Research on Crystal Growth and Characterization at the National Bureau of Standards January to June 1964
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Radial Distribution Study of Vitreous Barium Borosilicate G
JOURNAL OF RESEARCH of the National Bureau of Standards—A. Physics and Chemistry Vol.l67Af No. 1, January-February 1963 Radial Distribution Study of Vitreous Barium Borosilicate G. J. Piermarini* and S. Block (September 19, 1962) An X-ray diffraction study of a barium borosilicate glass consisting of 24 mole percent barium oxide, 40 mole percent boric oxide, and 36 mole percent silicon dioxide has been per- formed. Resulting atomic radial distribution functions give the following average inter- atomic distances: Si-O, 1.6 A; Ba-O, 2.8 A; Ba-Ba, 4.7 A; and Ba-Ba, 6.8 A. From the 4.7 A Ba-Ba separation a Ba-O-Ba bond angle of about 115° has been calculated. The observed average barium separations are in partial agreement with that predicted by Levin and Block on the basis of a structural interpretation of immiscibility data. A proposed coordination change by Levin and Block for the barium atoms in the system has been confirmed, but the details of the coordination change mechanism have not. Combining the results of the radial distribution study and immiscibility data on the barium borosilicate modifier-rich liquid at maximum barium oxide content has indicated that approximately 16.75 mole percent barium oxide is involved in the 4.7 A separation and 8.25 mole percent is associated with the 6.8 A separation. A mechanism which allows the composition of the modifier-rich liquids in the ternary system to be calculated has been presented. The calculated composition has been found to agree well with the experimental value. -
Glossary Glossary
Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts. -
Decalin Dehydrogenation for In-Situ Hydrogen Production To
DECALIN DEHYDROGENATION FOR IN-SITU HYDROGEN PRODUCTION TO INCREASE CATALYTIC CRACKING RATE OF N-DODECANE Thesis Submitted to The School of Engineering of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering By Christopher Bruening Dayton, Ohio May, 2018 DECALIN DEHYDROGENATION FOR IN-SITU HYDROGEN PRODUCTION TO INCREASE CATALYTIC CRACKING RATE OF N-DODECANE Name: Bruening, Christopher Robbins APPROVED BY: Matthew J. DeWitt, Ph.D. Donald K. Phelps, Ph.D. Advisory Committee Chairman Committee Member Distinguished Research Engineer Senior Research Chemist University of Dayton Research Institute Air Force Research Laboratory Michael Elsass, Ph.D. Kevin Myers, D.Sc., P.E. Committee Member Committee Member Lecturer Professor Department of Chemical and Materials Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Engineering Robert J. Wilkens, Ph.D., P.E. Eddy M. Rojas, Ph.D., M.A., P.E. Associate Dean for Research and Innovation Dean, School of Engineering Professor School of Engineering School of Engineering ii ABSTRACT DECALIN DEHYDROGENATION FOR IN-SITU HYDROGEN PRODUCTION TO INCREASE CATALYTIC CRACKING RATE OF N-DODECANE Name: Bruening, Christopher Robbins University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. Matthew J. DeWitt Catalytic cracking of paraffinic hydrocarbons is a widely utilized industrial process, but catalyst deactivation over time requires regeneration or replacement of the catalyst bed. A gaseous hydrogen co-feed can be used to promote hydrocracking and decrease deactivation of the catalyst due to coke formation or active site poisoning. One potential alternative approach to extend the lifetime of a cracking catalyst is to generate molecular hydrogen in-situ via catalytic dehydrogenation of a cycloparaffin. -
Dibasic Acids for Nylon Manufacture
- e Report No. 75 DIBASIC ACIDS FOR NYLON MANUFACTURE by YEN-CHEN YEN October 1971 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA CONTENTS INTRODUCTION, ....................... 1 SUMMARY .......................... 3 General Aspects ...................... 3 Technical Aspects ..................... 7 INDUSTRY STATUS ...................... 15 Applications and Consumption of Sebacic Acid ........ 15 Applications and Consumption of Azelaic Acid ........ 16 Applications of Dodecanedioic and Suberic Acids ...... 16 Applications of Cyclododecatriene and Cyclooctadiene .... 17 Producers ......................... 17 Prices ........................... 18 DIBASIC ACIDS FOR MANUFACTURE OF POLYAMIDES ........ 21 CYCLOOLIGOMERIZATIONOF BUTADIENE ............. 29 Chemistry ......................... 29 Ziegler Catalyst ..................... 30 Nickel Catalyst ..................... 33 Other Catalysts ..................... 34 Co-Cyclooligomerization ................. 34 Mechanism ........................ 35 By-products and Impurities ................ 37 Review of Processes .................... 38 A Process for Manufacture of Cyclododecatriene ....... 54 Process Description ................... 54 Process Discussion .................... 60 Cost Estimates ...................... 60 A Process for Manufacture of Cyclooctadiene ........ 65 Process Description ................... 65 Process Discussion .................... 70 Cost Estimates ...................... 70 A Process for Manufacture of Cyclodecadiene -
Organic Contaminant Analytical Methods of the National Status and Trends Program: 2000-2006
Organic Contaminant Analytical Methods of the National Status and Trends Program: 2000-2006 NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 30 Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for their use by the United States government. Cover photograph of shrimping fleet, Palacios, TX Citation for this Report Kimbrough, K. L., G. G. Lauenstein and W. E. Johnson (Editors). 2006. Organic Contaminant Analytical Methods of the National Status and Trends Program: Update 2000-2006. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 30. 137 pp. Organic Contaminant Analytical Methods of the National Status and Trends Program: Update 2000-2006 K. L. Kimbrough, G. G. Lauenstein and W. E. Johnson (Editors) Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment NOAA/NOS/NCCOS 1305 East-West Highway Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 30 June 2007 United States Department of National Oceanic and National Ocean Service Commerce Atmospheric Administration Carlos M. Gutierrez Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Jr. John H. Dunnigan Secretary Administrator Assistant Administrator TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................I LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................III LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................IV CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................... -
Phase Matching in -Barium Borate Crystals for Spontaneous Parametric
Journal of Optics TUTORIAL Phase matching in β-barium borate crystals for spontaneous parametric down-conversion To cite this article: Suman Karan et al 2020 J. Opt. 22 083501 View the article online for updates and enhancements. This content was downloaded from IP address 14.139.38.209 on 01/07/2020 at 03:25 Journal of Optics J. Opt. 22 (2020) 083501 (20pp) https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ab89e4 Tutorial Phase matching in β-barium borate crystals for spontaneous parametric down-conversion Suman Karan1, Shaurya Aarav1,4, Homanga Bharadhwaj2,5, Lavanya Taneja1,6, Arinjoy De3,7, Girish Kulkarni1,8, Nilakantha Meher1 and Anand K Jha1 1 Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur UP 208016, India 2 Department of Computer Science and Engg., IIT Kanpur, Kanpur UP 208016, India 3 Department of Physics, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] Received 10 March 2020 Accepted for publication 16 April 2020 Published 29 June 2020 Abstract Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) is the most widely used process for generating photon pairs entangled in various degrees of freedom such as polarization, time-energy, position-transverse momentum, and angle-orbital angular momentum (OAM). In SPDC, a pump photon interacts with a non-linear optical crystal and splits into two entangled photons called the signal and the idler photons. The SPDC process has been studied extensively in the last few decades for various pump and crystal configurations, and the entangled photon pairs produced by SPDC have been used in numerous experimental studies on quantum entanglement and entanglement-based real-world quantum-information applications. -
(M = Ca, Mg, Fe2+), a Structural Base of Ca3mg3(PO4)4 Phosphors
crystals Article Crystal Chemistry of Stanfieldite, Ca7M2Mg9(PO4)12 (M = Ca, Mg, Fe2+), a Structural Base of Ca3Mg3(PO4)4 Phosphors Sergey N. Britvin 1,2,* , Maria G. Krzhizhanovskaya 1, Vladimir N. Bocharov 3 and Edita V. Obolonskaya 4 1 Department of Crystallography, Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] 2 Nanomaterials Research Center, Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersman Str. 14, 184209 Apatity, Russia 3 Centre for Geo-Environmental Research and Modelling, Saint-Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya ul. 1, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] 4 The Mining Museum, Saint Petersburg Mining University, 2, 21st Line, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 May 2020; Accepted: 25 May 2020; Published: 1 June 2020 Abstract: Stanfieldite, natural Ca-Mg-phosphate, is a typical constituent of phosphate-phosphide assemblages in pallasite and mesosiderite meteorites. The synthetic analogue of stanfieldite is used as a crystal matrix of luminophores and frequently encountered in phosphate bioceramics. However, the crystal structure of natural stanfieldite has never been reported in detail, and the data available so far relate to its synthetic counterpart. We herein provide the results of a study of stanfieldite from the Brahin meteorite (main group pallasite). The empirical formula of the mineral is Ca8.04Mg9.25Fe0.72Mn0.07P11.97O48. Its crystal structure has been solved and refined to R1 = 0.034. Stanfieldite from Brahin is monoclinic, C2/c, a 22.7973(4), b 9.9833(2), c 17.0522(3) Å, β 99.954(2)◦, 3 V 3822.5(1)Å . -
United States Patent Office Patented
2,826,604 United States Patent Office Patented. Mar. 11, 1958 2 (130-140 C.), the decalyl acetate being recoverable from the reaction mixture by distillation of the neutralized re 2,826,604 action liquid. The recovered product was a straw-colored PREPARATION OF DECAHYDRONAPHTHYL fragrant oil, which was established to be 1-decallyl acetate. ACETATE 5 The position of the acetoxy group was determined by William E. Erner, Wilmington, Del, assignor to Houdry hydrolysis of the ester to the alcohol and subsequent Process Corporation, Wilmington, Del, a corporation conversion to decalone-1 by chromic acid-acetic acid oxi of Delaware dation. - The aceto-oxidation of Decalin can be carried out No Drawing. Application June 2, 1955 10 in the presence of oxidation catalysts of the type em Serial No. 512,853 bodied in the metal salts of the lower fatty acids. Cobalt 2 Claims. (C. 260-488) acetate proved outstanding among the metallic-soap oxi dation catalysts studied. The use of benzoyl peroxide at the start of the process has been found advantageous The present invention relates to the preparation of 1 5 in decreasing the induction period and in giving uni decahydronaphthyl alcohols and the corresponding acetic formly high yields. acid ester and ketone derivatives of Said alcohols. The ratios of Decalin - to acetic anhydride in the oper More particularly the invention is concerned with the ation of the process are not critical, but practical con production of saturated polynuclear carbocyclic com siderations favor the use of at least one-half mol of pounds of the type 20 acetic anhydride per mol of Decalin. -
Crystallization Behavior of New Transparent Glass-Ceramics Based on Barium Borate Glasses
Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 116 [5] 624-631 2008 Paper Crystallization behavior of new transparent glass-ceramics based on barium borate glasses Fatma Hassan MARGHA,*,** Salwa Abdel-Hameed Mohamed ABDEL-HAMEED,* Nagwa Abd El-Shafy GHONIM,* Shigeo SATOKAWA**,† and Toshinori KOJIMA** *Glass Research Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt **Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan This paper describes the preparation of several new transparent and very fine crystal glass-ceramics from the BaO–B2O3 system utilizing an appropriate additive of fluorides, partial replacement of B2O3 by SiO2, and introducing nucleating agents, such as TiO2. The physical properties of the prepared materials and the changes with varying base glass compositions and heat treatment programs were investigated. The thermal behavior and microstructure of the developed phases were characterized using DTA, XRD, and SEM. Glass-ceramics with marked transparency were prepared. These transparent derivatives owe their transparency to the distinctive properties of the nano-crystalline samples. The dielectric constant of transparent glass- ceramics samples at 100 kHZ were between 14–20, which is very suitable for a wide range of applications, such as the high- – speed switching of large-scale integrators. It was found that the addition of F and SiO2 greatly influenced the transparency of the produced glass-ceramics. Also, the addition of TiO2 greatly enhanced transparency, in spite of increasing cutoff in the UV region to a higher wavelength. ©2008 The Ceramic Society of Japan. All rights reserved. Key-words : Glass-ceramics, Transparent, Barium borate, Dielectric [Received December 8, 2007; Accepted March 21, 2008] ride crystal phase, offer an economical alternative with substan- 1. -
Viscosity from Newton to Modern Non-Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics
Viscosity from Newton to Modern Non-equilibrium Statistical Mechanics S´ebastien Viscardy Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, 3, Avenue Circulaire, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium Abstract In the second half of the 19th century, the kinetic theory of gases has probably raised one of the most impassioned de- bates in the history of science. The so-called reversibility paradox around which intense polemics occurred reveals the apparent incompatibility between the microscopic and macroscopic levels. While classical mechanics describes the motionof bodies such as atoms and moleculesby means of time reversible equations, thermodynamics emphasizes the irreversible character of macroscopic phenomena such as viscosity. Aiming at reconciling both levels of description, Boltzmann proposed a probabilistic explanation. Nevertheless, such an interpretation has not totally convinced gen- erations of physicists, so that this question has constantly animated the scientific community since his seminal work. In this context, an important breakthrough in dynamical systems theory has shown that the hypothesis of microscopic chaos played a key role and provided a dynamical interpretation of the emergence of irreversibility. Using viscosity as a leading concept, we sketch the historical development of the concepts related to this fundamental issue up to recent advances. Following the analysis of the Liouville equation introducing the concept of Pollicott-Ruelle resonances, two successful approaches — the escape-rate formalism and the hydrodynamic-mode method — establish remarkable relationships between transport processes and chaotic properties of the underlying Hamiltonian dynamics. Keywords: statistical mechanics, viscosity, reversibility paradox, chaos, dynamical systems theory Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Irreversibility 3 2.1 Mechanics. Energyconservationand reversibility . ........................ 3 2.2 Thermodynamics. -
Crystal Chemistry of Cancrinite-Group Minerals with an Ab-Type Framework: a Review and New Data
1151 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 49, pp. 1151-1164 (2011) DOI : 10.3749/canmin.49.5.1151 CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF CANCRINITE-GROUP MINERALS WITH AN AB-TYPE FRAMEWORK: A REVIEW AND NEW DATA. II. IR SPECTROSCOPY AND ITS CRYSTAL-CHEMICAL IMPLICATIONS NIKITA V. CHUKANOV§ Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast, Russia IGOR V. PEKOV, LYUDMILA V. OLYSYCH, NATALIA V. ZUBKOVA AND MARINA F. VIGASINA Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia ABSTRACT We present a comparative analysis of powder infrared spectra of cancrinite-group minerals with the simplest framework, of AB type, from the viewpoint of crystal-chemical characteristics of extra-framework components. We provide IR spectra for typical samples of cancrinite, cancrisilite, kyanoxalite, hydroxycancrinite, depmeierite, vishnevite, pitiglianoite, balliranoite, davyne and quadridavyne, as well as the most unusual varieties of cancrinite-subgroup minerals (Ca-deficient cancrinite, H2O-free cancrinite, intermediate members of the series cancrinite – hydroxycancrinite, cancrinite–cancrisilite, cancrinite– kyanoxalite, K-rich vishnevite, S2-bearing balliranoite). Samples with solved crystal structures are used as reference patterns. Empirical trends and relationships between some parameters of IR spectra, compositional characteristics and unit-cell dimensions 2– are obtained. The effect of Ca content on stretching vibrations of CO3 is explained in the context of the cluster approach. The existence of a hydrous variety of quadridavyne is demonstrated. Keywords: cancrinite, cancrisilite, kyanoxalite, hydroxycancrinite, depmeierite, vishnevite, pitiglianoite, balliranoite, davyne, quadridavyne, cancrinite group, infrared spectrum, crystal chemistry. SOMMAIRE Nous présentons une analyse comparative des spectres infrarouges obtenus à partir de poudres de minéraux du groupe de la cancrinite ayant la charpente la plus simple, de type AB, du point de vue des caractéristiques cristallochimiques des composantes externes à la charpente. -
Decalin Dissolving Method for Recover of Styrene –Butadiene Rubber from Scrap Tires
American Journal of Environmental Sciences Original Research Paper Decalin Dissolving Method for Recover of Styrene –Butadiene Rubber from Scrap Tires Aeppa M.T. Sultan and Fawzi Habeeb Jabrail Polymer Research Lab., Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Mosul, Iraq Article history Abstract: Decalin, a hydrocarbon industrial solvent was used for the Received: 18-08-2019 recovery of Styrene- Butadiene Rubber (SBR) from grind scrap truck tires Revised: 10-09-2019 using chemical dissolving method. The applied technique is easy, simple Accepted: 11-10-2019 and depends on available materials. The method depends mainly on Corresponding Author: steeping the scrap tires grind into decalin at 50C for one month. Then the Fawzi Habeeb Jabrail process was followed by boiling of the formed thick black solution Polymer Research Lab., (198°C) for two hours. The formed elastic rubber material will be Department of Chemistry, reclaimed by precipitation in methanol. The recovered rubber was College of Science, University characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and XRD analyses. The pattern of of Mosul, Iraq the recovered material shows broad maxima of SBR with the absence of Tel: +9647703336282 XRD peaks of carbon black and almost all the other tire manufacturing E-mail: [email protected] additives. The thermal characteristics of the reclaimed rubber have been investigated by TGA, DTG and DSC analyses and were found to be close to those of thermal properties of SBR polymer. The SEM image has shown non-crystalline morphological surface of the recovered rubber with cohesive elastomeric properties. Keywords: SBR Reclaims, Decalin Dissolving Method, Scrap Tires, Steeping Method, Recycling Introduction Vehicle tires are made of rubber after vulcanization with sulfur to render it crosslinked and after adding The world consumes 4.5 million tons of tires, in several additives, like fillers, steel wires, plasticizers, addition to billions of tires of different types are to be extenders accelerators, curing agents and others in order to disposed of in the USA.