Final Constellation Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement 4. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERNATIVES The potential environmental consequences of both the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Proposed Action (Preferred Alternative) to continue preparations for and to implement the Constellation Program, and the No Action Alternative, not continue preparations for nor implement the Constellation Program, are summarized in Chapter 2 and are presented in detail in this Chapter. In addition, this Chapter presents in Cumulative Impacts (see Section 4.3) the potential environmental consequences of two overlapping but individual NASA actions: implementing the Constellation Program and close-out of the Space Shuttle Program. 4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTION (PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE) Under the Proposed Action, NASA would continue preparations for and implement the Constellation Program. This Program would involve activities at many U.S. Government and commercial facilities. Although detailed aspects of the Constellation Program and the full scope of the activities that might occur at each facility are not fully known, the activities described in Section 2.1 present enough information to broadly estimate the nature of the potential environmental impacts that might occur if NASA implements the Proposed Action. Figure 2-2 presents a high-level summary of the major Constellation Program activities that would be expected to occur at each of the primary U.S. Government facilities, as well as commercial facilities with the potential for significant environmental impacts. Given the long-term nature of the Constellation Program, and NASA’s desire to utilize as much of the Space Shuttle Program infrastructure as practicable, it is expected that over time, many of the existing facilities currently used by the Space Shuttle Program and planned to be used for the Constellation Program would require maintenance, upgrading, renovation, and/or replacement. For evaluation purposes, this Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) discusses the potential environmental impacts of the proposed Constellation Program activities at each NASA Center, and other U.S. Government or commercial facilities, and at more broadly defined locations (e.g., the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans) for which impact locations are undefined at this time. For each site, the potential environmental impacts are presented in a number of broad areas. For each area, only potential impacts deemed more than minimal in nature are described. It is anticipated that the nature and locations of many activities associated with the Constellation Program would be similar to the ongoing activities conducted in support of the Space Shuttle Program. Thus, the known environmental impacts of the Space Shuttle Program have been used as the baseline for predicting potential impacts of implementing the Constellation Program. The impacts of the Space Shuttle Program have been well-characterized in NEPA documents prepared for the Space Shuttle Program, including site- or program-specific NEPA documents, in analyses documented by the Space Shuttle Program, and in Environmental Resources Documents for various NASA Centers. 4-1 Final Constellation Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement 4.1.1 Potential Environmental Impacts at U.S. Government Facilities 4.1.1.1 John F. Kennedy Space Center Table 4-1 summarizes the major activities currently anticipated at the John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in support of the individual projects within the Constellation Program. At KSC, most of the reasonably foreseeable activities would be similar to ongoing activities conducted in support of the Space Shuttle Program. As such, the environmental impacts of implementing the Constellation Program at this site would be expected to be similar to the environmental impacts of the ongoing Space Shuttle Program, which have been documented in various environmental documents, including the KSC Environmental Resources Document (KSC 2003). Table 4-1. Description of Constellation Program Activities at KSC Constellation Project Responsibilities Program Project Project Orion Manage: • Ground processing, launch operations, and recovery support during design, development, test, and evaluation phases of Orion development • Final integration of Orion spacecraft • Ground support equipment development and support Project Ares Ground processing, launch operations, and recovery support for Ares I and Ares V Ground Operations Manage: Project • Design, development, testing and evaluation, and logistics activities for all ground processing, launch, and recovery systems • Ground processing, launch, and landing recovery operations planning and execution Several of the facilities at KSC identified for potential use in the Constellation Program may require modification. In some cases, new facilities may be needed. Many of the modifications would be relatively simple such as internal upgrades to electrical wiring and moving interior walls. However, some of the modifications would be more extensive. Table 2-10 summarizes new facility construction and modifications being considered to support the Constellation Program where the modifications might impact historic facilities or have the potential for environmental impacts sufficient to require additional analysis under an environmental assessment (EA) or an EIS. See Section 4.1.1.1.8 for discussion of historic/cultural impacts associated with the construction activities. In order to meet the proposed timeline of the Constellation Program, some actions needed to be accomplished before the NEPA process for this PEIS is completed. Included are the near-term modifications to the Launch Complex (LC)-39 Pad B launch tower, installation of a lightning protection system, and the construction of a new mobile launcher to accommodate the initial test launches of the Ares I. Therefore, NASA prepared and published the Final Environmental Assessment for the Construction, Modification, and Operation of Three Facilities in Support of the Constellation Program, John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida (KSC 2007f) to address these modifications and the associated environmental impacts of construction and operation. NASA signed a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) on May 2, 2007 allowing for the 4-2 Final Constellation Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement proposed action to proceed. The potential environmental impacts of construction and operation addressed in that EA are summarized as appropriate in the following subsections. Similar modifications to those underway for LC-39 Pad B (KSC 2007f) would be needed at LC-39 Pad A to accommodate Ares V launches. Therefore, the potential environmental impacts of modifying and operating LC-39 Pad A would be similar to those for LC-39 Pad B. In addition, the mitigation measures adopted for LC-39 Pad B would be adopted for LC-39 Pad A. It is NASA’s intention that both Ares launch vehicles would be able to be launched from these two launch pads. As the planning for the Constellation Program proceeds and matures, construction of new facilities or modifications to existing facilities that are currently unanticipated may be deemed necessary. These activities would be subject to separate NEPA review and documentation, as appropriate. The following sub-sections discuss the potential environmental impacts of Constellation Program activities at KSC. 4.1.1.1.1 Land Resources Activities described under the Proposed Action would not impact or conflict with land use plans at KSC. There are several tracts of largely undisturbed natural areas within KSC, including the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge (MINWR) and the Cape Canaveral National Seashore. There are also various wildlife management areas and wetlands located within both KSC and Merritt Island. None of these areas would experience impacts exceeding those currently experienced under the Space Shuttle Program. KSC is within the Coastal Zone as defined by Florida Statute (15 CFR 930.30-44). As such, a Coastal Zone Consistency Determination for the Proposed Action is required. NASA has performed such a Determination and has determined that the Proposed Action can be implemented within existing environmental regulations and is consistent with the Florida Coastal Zone Management Plan. 4.1.1.1.2 Air Resources This discussion has been divided into sections that address normal launches and launch accidents. See Section 4.1.1.1.12 for a discussion of air quality impacts associated with launch accidents. The principal sources of air emissions at KSC during the Constellation Program would be vehicular traffic from workers and visitors, especially on launch days, and the exhaust clouds from test launches and mission launches. Any long-term incremental changes in vehicular emissions due to the Proposed Action would be proportional to the size of the workforce and are not known at this time. The number of launches per year would be comparable to the historic Space Shuttle launch schedule. In addition, vehicular emissions created by visitors on launch days would be similar to those created during Space Shuttle launches. Increases in fugitive dust during construction are not expected to be a major source of air emissions and have been previously addressed (KSC 2007f). 4-3 Final Constellation Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Launches involving solid rocket boosters (SRBs) produce several pollutants of concern from igniting the solid propellants: hydrogen chloride