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Use of Environmental Bacteria As Plant Growth Promoters

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Use of Environmental Bacteria As Plant Growth Promoters Use of environmental bacteria as plant growth promoters João Pedro Ribeiro dos Santos Mestrado de Biologia Funcional e Biotecnologia de Plantas Departamento de Biologia 2017/2018 Orientador Olga Maria Oliveira da Silva Lage, Professora Auxiliar, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto. Todas as correções determinadas pelo júri, e só essas, foram efetuadas. O Presidente do Júri, Porto, ______/______/_________ FCUP I Use of environmental bacteria as plant growth promoters Resumo O longo período de adaptação na terra aos mais diversos ambientes permitiu ás bactérias um grande desenvolvimento das capacidades metabólicas. Muitas espécies têm relações muito próximas com plantas, favorecendo o seu crescimento de diversas maneiras. Estas bactérias incluem espécies presentes na rizosfera, rizóbios e outros promotores de crescimento vegetal bacterianos (PGPB - Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria). Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a possível capacidade de diferentes bactérias de água doce e marinhas, selecionadas a partir de uma grande coleção de cultura, para favorecerem o crescimento de plantas, nomeadamente Arabidopsis thaliana e Solanum lycopersicum. A primeira foi escolhida devido ao seu uso frequente em trabalhos científicos, enquanto que a segunda foi escolhida por causa do seu valor e interesse agro-económico. Foram três os parâmetros que permitiram a seleção de candidatos a PGPB, a solubilização de fosfato, a produção de acido índole-3-acético (IAA) e a formação de biofilme. Os quatro Planctomycetes testados (duas estirpes de Rhodopirellula báltica e duas estirpes de Rhodopirellula rubra), três Proteobacteria (Vibrio estirpe UAP 11, Halomonas estirpe UAP 6 e Marinomonas estirpe SAP 28) assim como o Firmicute Bacillus estirpe A(2)_12 foram usados para ensaios de co-cultura. Os ensaios foram feitos usando três meios diferentes de crescimento bacteriano (dois marinhos – Marine agar e M607; e um de água doce – Nutrient agar). Devido ao elevado nível de compostos orgânicos presentes nos meios Marine agar e Nutriente agar, o desenvolvimento das plantas foi muito afetado nos controlos e nas co-culturas, ocorrendo morte das plantas. Nas experiências onde o meio M607 foi usado (com as estirpes dos Planctomycetes) o desenvolvimento de ambas as plantas foi no geral, comparável com os dos controlos. Apesar de várias bactérias apresentarem características PGP, o seu potencial uso como promotoras do crescimento das plantas não pode ser confirmado. Palavras Chave: Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, Promotores de crescimento de plantas, Planctomycetes¸ Solubilização de fosfato, Produção de IAA, Formação de biofilme, cocultura de planta-bactéria. Use of environmental bacteria as plant growth promoters FCUP II Abstract The longest life adaptation period on earth to the most diverse environments allowed bacteria to develop a huge range of metabolic capacities. Many species have an intimate relationship with plants, favouring their growth in many aspects. These bacteria include species in the rhizosphere, rhizobia and other plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). This work aimed to assess the possible capacity of several marine and freshwater bacteria, selected from a large culture collection, to favour the development and growth of plants, namely Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum. These plants were chosen because of the common use in scientific works of the first one and the agronomical interest of the second. The capacity of the chosen bacteria to solubilize phosphate, to produce the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and to form biofilm were the three parameters that allowed the selection of PGPB candidates. The four Planctomycetes tested (two strains of Rhodopirellula baltica and two strains of Rhodopirellula rubra), three Proteobacteria: Vibrio strain UAP 11, Halomonas strain UAP 6 and Marinomonas strain SAP28 as well as the Firmicutes Bacillus strain A(2)_12 were used for a further co-culture assay. The assays were performed using three different media to grow the bacteria (two saline media - Marine agar and M607 and a non-saline medium - Nutrient agar). Due to the high levels of organic compounds present in Marine agar and Nutrient agar, plant development was very affected in control and co-culture assays occuring plant death. In the experiment where medium M607 was used (with the strains of Planctomycetes), the development of both plants was, in general, comparable to the one of the control plants. Although several bacteria showed to possess PGP abilities, their potential use for the promotion of plant growth could not be confirmed. Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, Plant growth promoting bacteria, Planctomycetes, Phosphate solubilization, IAA production, Biofilm formation, Plantbacteria co-culture assay. FCUP Use of environmental bacteria as plant growth promoters III Index Resumo ......................................................................................................................................... I Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ II Index ............................................................................................................................................ III Table Index .................................................................................................................................. V Figure Index ............................................................................................................................... VI Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ VII Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 Importance of plants in nature .............................................................................................. 1 Plant Applications ................................................................................................................... 3 Problems faced by plants ...................................................................................................... 4 Microorganisms and Plant interactions ............................................................................... 7 Symbiotic relations ............................................................................................................. 7 The rhizosphere .................................................................................................................. 7 Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) ......................................................................... 10 Phyla of The Bacteria Used ................................................................................................ 11 Actinobacteria ................................................................................................................... 11 Firmicutes .......................................................................................................................... 12 Bacteroidetes .................................................................................................................... 13 Proteobacteria ................................................................................................................... 13 Planctomycetes ................................................................................................................ 14 Plants Used ........................................................................................................................... 15 Arabidopsis thaliana ......................................................................................................... 15 Solanum lycopersicum .................................................................................................... 16 Importance of Phosphorous ............................................................................................... 17 Formation of Biofilm and Exopolysaccharide production ............................................... 17 Objectives .................................................................................................................................. 18 Materials and methods ............................................................................................................ 18 Biological material and growth conditions ........................................................................ 18 Bacteria PGP experiments ................................................................................................. 20 Phosphate solubilization ..................................................................................................... 20 IAA production by bacteria .................................................................................................. 20 Biofilm formation by bacteria .............................................................................................. 23 Co-cultures of Plant and Bacteria ...................................................................................... 23 FCUP IV Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 36 References ................................................................................................................................ 37 FCUP Use of environmental
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