A Cultural Analysis of Free Radio In

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A Cultural Analysis of Free Radio In The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of French UNCHAINED AIRWAVES: A CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF FREE RADIO IN FRANCE, 1977 – 1981 A Thesis in French by Matthieu Dalle Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2002 The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of French LES ONDES DECHAINEES: ANALYSE CULTURELLE DES RADIOS LIBRES FRANCAISES, 1977 – 1981 A Thesis in French by Matthieu Dalle Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2002 We approve the thesis of Matthieu S. Dalle. Date of Signature Monique Yaari Associate Professor of French Thesis Advisor Chair of Committee Willa Z. Silverman Associate Professor of French and Jewish Studies Jean-Claude Vuillemin Associate Professor of French Allan Stoekl Professor of French and Comparative Literature Vera Mark Assistant Professor of French and Linguistics Frank R. Baumgartner Professor of Political Science Catherine Bertho-Lavenir Professor of History Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand Special Member Thomas A. Hale Liberal Arts Professor of African, French, and Comparative Literature Head of the Department of French ABSTRACT Born in the spring of 1977 and illegal until the election of François Mitterrand to the French presidency in 1981, free radio stations have dramatically altered the world of French radio. Local and specialized (mostly political, musical, and community-based), free radio stations were started by small teams and operated with modest technological means. They offered a true alternative to existing national stations. To the uniformity, rigidity, and solemnity that were the trademark of France Inter, RMC, RTL, and Europe 1, they responded with diversity, originality, and spontaneity. This dissertation proposes a cultural analysis of free radio between 1977 and 1981, with the aims of elucidating an ill-defined media and social phenomenon and using this phenomenon as a prism through which to better understand contemporary France. Cultural analysis is defined as the careful examination, the deciphering, and the interpretation of cultural phenomena and the relationships they entertain with the context (political, social, economic, etc.) which both forms them and is influenced by them over time. The overarching perspective for this study is interdisciplinary, using theoretical and methodological borrowings from cultural studies in general and French culture studies in particular; political science; and history: political history, social history, history of the media, cultural history, and what has come to be known as the history of the present. As such, this study is ultimately conceived as a contribution to the cultural history of present day France through the object ‘radio’. The study shows how, in the field of media, free radio stations acquired legitimacy through the enormous amount of press coverage devoted to them between 1977 and 1981—a legitimacy which this coverage in turn illustrates. Moreover, the study demonstrates the considerable impact these stations eventually had on the composition, the actors, and the production of the entire field of radio, relatively impervious to change until then. In the political sphere, on one level, free radio was used as a communication tool by leaders and militants of various parties across the political spectrum, looking for exposure on the airwaves. On another level, it was a major topic of debate in the political arena, creating divisions within both the left and the right, and ultimately revealing the fragmentation of the French political landscape. Finally, from a social and cultural standpoint, by favoring local, non-hierarchical mediated communication, free radio tried, without always succeeding, to be part of an effort to redefine the interpersonal relations that constitute the foundation of society— that is to expand the public sphere and revitalize the very notion of community. iii ABSTRACT Apparues au printemps 1977 et restées illégales jusqu’à l’élection de François Mitterrand à la présidence de la République en 1981, les radios libres ont bouleversé le paysage radiophonique français. Stations locales et spécialisées (principalement politiques, musicales et communautaires), souvent lancées par des équipes restreintes avec des moyens techniques relativement modestes, elles se sont affirmées comme une alternative aux radios nationales existantes. A l’uniformité, la rigidité et la solennité des programmes de France Inter, RMC, RTL ou Europe 1, les radios libres ont répondu par la diversité, l’originalité et la spontanéité. Cette thèse se présente comme une analyse culturelle des radios libres de la période 1977-1981, ayant pour but d’une part l’étude d’un phénomène social et médiatique mal défini, et d’autre part l’utilisation de ce phénomène comme un prisme permettant une meilleure compréhension de la société française contemporaine. L’analyse culturelle est envisagée comme l’examen minutieux, le déchiffrage et l’interprétation de phénomènes culturels en eux-mêmes, ainsi que dans les relations d’influence réciproque qu’ils entretiennent avec l’environnement (politique, social, économique, etc.) dans lequel ils évoluent. La perspective privilégiée pour cette étude est interdisciplinaire, faisant appel à des apports théoriques et méthodologiques empruntés aux études culturelles en général et aux études culturelles françaises en particulier; à la science politique; et à l’histoire: iv histoire politique, histoire sociale, histoire des médias, histoire culturelle et ce que l’on appelle désormais histoire du temps présent. En termes plus généraux, cette étude se veut une contribution à l’histoire culturelle du présent en France à travers l’objet ‘radio’. Dans le champ médiatique, les radios libres ont acquis une légitimité grâce à l’abondante couverture de presse dont elles ont fait l’objet entre 1977 et 1981—légitimité que cette couverture elle-même illustre. En outre, elle ont eu un impact considérable sur la composition, les agents et les productions du champ radiophonique—un champ jusqu’alors relativement stable et peu réceptif au changement. Politiquement, elles ont été utilisées comme outil de communication par les cadres et militants de partis de sensibilités diverses souhaitant se faire entendre sur les ondes. Elles ont également représenté un enjeu majeur, source de divisions à gauche comme à droite, et ont fait apparaître avant l’heure la fragmentation de la classe politique française. Enfin, sur le plan socio-culturel, les radios libres, en favorisant une communication de proximité non hiérarchique, ont tenté, sans toujours y parvenir, de participer à un effort de redéfinition des rapports entre individus au sein de la société en élargissant la notion de sphère publique et en insistant sur l’importance du concept même de communauté. v TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1 CHAPITRE 1: PRESENTATION ET CHRONOLOGIE.........................................11 Introduction.......................................................................................................11 PREMIERE PARTIE: LES PARAMETRES DE L’ETUDE: DEFINITION, CADRE CHRONOLOGIQUE....................................................................14 I. “Radios libres”: histoire et champ sémantique du terme...........................14 1. Des radios vertes aux radios libres ...................................................14 2. Sémantique: radios libres, radios pirates, radios clandestines ...........16 a. Radios clandestines: un contexte politique ................................16 c. Radios libres: illégalité et inclusivité.........................................19 b. Radios pirates: connotations diverses........................................17 II. Le cadre chronologique: 20 mars 1977-10 mai 1981 ..............................24 1. Le début: dimanche 20 mars 1977....................................................24 2. La fin: dimanche 10 mai 1981..........................................................25 DEUXIEME PARTIE: CHRONOLOGIE .........................................................27 I. Printemps 1977-été 1978: le foisonnement ..............................................27 1. La multiplication des stations...........................................................27 2. Naissance d’un mouvement .............................................................31 a. Les fédérations de radios libres .................................................31 b. Colloques et réunions de travail ................................................33 c. La présence des intellectuels .....................................................35 d. Les réseaux informels d’entraide...............................................36 3. La répression ...................................................................................38 a. Interventions policières, saisies, procès .....................................38 b. Le brouillage.............................................................................39 4. La bataille juridique.........................................................................42 a. Les fondements du monopole....................................................42 b. Un défi au monopole: le lancement de Radio Fil Bleu...............42 c. Premières actions en justice.......................................................44 d. Le monopole remis en cause .....................................................46
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