trait of interest, in this [2]. Understanding the genetic architecture underlying specific case exceptional lifespan. To date, several different these differences is a major challenge that may deliver mammalian taxa/clades were analysed with this approach new insights into the mechanisms controlling evolution with the purpose of identifying sequence changes associ- of lifespan and human longevity. ated to evolution of longevity: the elephant, the bowhead Next-generation sequencing technology can provide whale, bats and mole-rats [3–8]. In addition to the analysis genome-scale sequence information for a large number of positive selection, other phylogeny-based methods have of species and has revolutionized evolutionary genomics. been used to investigate genetic changes related to the A particularly useful approach to identify the genetic evolution of longevity, e.g. [9–12]. The different analyses architecture of evolutionary novelties is the analysis of delivered interesting candidate genes and pathways that underwent accelerated molecular evolution in coincidence with evolution of exceptional lifespan. A major drawback * Correspondence: [email protected] of all these approaches – including the analysis of positive 1Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany 4Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy selection – is that long-lived mammals are difficult or Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Sahm et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2019) 19:89 Page 2 of 12 impossible to be kept in captivity and manipulated experi- are subject to selective breeding to fix specific pigmenta- mentally. This creates the need for a long-lived vertebrate tion patterns so that a number of different captive strains that is small in size, easily adaptable to captive life, can be are available. For these reasons, the clownfish could be- bred in large numbers and therefore could become a con- come the first experimental model for long-lived venient experimental model organism. vertebrates. The standard evolutionary theories of aging – namely In order to identify the genetic basis of adaptations the Mutation Accumulation [13], Antagonistic Pleiotropy linked to the clownfishes’ exceptional lifespan, we per- [14] and Disposable Soma theory [15] – predict that low formed a positive selection analysis. This analysis extrinsic mortality conditions lead to the evolution of slow requires the identification of the closest related taxon senescence and increased lifespan. Some examples that that does not possess the trait of interest in order to confirm these theories are the exceptional longevity of exclude events of positive selection that predate the evo- vertebrate species under low predation risk since they are lution of this trait [38]. chemically protected [16, 17], adapted to an arboreal life Other species of damselfish evolved an inter-specific mu- [18] or found in protected environments such as caves tualistic relationship with branching corals [39, 40]. In this [19], respectively. On the other hand, annual fishes of the case, corals are used by fishes as shelter that can provide genus Nothobranchius provide an example of how protection from predators and a safe area for egg laying increased extrinsic mortality conditions lead to the [41, 42]. Among the family Pomacentridae, Chromis viridis evolution of accelerated senescence and a short lifespan shows an interesting relationship with a wide range of scler- [20–22]. Analysis of positive selection in annual killifishes actinians [43, 44]. Despite the presence of a favourable revealed a potential link between the evolution of genes microhabitat, C. viridis arepredatedbyawiderangeofgen- governing mitochondrial biogenesis and the evolution of eralist predator species. Hixon and Carr [45]suggested lifespan [23]. there is a clear relationship among transient and benthic All clownfish species (genus Amphiprion) evolved a predators and damselfish mortality: damselfishes that specific adaptation that allows them to live in symbiosis search for protection in the shelter from transient predators with sea anemones. Symbiosis evolved in the last com- are susceptible to attack by resident benthic predators and mon ancestor of the clownfish and clownfish represent a vice versa. In the presence of both groups of predators, monophyletic group in the Pomacentridae family (dam- mortality increases dramatically due to the lack of available selfishes) [24]. In the Indo-Pacific Ocean, clownfishes refuge that expose Chromis to intense predation [45]. are found in association with one or more sea anemone Therefore, Chromis viridis represents a well-suited out- species and a large variation in host usage exists [25–27]. group for our analysis because it shares with clownfish sev- Fish that feel threatened by predators immediately seek eral general traits linked to benthic life and symbiosis with protection by the anemone’s tentacles; without that symbi- corals but it is subject to much higher predation rates osis, fish are readily attacked by predators [28–30]. There- (Fig. 1). fore, clownfishes are protected from predators through There are no reliable estimates of C. viridis lifespan in the presence of anemones [31]. Hence, the overall mortal- captivity. This is mainly due to the fact that these ity rate of the clownfish is low as compared to other coral animals build large schools and it is not possible to iden- reef fishes or other tropical species of Pomacentridae of tify them individually, as opposed to clownfishes that are thesamesize[28, 31–34]. normally kept as pairs and, if multiple pairs are main- All clownfishes are born as males and develop, tained in the aquarium, each pair associates to a differ- through protandrous hermaphroditism, into females: in ent symbiont making their distinction easy. For the same a colony, only the dominant pair contributes to the reason, the presence of a specific clownfish on a specific reproduction of the colony [35]. Other individuals of the anemone can be assessed in multiple years to obtain the colony are non-breeding males. Studies in the wild have rates of per annum mortality [36], which is not possible shown that natural mortality of adult clownfishes can be for C. viridis. However, it is certain that tropical very low: during the period 2011–2013, the average bi- Chromis fishes undergo severe predation in the annual mortality rate per capita varied, depending on post-settlement phase [45]. In one experiment where the the study site, between 0.18 and 0.49 for juveniles, 0.09 total number of the population
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