DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study for Exploratory Drilling of Oil Exploration in the Block PEL of Kangra-Mandi, Himachal Pradesh

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study for Exploratory Drilling of Oil Exploration in the Block PEL of Kangra-Mandi, Himachal Pradesh Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study for Exploratory Drilling of Oil Exploration in the Block PEL of Kangra-Mandi, Himachal Pradesh Sponsor: M/s Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited Kangra -Mandi Himachal Pradesh National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020 February 2009 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study for Exploratory Drilling of Oil Exploration in the Block PEL of Kangra-Mandi, Himachal Pradesh Sponsor M/s Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020 February 2009 Contents Item Page No. List of Plates (vi) List of Figures (vii) List of Tables (viii) List of Annexures (xi) Executive Summary i-v 1.0 Introduction 1.1-1.6 1.1 Purpose of Report 1.1 1.2 Identification of Project & Project Proponent 1.2 1.3 Project Setting 1.3 1.4 Scope of EIA Study 1.3 1.4.1 Methodology for EIA 1.3 1.4.1.1 Air Environment 1.3 1.4.1.2 Noise Environment 1.3 1.4.1.3 Land Environment 1.4 1.4.1.4 Water Environment 1.4 1.4.1.5 Biological Environment 1.4 1.4.1.6 Socio-economic Environment 1.4 1.4.2 Anticipated Environmental Impacts 1.4 1.4.3 Mitigation Measures 1.4 1.4.4 Environmental Management Plan 1.5 Figure 1.1 1.6 2.0 Project Description 2.1-2.12 2.1 Type of the Project 2.1 2.2 Project Description 2.2 2.2.1 Description of Contract Area 2.2 2.2.2 Proposed Project 2.2 2.2.2.1 Geological Setting 2.2 2.2.3 Project Justification 2.2 2.2.4 Drilling Operation 2.3 2.2.5 Drilling Facilities 2.5 2.3 General Requirements of Drilling 2.5 Item Page No. 2.3.1 Exploratory Drilling Programme Required the Following 2.5 Common Facilities 2.3.1.1 Drilling Muds 2.5 2.3.1.2 Power Generation 2.5 2.3.1.3 Water Requirement 2.6 2.3.1.4 Domestic Wastewater 2.6 2.3.1.5 Solids Removal 2.6 2.3.1.6 Drill Cuttings and Waste Residual Mud 2.6 2.3.1.7 Testing 2.6 2.3.1.8 Chemical Storage 2.6 2.3.1.9 Manpower 2.7 2.3.1.10 Logistics 2.7 2.4 Project Investment 2.7 Figures 2.1-2.3 2.8-2.10 Tables 2.1-2.3 2.11-2.12 3.0 Description of the Project 3.1-3.92 3.1 Air Environment 3.1 3.1.1 Reconnaissance 3.2 3.1.2 Ambient Air Quality Survey 3.2 3.1.3 Micrometeorology 3.3 3.1.4 Baseline Status 3.3 Figures 3.1.1-3.1.2 3.5-3.6 Tables 3.1.1-3.1.7 3.7-3.13 3.2 Noise Environment 3.14 3.2.1 Methodology and Baseline Environmental Status 3.14 3.2.2 Reconnaissance 3.14 3.2.3 Identification and Characterization of Noise Sources 3.15 3.2.4 Measurement of Baseline Noise Levels in the 3.15 Study Area Figure 3.2.1 3.16 Tables 3.2.1-3.2.4 3.17-3.19 3.3 Water Environment 3.20 3.3.1 Reconnaissance 3.20 3.3.2 Physico-chemical Characteristics 3.20 (ii) Item Page No. 3.3.2.1 Surface Water 3.20 3.3.2.2 Groundwater 3.20 3.3.2.3 Bacteriology Characteristics 3.21 3.3.2.4 Biological Characteristics 3.21 Figure 3.3.1 3.24 Tables 3.3.1-3.3.10 3.25-3.32 3.4 Land Environment 3.33 3.4.1 Reconnaissance 3.33 3.4.1.1 Relief 3.33 3.4.1.2 Agro Ecological Zone 3.34 3.4.1.3 Soil Type 3.34 3.4.1.4 Land Forms 3.34 3.4.2 Natural Vegetation 3.34 3.4.3 Geology of the Study Area 3.34 3.4.4 Climate 3.35 3.4.5 Cropping Pattern 3.35 3.4.6 Land Use Pattern 3.35 3.4.7 Baseline Data 3.35 3.4.8 Physical Characteristics 3.36 3.4.9 Chemical Characteristics 3.36 3.4.10 Nutrient Status 3.37 3.4.11 Heavy Metals Content 3.38 3.4.12 Soil Microbiolgoy 3.38 Figures 3.4.1-3.4.3 3.39-3.41 Tables 3.4.1-3.4.11 3.42-3.48 3.5 Biological Environment 3.49 3.5.1 Introduction 3.49 3.5.2 Study Area 3.49 3.5.3 Survey Methodology 3.50 3.5.4 Floristic Composition and Distribution of Forests in the 3.50 Study Area 3.5.5 Threatened Plant Species 3.53 3.5.6 Fauna 3.53 3.5.7 Agriculture 3.54 Plates 3.5.1-3.5.7 3.55-3.58 Figure 3.5.1 3.59 Tables 3.5.1-3.5.7 3.60-3.73 (iii) Item Page No. 3.6 Socio-economic Environment 3.74 3.6.1 Reconnaissance 3.74 3.6.2 Baseline Status 3.74 3.6.2.1 Demographic Structure 3.75 3.6.2.2 Infrastructure Resources 3.75 3.6.2.3 Economy 3.75 3.6.2.4 Health Status 3.76 3.6.2.5 Cultural and Aesthetic Attributes 3.76 3.6.3 Socio-economic Survey 3.77 3.6.3.1 Sampling Method 3.77 3.6.3.2 Socio-economic Survey 3.77 3.6.3.3 Project Awareness and Opinion 3.78 3.6.4 Quality of Life (QoL) 3.78 Plates 3.6.1-3.6.6 3.81-3.83 Figures 3.6.1-3.6.2 3.84-3.85 Tables 3.6.1-3.6.6 3.86-3.92 4.0 Anticipated Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures 4.1-4.21 4.1 Environmental Impacts Associated with Drilling 4.1 4.1.1 Air Environment 4.2 4.1.2 Noise Environment 4.3 4.1.3 Land Environment 4.4 4.1.4 Water Environment 4.6 4.1.5 Biological Environment 4.7 4.1.6 Socio-economic Environment 4.8 4.2 Assessment of Significance of Impacts 4.8 4.2.1 Environmental Impact Evaluation 4.8 4.2.1.1 Ecology 4.8 4.2.1.2 Environmental Pollution 4.9 4.2.1.3 Aesthetics 4.9 4.2.1.4 Socio-economics 4.9 4.3 Environmental Impact Statement 4.9 4.3.1 Air Environment 4.10 4.3.2 Noise Environment 4.10 4.3.3 Land Environment 4.10 4.3.4 Water Environment 4.10 4.3.5 Biological Environment 4.11 (iv) Item Page No. 4.3.6 Socio-economic Environment 4.11 4.4 Mitigation Measures 4.12 Figures 4.1-4.6 4.13-4.18 Tables 4.1-4.5 4.19-4.21 5.0 Environmental Management Plan 5.1-5.11 5.1 General Recommendations 5.2 5.1.1 Drilling Fluids 5.2 5.1.2 Drill Cuttings 5.3 5.2 Environment Management Plan 5.3 5.2.1 Air Environment 5.3 5.2.2 Noise Environment 5.4 5.2.3 Land Environment 5.4 5.2.4 Water Environment 5.4 5.2.5 Biological Environment 5.4 5.2.6 Socio-economic Environment 5.5 5.3 Waste Management Plan 5.6 5.3.1 Disposal Options 5.6 5.3.2 Waste Reduction, Reuse & Recycle 5.7 5.4 Waste Mud & Drill Cuttings Disposal Plan 5.7 5.4.1 Waste Generation at Drill Site 5.8 5.5 Environment Protection and Reclamation Plan 5.8 5.6 Socio-economic Environment 5.9 5.7 Plans for Well Site Operation and or Abandonment 5.10 5.8 Drilling Program Safety Guidelines 5.10 Table 5.1 5.11 (v) List of Plates Plate No. Title Page No. 3.5.1 Project Site 3.55 3.5.2 Vegetation Pattern in the Study Area 3.56 3.5.3 Marchantia – a Bryophyte Species found in the Study 3.56 Area 3.5.4 Fern Species Found in the Study Area 3.57 3.5.5 Macaca mullata –Generally found on the Roadside Area 3.57 3.5.6 Agriculture Field near Study Area 3.58 3.5.7 Banana Species found in Agriculture Fields 3.58 3.6.1 Proposed Project Site Near Village Tihri 3.81 3.6.2 Wheat is the Main Large Scale Cultivation in Study Area 3.81 3.6.3 Primary Health Centre in Study Area 3.82 3.6.4 Govt. Aurvedic Health Centre in Study Area 3.82 3.6.5 Educational Facility Available in Study Area 3.83 3.6.6 Drinking Water Storage Tank are Available in Study Area 3.83 (vi) List of Figures Figure No. Title Page No. 1.1 Study Area 1.6 2.1 Location of the Block 2.8 2.2 Stationary Drilling Outfit 2.9 2.3 Drilling Fluid Circulation 2.10 3.1.1 Air Monitoring Locations – Kangra Mandi 3.5 3.1.2 Windrose Diagram at Project Site (Winter Season) 3.6 3.2.1 Noise Monitoring Locations 3.16 3.3.1 Water Quality Sampling Locations 3.24 3.4.1 Sampling Location for Land Environment 3.39 3.4.2 Landuse Patter 3.40 3.4.3 Soil Textural Diagram 3.41 3.5.1 Sampling Locations for Biological Environment 3.59 3.6.1 Sampling Locations Identified for Socio-economic 3.84 Environment 3.6.2 Employment Pattern in the Study Area 3.85 4.1 Impact Network for Air Environment 4.13 4.2 Impact Network for Noise Environment 4.14 4.3 Impact Network for Water Environment 4.15 4.4 Impact Network for Land Environment 4.16 4.5 Impact Network for Socio-economic Environment 4.17 4.6 Comprehensive Environmental Impact Network 4.18 (vii) List of Tables Table No.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1. EUONYMUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 197
    Fl. China 11: 440–463. 2008. 1. EUONYMUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 197. 1753 [“Evonymus”], nom. cons. 卫矛属 wei mao shu Ma Jinshuang (马金双); A. Michele Funston Shrubs, sometimes small trees, ascending or clambering, evergreen or deciduous, glabrous, rarely pubescent. Leaves opposite, rarely also alternate or whorled, entire, serrulate, or crenate, stipulate. Inflorescences axillary, occasionally terminal, cymose. Flowers bisexual, 4(or 5)-merous; petals light yellow to dark purple. Disk fleshy, annular, 4- or 5-lobed, intrastaminal or stamens on disk; anthers longitudinally or obliquely dehiscent, introrse. Ovary 4- or 5-locular; ovules erect to pendulous, 2(–12) per locule. Capsule globose, rugose, prickly, laterally winged or deeply lobed, occasionally only 1–3 lobes developing, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds 1 to several, typically 2 developing, ellipsoid; aril basal to enveloping seed. Two subgenera and ca. 130 species: Asia, Australasia, Europe, Madagascar, North America; 90 species (50 endemic, one introduced) in China. Euonymus omeiensis W. P. Fang (J. Sichuan Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed. 1: 38. 1955) was described from Sichuan (Emei Shan, Shishungou, ca. 1300 m). This putative species was misdiagnosed; it is a synonym of Reevesia pubescens Masters in the Sterculiaceae (see Fl. China 12: 317. 2007). The protologue describes the fruit as having bracts. The placement of Euonymus tibeticus W. W. Smith (Rec. Bot. Surv. India 4: 264. 1911), described from Xizang (3000–3100 m) and also occurring in Bhutan (Lhakhang) and India (Sikkim), is unclear, as only a specimen with flower buds is available. Euonymus cinereus M. A. Lawson (in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 611. 1875) was described from India.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol: Ii (1938) of “Flora of Assam”
    Plant Archives Vol. 14 No. 1, 2014 pp. 87-96 ISSN 0972-5210 AN UPDATED ACCOUNT OF THE NAME CHANGES OF THE DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANT SPECIES INCLUDED IN THE VOL: I (1934- 36) & VOL: II (1938) OF “FLORA OF ASSAM” Rajib Lochan Borah Department of Botany, D.H.S.K. College, Dibrugarh - 786 001 (Assam), India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Changes in botanical names of flowering plants are an issue which comes up from time to time. While there are valid scientific reasons for such changes, it also creates some difficulties to the floristic workers in the preparation of a new flora. Further, all the important monumental floras of the world have most of the plants included in their old names, which are now regarded as synonyms. In north east India, “Flora of Assam” is an important flora as it includes result of pioneering floristic work on Angiosperms & Gymnosperms in the region. But, in the study of this flora, the same problems of name changes appear before the new researchers. Therefore, an attempt is made here to prepare an updated account of the new names against their old counterpts of the plants included in the first two volumes of the flora, on the basis of recent standard taxonomic literatures. In this, the unresolved & controversial names are not touched & only the confirmed ones are taken into account. In the process new names of 470 (four hundred & seventy) dicotyledonous plant species included in the concerned flora are found out. Key words : Name changes, Flora of Assam, Dicotyledonus plants, floristic works.
    [Show full text]
  • INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE on USE of LOCAL FODDER TREES in MID HILLS of WEST NEPAL Mohan P
    INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE ON USE OF LOCAL FODDER TREES IN MID HILLS OF WEST NEPAL Mohan P. Panthi ABSTRACT Fodder shortage (quality as well as quantity) has been found throughout mid hills of Nepal. The tree fodder is particularly important as a green, nitrogen supplement to poor quality crop residues during the dry season when feeds are scarce. The nutritional values of fodders differ according to species and season therefore farmers prefer different species for different seasons to feed their livestock. The choice or preference of fodder species by farmers reflects their traditional knowledge on nutritional values, palatability, cultivation easiness and seasonal variability of tree fodder in local environment. The paper highlights an indigenous knowledge system that relates to the quality of tree fodder used by farmers in mid hills of Nepal. In total 69 plant species have been recorded as tree fodder and out of them ten best tree fodders have been listed on the basis of preferences and priority by farmers. Information was gathered through a semi structured open questionnaire by interviewing 85 respondents of different age groups of Arghakhanchi district. Though Ficus species was the most abundant among tree fodder, Grewia optiva (locally known as 'phorso') was found the most preferable tree fodder species in the study area. Key words: Tree fodder, folk classification, indigenous knowledge, mid hills. INTRODUCTION Fodder shortage has been a serious problem for livestock holders throughout mid hills of Nepal. It becomes acute during the dry period and winter when livestock is generally under fed by one-third of the required amount (Sherchan and Pradhan, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Gymnosporia Montana, a Potential Hepatoprotective and Anticancer Drug
    Academic Sciences Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research Vol 5, Issue 3, 2012 ISSN - 0974-2441 Review Article Vol. 4, Issue 3, 2011 GYMNOSPORIA MONTANA, A POTENTIALISSN - 0974-2441 HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND ANTICANCER DRUG – AN OVERVIEW SUBRATA DE* AND SUPARNA DE1 * R.M.D. Research and Development Center, Waghaldhara, Dist:Valsad-396375, India. 1Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Vadgaon (Bk), Pune- 411 041, India , E-mail: [email protected] Received: 22 April 2012, Revised and Accepted: 21 June 2012 ABSTRACT Gymnosporia montana (known as Vikro), occurring throughout the arid, dry areas of India, is traditionally claimed to be useful in various ailments. In the present communication the details of the plant like taxonomic position, distribution, ecology, traditional uses, folklore claims,pharmacognosy, chemistry and pharmacology has been reviewed. It has great potential as hepatoprotective and anticancer drug. Keywords: Gymnosporia, Vikro, Pharmacognosy, Chemistry, Hepatoprotective, Anticancer INTRODUCTION Padarohina, Pindara, Prithubija, In Indian floras, the genus Maytenus molina (family : Celastraceae) Putakinkani, Ravana, Sragdaru, goes under the name of Gymnosporia (Wt. & Arn.) Benth. & Hook. F. Sruvadrum, Sruvavriksha, Two hundred species have been reported of which about 15 are Sudhavriksha, Svadukanta, 1 2 available in India . Flora of British India mentions 16 species of Vaikankata, Vikankata, Gymnosporia- G. acuminate, Hook. F., G . neglecta, Wall. Cat., G. Vritinkar, Vyaghrapada, salicifolia, Laws., G. oblanceolata, Laws., G. puberula, Laws., G. Yadnavriksha, Yadniya. fruticosa, Thwaites Enum., G.ovata, Wall. Cat., G.rothina, W & A., G. Tamil : Kattanji regulosa, Laws., G. heyneana, W&A., G. falconeri, Laws., G. rufa, Wall., Telugu : Dantausi, Danti, Gajasinni, G. royleana, Wall. Cat. G. wallichiana, Sprenz, Syst., G.
    [Show full text]
  • Quarterly Changes
    Plant Names Database: Quarterly changes 30 November 2015 © Landcare Research New Zealand Limited 2015 This copyright work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand license. Attribution if redistributing to the public without adaptation: "Source: Landcare Research" Attribution if making an adaptation or derivative work: "Sourced from Landcare Research" http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.7931/P1Z598 CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION Plant names database: quarterly changes [electronic resource]. – [Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand] : Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, 2014- . Online resource Quarterly November 2014- ISSN 2382-2341 I.Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd. II. Allan Herbarium. Citation and Authorship Wilton, A.D.; Schönberger, I.; Gibb, E.S.; Boardman, K.F.; Breitwieser, I.; Cochrane, M.; Dawson, M.I.; de Pauw, B.; Fife, A.J.; Ford, K.A.; Glenny, D.S.; Heenan, P.B.; Korver, M.A.; Novis, P.M.; Redmond, D.N.; Smissen, R.D. Tawiri, K. (2015) Plant Names Database: Quarterly changes. November 2015. Lincoln, Manaaki Whenua Press. This report is generated using an automated system and is therefore authored by the staff at the Allan Herbarium who currently contribute directly to the development and maintenance of the Plant Names Database. Authors are listed alphabetically after the third author. Authors have contributed as follows: Leadership: Wilton, Heenan, Breitwieser Database editors: Wilton, Schönberger, Gibb Taxonomic and nomenclature research and review: Schönberger, Gibb, Wilton, Breitwieser, Dawson, Ford, Fife, Glenny, Heenan, Novis, Redmond, Smissen Information System development: Wilton, De Pauw, Cochrane Technical support: Boardman, Korver, Redmond, Tawiri Disclaimer The Plant Names Database is being updated every working day. We welcome suggestions for improvements, concerns, or any data errors you may find.
    [Show full text]
  • Status and Distribution Pattern of Native and Endemic Species in Uttarakhand
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 11, November-2013 500 ISSN 2229-5518 Status and Distribution Pattern of Native and Endemic Species in Uttarakhand Western Himalayan Region, India Author: Dr. Surbhi Pandey & Soni Pandey Keywords : Indian Western Region, Native, Endemic Abstract Indian western Himalayan Region (IHR) Inhabitants are largely dependent on the biodiversity, which is one of the major source of livelihood. The relationship of the people with their immediate environs and natural resources has evolved over a long period based on necessities and experiences. The present study recorded in 119 species (27 Trees; 34 shrubs; 58 Herbs) were native to the Himalayan region, 30 species (12 Trees; 10 Shrubs; 8 Herbs) were native to the Himalayan region and other biogeographic regions, together whereas 628 species were non- natives representing various biogeographic provinces of the world. Amongst economically important species, 51 species were near endemic. The notable near endemic were Ainsliaea aptera, Bupleurum thompsonii, Begonia picta, Bauhinia retusa, Chaerophyllum villosum, Dipsacus inermis, Euonymus pendulus, Impatiens amphorata, Lonicera quinquelocularis, Osbeckia stellata, Pinus roxburghii, Rhaphidophora glauca, Swertia angustifolia, Tetrastigma bracteolatum, Ulmus wallichiana, Zingiber chrysanthum, etc. and only 2 species i.e, Pimpinella acuminata, and Pittosporum eriocarpum were endemic to the Indian Himalayan Region. Occurrence of 69 % non-native species in the study area itself indicates that non- native species are dominant over the native and endemic species. This may lead the extinction of the native and endemic species from the area and proliferation of more hardy non- native species. Therefore, there is a need to assess the populations of the native and endemic species using standard ecological methods.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand Naturalised Vascular Plant Checklist
    NEW ZEALAND NATURALISED VASCULAR PLANT CHECKLIST Clayson Howell; ISBN 0-473-11306-6 John W.D. Sawyer New Zealand Plant Conservation Network November 2006 9 780473 113063 New Zealand naturalised vascular plant checklist November 2006 Clayson J. Howell, John W.D. Sawyer New Zealand Plant Conservation Network P.O. Box 16-102 Wellington New Zealand 6242 E-mail: [email protected] www.nzpcn.org.nz Cover photos (by Jeremy Rolfe): Selaginella kraussiana (Lycophytes), Cestrum elegans (Dicot. trees & shrubs), Cyperus eragrostis (Monocot. herbs: Sedges), Cerastium glomeratum (Dicot. herbs other than composites), Dipogon lignosus (Dicot lianes), Berberis darwinii (Dicot. trees & shrubs), Lonicera japonica (Dicot. lianes), Bomarea caldasii (Monocot. lianes), Pinus radiata (Gymnosperm trees & shrubs), Lilium formosanum (Monocot. herbs other than grasses, orchids, rushes, sedges), Poa annua (Monocot. herbs: Grasses), Clematis vitalba (Dicot. lianes), Adiantum raddianum (Ferns) Main photo: Senecio diaschides (Dicot herbs: Composites). Title page: Asparagus scandens seedling in kauri forest. © Clayson J. Howell, John W.D. Sawyer 2006 ISBN-10: 0-473-12300-2 ISBN-13: 978-0-473-12300-0 Published by: New Zealand Plant Conservation Network P.O. Box 16-102 Wellington 6242 New Zealand E-mail: [email protected] www.nzpcn.org.nz CONTENTS Introduction 1 New Zealand adventive flora – Summary statistics 2 Naturalised plant records in the Flora of New Zealand 2 Naturalised plant checklists in the New Zealand Journal of Botany 2 Species outside Flora or checklists 2 Acknowledgements 4 Bibliography 4 New Zealand naturalised vascular plant checklist – alphabetical 6 iii Cortaderia selloana, one of two species of pampas that are fully naturalised in New Zealand.
    [Show full text]
  • An Account Concerning Arrival and Departure Time of Few
    Environment Conservation Journal 17(1&2) 17-32, 2016 ISSN 0972-3099 (Print) 2278-5124 (Online) Abstracted and Indexed Floristic composition of Agrakhal-Kunjapuri area of District Tehri Garhwal, Uttarkhand, India Pramod Kumar Received: 12.03.2016 Accepted: 28.04.2016 Abstract The present area of investigation lies at the elevation from 1300 to 1800 m in the montane zone of Garhwal Himalaya and is covered with dense oak forest. It is situated at a distance of 10 km northwards from Narendra Nagar town of district Tehri Garhwal. For recording the flora of the study area, extensive field studies were conducted for three years (December 1993 to November 1996). The floristic exploration yielded 456 species of vascular plants belonging to 306 genera and 95 families. Among the plant forms the biggest group was of herbs (320 species) followed by shrubs with 84 species and trees with 37 species. The plant diversity of the study area consisted of 439 species of angiosperms (343 dicots and 96 monocots) belonging to 293 genera (218 of dicots and 75 monocots) and 84 families (71 of dicots and 13 of monocots). Pinus roxburghii and Cedrus deodara represented the gymnospermous group. Among Pteridophytes 14 species belong to ferns and one to fern-allies. The plant diversity of the area is quite rich with all habit forms of a Varity of vascular plants. The minimum diversity on south and south-west slopes may be attributed to drier condition. South-east slope had the highest diversity because it consisted of scattered woody vegetation which caused the development of more herbaceous species.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arboretum and Pinetum at Bicton Author(S): W
    The Arboretum and Pinetum at Bicton Author(s): W. J. Bean Source: Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), Vol. 1920, No. 8 (1920), pp. 268-275 Published by: Springer on behalf of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4120231 Accessed: 24-06-2016 20:13 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Springer, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) This content downloaded from 131.232.13.6 on Fri, 24 Jun 2016 20:13:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 268 7u1m, Cerastiunm, Sanicula europaea, Sambucus, Veronica, and Populus euphratica. To these might be added Erica arborea. Guppy, who was the first to record Arceuthobium Oxycedri from the Azores (" Plants, Seeds and Currents in the West Indies and Azores," pp. 426-427) comes to the following conclusion: " It is thus likely that birds actively disseminate the species, carrying the seeds firmly adhering to their plumage. In this respect Arceuthobium resembles Luzula . and it is note- worthy that the two genera have a similar distribution." The genus Arceuthobium has not been definitely recorded in the fossil state, but Loranthacites succineus, Conw., Patzea Johniana, Conw., and P.
    [Show full text]
  • Triterpenoid Quinonemethides and Related Compounds (Celastroloids)
    Triterpenoid Quinonemethides and Related Compounds (Celastroloids) A. A. LESLIE GUNATILAKA, Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Contents 1. Introduction ........................................ 2 2. General Structural Features and Nomenclature ................... 4 3. The Families of Celastroloids . .. 6 3.1. Quinonemethide Triterpenoids . .. 6 3.2. 14(15)-Enequinonemethide Triterpenoids . .. 7 3.3. 9(1l)-Enequinonemethide Triterpenoids ..................... 11 3.4. Phenolic and 6-0xophenolic Triterpenoids ................... 14 3.5. 7-0xoquinonemethide Triterpenoids ....................... 14 3.6. Dimeric Celastroloids . .. 15 3.7. Miscellaneous Celastroloids ............................ 18 4. Natural Occurrence . .. 18 4.1. Taxonomic Considerations . .. 18 4.2. Plant Sources of Celastroloids . .. 19 4.3. Distribution of Natural Ce1astroloids . .. 24 4.4. Celastroloids from Tissue Cultures ........................ 24 5. Derivatives of Celastroloids ............................... 27 6. The Chemistry of Celastroloids . .. 35 6.1. Isolation Techniques. .. 35 6.2. Structure Elucidation . .. 37 6.2.1. Early Structural Studies of Celastrol and Pristimerin . .. 37 6.2.2. Application of Spectroscopic Techniques . .. 42 6.2.2.1. UVjVIS and ORDjCD Spectroscopy .............. 42 6.2.2.2. Infrared Spectroscopy. .. 47 6.2.2.3. NMR Spectroscopy . .. 48 6.2.2.3.1. IH-NMR Spectroscopy. .. 49 6.2.2.3.2. 13C_NMR Spectroscopy ................ 59 A. A. L. Gunatilaka et al., Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products © Springer-Verlag/Wien 1996 2 A. A. L. GUNATILAKA 6.2.2.4. Mass Spectrometry . .. 70 6.2.2.5. X-Ray Crystallography . .. 74 6.3. Chemical Reactions ................................. 76 6.3.1. General Chemical Characterization .................... 76 6.3.2. Degradation and Oxidation . .. 76 6.3.3. Reduction and Derivatization .
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Environment
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT Volume-6, Issue-4, Sep-Nov 2017 ISSN 2091-2854 Received: 19 July 2017 Revised: 14 Oct 2017 Accepted: 15 Nov 2017 DIVERSITY OF FODDER PLANTS OF BETALGHAT BLOCK, NAINITAL DISTRICT, WESTERN HIMALAYA Naveen Ch. Pandey1*, G.C. Joshi1, Lalit M. Tewari2, Y.P.S. Pangtey2 1Regional Ayurvedic Research Institute, (RARI) CCRAS, Thapla, Ranikhet-263663, Uttarakhand, India 2Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The Himalaya is well recognized for its bio-physical diversity and socio-cultural heritage, traditional systems and an ample quantity of indigenous knowledge. The study was conducted with the help of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tool to document the diversity of fodder plants of Betalghat Block of Nainital District (Western Himalaya). Total 210 fodder plants species belonging to 70 families, 164 genera of different habits such as trees (35%), shrubs (31%), herbs (25%), and climbers (9%), were recorded. Out of 70 families, 12 dominant families were Poaceae (18 species), followed by Fabaceae (16 species), Moraceae (10 species), Rosaceae (10 species), Asteraceae (8 species), Euphorbiaceae (7 species), Mimosaceae (6 species), Caesalpinaceae (5 species), Ranunculaceae (5 species), Rhamnaceae (5 species), Urticaceae (5 species) and Rubiaceae (5 species). Of the total recorded species, 41% of the species were used during winter days, 38% during summer and 21% throughout the year. For each species, scientific and vernacular names, multipurpose uses (Fuel, medicinal, timber, agricultural tools, religious and fiber) were used. For the conservation of fodder plant species prioritization, mass multiplication with afforestation, reforestation and forest rehabilitation must be done.
    [Show full text]
  • Cedrela Serrata Meliaceae Royle
    Cedrela serrata Royle Meliaceae surian, Chinese toona LOCAL NAMES Burmese (taungdama); Chinese (hongchun,xiangchun,chunhua,mapaozishu,xiangchunshu); Dutch (cedrel); English (Chinese Toona,Chinese mahogony,hill toon); French (cedre de Chine,Acajou de Chine,acajou indien,cedrele de Chine); German (Chinesischer Surenbaum); Hindi (drawi,dalli,durla,khishing); Indonesian (suren); Italian (cedrela della China); Japanese (toona shinenshisi); Nepali (dallo); Trade name (Chinese toona,surian) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Cedrela serrata is a moderate-sized deciduous tree, in favourable situations attaining a height of 30 m and a girth of up to 3.3 m. Young plants often remain unbranched for the 1st few years and have very long, arching leaves, giving them a palm like appearance. Twigs stout, with the leaves towards the ends of the branches, leaving large and prominent heart-shaped leaf scars. Bark about 1.3 cm thick, dark-brown, rough, with regular and fairly deep vertical fissures about 2.5 cm apart. Blaze fibrous throughout, pink or red. Leaves 0.5-0.9 m long, sometimes 1.35 m long in young trees, usually imparipinnate, midrib usually reddish, at least when young. Leaflets 13-33, opposite, 7.5-20 cm x 2.5-6.2 cm, elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, serrate, base oblique, glabrous or pubescent on the nerves beneath when young, emitting a foetid smell when bruised; petiolules 0.2-1.3 cm long. Flowers 0.4-0.5 cm long, foetid, pink to nearly white, in large, drooping subterminal panicles 0.6-1.5 cm long; calyx small, dentate. Petals about 0.5 cm long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, glabrous.
    [Show full text]