Canterbury Naturalised Vascular Plant Checklist

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Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist

JUNE 2007

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist

D.J. Mahon

JUNE 2007

Published by Canterbury Conservancy Department of Conservation Private Bag 4715 Christchurch 8140

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist Cover: Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) Photo: D.J. Mahon

ISBN: 978-0-478-14214-3 ISBN: 978-0-478-14214-0 (PDF)

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist CONTENTS

Summary 1 Definition of Canterbury 1 Taxa included in the list 2 Assessment of Canterbury distribution 2 Additional information included in the list 3 Summary statistics 4 Limitations 6 Excluded taxa 7 Canterbury range extensions of fully naturalised taxa 11 Canterbury casual range extensions of taxa fully naturalised in New Zealand 16 Canterbury range extensions of minor and zeta records (casual taxa) 26 Acknowledgements 29 References 29 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 31

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist SUMMARY

This checklist presents the naturalised vascular plants of Canterbury (1366 taxa). Taxa were drawn from the New Zealand Naturalised Vascu- lar Plant Checklist (Howell & Sawyer 2006) which includes all adventive taxa published as wild in New Zealand prior to December 2005. The checklist provides citations to the publication of wild status for each taxa and in some cases additional supporting references to herbarium accessions are included. A number of taxa collected wild in Canterbury have not had Canterbury included in their previously published range. This is addressed through the presentation of range extensions for 89 taxa.

DEFINITION OF CANTERBURY

The definition of Canterbury used in this publication is the traditional Canterbury Land District, as used in the Flora of New Zealand series, shown in Figure 1. This differs from current administrative boundaries.

Figure 1. Canterbury land district.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 1 TAXA INCLUDED IN THE CHECKLIST

The New Zealand Naturalised Vascular Plant Checklist (Howell & Sawyer 2006) provides a list of all vascular plant taxa published as wild in the New Zealand political region prior to December 2005. The checklist is drawn primarily from the Flora of New Zealand series and updates in the New Zealand Journal of Botany, with some 55 taxa from additional publications. All taxa listed in Howell & Sawyer (2006) were assessed for inclusion in this Canterbury checklist, with the adoption of the treatment of Brassica (Brassicaceae) species naturalised in Canterbury by Heenan, Fitzjohn & Dawson (2004), shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1. TREATMENT OF BRASSICA (BRASSICACEAE) SPECIES

HOWELL & SAWYER HEENAN, FITZJOHN & DAWSON

Brassica fruticulosa subsp. mauritanica (Cosson) Maire1

Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. var. juncea

Brassica napus L. Brassica napus var napobrassica (L.) Rchb. Brassica napus L. var. napus

Brassica nigra (L.) Koch Brassica nigra (L.) Koch

Brassica oleracea L. subsp. oleracea Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC. Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.

Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck1

Brassica oxyrrhina (Cosson) Cosson1

Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt Brassica rapa var. chinensis (L.) Kitam.

Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris (L.) Janch. Brassica rapa var. oleifera DC.

Brassica tournefortii Gouan Brassica tournefortii Gouan

Brassica rapa var. glabra Regel2

Brassica rapa L. var. rapa2

Brassica napus x B. rapa2

Brassica rapa var. chinensis x B. rapa var. oleifera2

Brassica rapa L. var. rapa x B. rapa var. glabra Regel2

1 Taxa not occuring in Canterbury.

2 Additional taxa in this treatment.

ASSESSMENT OF CANTERBURY DISTRIBUTION

Notes on the distribution of each taxa are included in the publications cited in Howell & Sawyer (2006). These published distributions were used to determine the presence in or absence from Canterbury of each taxa. In cases where the published distribution was unclear or not specific (e.g. “common throughout” (Webb et al. 1988, p524) an herbarium speci-

2 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist men from the Allan Herbarium (CHR) was sought for confirmation. If a specimen was found to confirm presence in Canterbury an accession number is cited. If no specimen could be found the taxa was excluded from the Canterbury checklist and appears in the list of excluded taxa. Taxa whose published distributions did not include Canterbury were checked against the Allan Herbarium database (as at April 2007) and Naturalised Vascular Plants on Banks Peninsula (Wilson 1999). Data in the Allan Herbarium database is incomplete and Wilson (1999) did not pro- vide substantiating accession numbers. Allan herbarium specimens were sought for taxa indicated as being wild in Canterbury by the database or Wilson (1999). This resulted in 89 taxa, with previously published distributions not including Canterbury, confirmed as wild in Canterbury. Range extensions for these taxa are included in this publication, and provided as additional citations in the checklist. The range extensions are presented in three parts, sorted by naturalised status in Canterbury and New Zealand: Fully naturalised (18 taxa); casual in Canterbury but fully naturalised in New Zealand (55 taxa); casual (16 taxa). Reported occurrences that could not be substantiated with herbarium records are presented in the list of excluded taxa.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION INCLUDED IN THE CHECKLIST

Taxa are listed alphabetically. Each listing gives details of plant family, growth form, sources and naturalised status in Canterbury. Footnotes pro- vide additional information for some taxa, including the naturalised status elsewhere in New Zealand where this is known to differ from the status in Canterbury; and when the published distribution is entirely within Canterbury (referred to as “occurring only in Canterbury”). Sources are cited as Flora of New Zealand (FNZ) or New Zealand Jour- nal of Botany (NZJB) followed by the volume number in brackets with page number. Other sources are cited in the usual way. Where the taxon name given differs from that in the cited publication the original name is included after the citation. Additional sources cited in some cases are an accession number of a representative substantiating specimen at the Allan Herbarium (CHR), or the page number of the range extension in this publication. The naturalised status of each taxa follows Howell & Sawyer (2006). Taxa are allocated into one of three groups regarding the extent of their establishment in New Zealand: fully naturalised, casual, or eradicated. Fully naturalised taxa form a population self-maintained by seed or vegetative reproduction, or they occur repeatedly in natural or semi-natural habitats or urban environments (Webb et al. 1988; Howell & Sawyer 2006). Casual taxa passively regenerate only in the immediate vicinity of cultivated parent plants, or are more widespread but occur only as isolated or few individuals. This includes garden escapes persisting only 2-3 years

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 3 (2) (3) (4) (5) 2439 56% TOTAL IN NZ TOTAL IN NZ TOTAL AS % OF 622 66% 948 1366 (1) 1123 FULLY NATURALISED TOTAL 21 9 2 11 3 28% 50% 39 6 16 46 62 44% 142 243 GROWTH FORM CASUAL Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes (OM) Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs (DT) 65 171 236 42% 558 Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites (OD)Ferns (FE) Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges (MS)Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes (MR) 96Totals 526 2 2 16 22 18 24 42% 60% 43 40 Lycophytes (L) Monocotyledonous Lianes (ML)Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses (MG) 16 2 150 2 166 4 58% 57% 285 7 Dicotyledonous lianes (DL)Dicotyledonous herbs - composites (DC) 30 6 123 36 153 42 65% 47% 234 89 Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs (MT)Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids (MO) — — — — — — — — 8 2 Gymnosperm trees and shrubs (GY) 5 20 25 66% 38 Does not include 1 eradicated taxon. Does not include 2 eradicated taxa. Does not include 1 eradicated taxon. Does not include 2 eradicated taxa. Does not include 2 eradicated taxa. SUMMARY STATISTICS TABLE 2. SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TAXA IN CANTERBURY (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

4 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 7% TOTAL IN NZ TOTAL AS % OF 13% IN CANTERBURY TOTAL AS % OF TOTAL TOTAL AS % OF 84 14% 9% 177 (1) 60 FULLY NATURALISED TOTAL 1 — 1 33% 17% 5 — 5 20% 13% — 3 3 27% 8% 117 GROWTH FORM CASUAL Ferns (FE) Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes (OM) 4 1 5 8% 4% Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites (OD) 52 31 Lycophytes (L) Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs (MT)Monocotyledonous Lianes (ML)Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses (MG)Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges (MS)Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes (MR) — 9 — — — 1 — 9 — 1 — — 18 — 1 1 — 11% 6% 4% — 6% — 2% 3% Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs (DT)Dicotyledonous lianes (DL)Dicotyledonous herbs - composites (DC) 30 14 1 9 4 2 39 18 3 17% 12% 7% 7% 8% 3% Totals Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids (MO) — — — — — Gymnosperm trees and shrubs (GY) Does not include 1 eradicated taxon. TABLE 3. SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TAXA OCCURRING ONLY IN CANTERBURY (1)

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 5 and garden discards persisting vegetatively but not spreading sexually or asexually (Webb et al. 1988; Howell & Sawyer 2006). Eradicated taxa have been established but have subsequently been de- liberately controlled to a point where no plants have been seen in the wild for at least 5 years and there is agreement from experts that further undetected plants are very unlikely anywhere within the New Zealand political area (Howell & Sawyer 2006). Summary statistics are presented by growth form and naturalised status. Summary statistics for Canterbury are presented in Table 2, with comparison to the statistics for New Zealand. Summary statistics for taxa occurring only in Canterbury are presented in Table 3, with comparison to the Canterbury and New Zealand figures.

LIMITATIONS

The New Zealand checklist (Howell & Sawyer 2006) includes all taxa published as wild in New Zealand prior to December 2005. It excludes any taxa believed to be wild but not yet published as such, and taxa of undetermined taxonomic status. These numbered approximately 100 taxa at the time of publication in November 2006. The Canterbury checklist similarly relies only on herbarium specimens and publications based on herbarium specimens. Herbarium records were checked at the Allan Herbarium (CHR), as the main repository of Canter- bury specimens. Other herbariums may have additional Canterbury specimens, but these were not checked in the preparation of this checklist. The New Zealand and Canterbury checklists have been compiled using a conservative approach. Naturalisation of alien flora is an ongoing process in New Zealand, and naturalised taxa continue to expand their range. The checklist presented here is considered to underestimate the naturalised flora of Canterbury, and will require regular revision. A further limitation of this checklist is that it includes only taxa alien to New Zealand. It does not include native New Zealand taxa that are naturalised in Canterbury outside of their natural range. Neither does it include horticultural hybrids or cultivars of native species that are naturalised (e.g. Cordyline australis ‘purpurea’). Wilson (1999) lists the following native New Zealand species as naturalised on Banks Pe- ninsula through human intervention: rangiora (Brachyglottis repanda); taupata (Coprosma repens); karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus); lacebark (Hoheria populnea); Olearia solandri; Chatham Island akeake (Olearia traversii); karo (Pittosporum crassifolium); Pittosporum ralphii; tainui (Pomaderris apetala).

6 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 4: 282 (1872) in 4: 282 (1872) in ‘candy floss’”, ‘candy floss’”, T.N.Z.I. and an unknown species and an unknown species A. houstonianum Ageratum houstonianum - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs sedges; MT: m trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: m trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: chids, grasses, sedges, rushes. .” Appears to be an unpublished casual taxa for NZ, but .” Appears to be an unpublished casual taxa for NZ, but Ageratum sown in indoor pot plant.” casual record named “ described as a “hybrid of of Canterbury), “especially in C. Otago.” No substantiating specimens at CHR. of undetermined taxonomic status. species seeded into his garden at Riccarton, Christchurch,” without species seeded into his garden at Riccarton, Christchurch,” without substantiating specimens. specimen at CHR. casual plant” in “cactus container.” restoration plantings. Locations listed as examples are Wellington and Palmerston North, but no definitive wild distribution is presented. No substantiating specimens at CHR. FNZ (V), without substantiating specimen. whether cultivated or adventive. (1999). No substantiating adventive specimen at CHR. Casual Molloy (1991 in Gardner and de Lange 1996) “noted that the Casual Single Canterbury adventive specimen (CHR 465305, 1989) “single NATURALISED STATUS NZ IN NOTES ) Anthemis Anthemis SOURCES Lange 1996. 160 (in error 160 (in error as graveolens (1) GROWTH FORM Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 206 Fully naturalised Single Canterbury adventive specimen (CHR 483746, 1993) is a Adiantaceae FE FNZ (IV): 31 Fully naturalised Single Canterbury adventive specimen (CHR 474934, 1991) “self Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 519 Casual Described as occurring with the commoner green form (present in Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 371 Casual Recorded in Canterbury by Armstrong, J. F., ApiaceaeAspleniaceae DC FE NZJB 40 (2): Perrie et al. 2005. Casual Described as occurring wild where it has been used inadvertantly in Asphodelaceae OM Ogle 2005. Casual Recorded on Banks Peninsula by Wilson (1999). No substantiating PoaceaeSolanaceae MG DT FNZ (V): 363 FNZ (IV): 1218 Fully naturalised Fully naturalised Single Canterbury adventive specimen (CHR 19384) uncertain Recorded on Banks Peninsula as “not certainly wild” by Wilson Orchidaceae MO Gardner & de cv. cv. DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosper (1) Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than or Ageratum houstonianum Anethum graveolens Asplenium × lucrosum Atriplex hortensis Aloe arborescens TAXON NAME FAMILY Blettila striata ‘Rubra’ Bromus erectus Bromus inermis Brugmansia candida Adiantum raddianum EXCLUDED TAXA

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 7 raised from seed England.” cultivars” recorded on Banks Peninsula by cultivars” recorded on Banks Peninsula by cultivars” recorded on Banks Peninsula by - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs sedges; MT: m trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: m trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Ocimum basilicum chids, grasses, sedges, rushes. Fuchsia magellanica Fuchsia magellanica Wilson (1999). No substantiating specimen at CHR. Wilson (1999). No substantiating specimen at CHR. the North and South Islands. No substantiating specimens at CHR, the North and South Islands. No substantiating specimens at CHR, but many cultivated specimens. localities from Auckland southwards, especially Waitati, Otago.” No substantiating specimens at CHR, but several cultivated specimens. (1999). No substantiating adventive specimen at CHR. substantiating specimen. substantiating adventive specimen at CHR. specimen at CHR. specimen at CHR. habitations” in the North and South Islands. No substantiating specimens at CHR. areas” in the North and South Islands. No substantiating specimens at CHR. (Note: in Howell & Sawyer (2006) status is listed as Fully Naturalised, but “not fully naturalised” according to FNZ (IV), despite being given a full entry) Wilson (1999). No substantiating adventive specimen at CHR. glasshouse. On almost certainly direct garden discards” by Wilson (1999). No almost certainly direct garden discards” by Wilson (1999). No NATURALISED STATUS NZ IN NOTES SOURCES (1) GROWTH FORM MyrtaceaeIridaceae DT OM FNZ (IV): 861 Fully naturalised FNZ (III): 123 Described as occurring in the North and South Islands “in scattered Fully naturalised Recorded on Banks Peninsula as “not certainly wild” by Wilson Asteraceae DTMyrtaceae FNZ (IV): 217 DT Fully naturalised Recorded on Banks Peninsula as “apparently wild at Wainui, but FNZ (IV): 858 Fully naturalised Described as occurring “around gardens and farm shelter belts” in Convolvulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 554 Casual Reported from Ashburton County in FNZ (IV), without BuddlejaceaeBuddlejaceae DT DT FNZ (IV): 449CelastraceaeConvolvulaceae Fully naturalised FNZ (IV): 450 DL Described as occurring in “remnant forest the vicinity of OD Casual FNZ (IV): 513 FNZ (IV): 554 Fully naturalised Described as occurring “occasional[ly] in the proximity of settled Fully naturalised Recorded on Banks Peninsula as “almost certainly planted” by Single Canterbury adventive specimen (CHR 309333, 1977) “In Solanaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1219 Fully naturalised Recorded on Banks Peninsula by Wilson (1999). No substantiating Onagraceae DT FNZ (IV): 905 Fully naturalised “ Onagraceae DT FNZ (IV): 905 Fully naturalised “ Elaeagnaceae DT FNZ (IV): 601 Fully naturalised Recorded on Banks Peninsula by Wilson (1999). No substantiating cv. cv. var. var. reflexa × DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosper (1) Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than or Eucalyptus regnans Freesia refracta Fuchsia magellanica ‘Alba’ macrostema Fuchsia magellanica Dahlia excelsa Elaeagnus Eucalyptus gunnii Cuscuta europaea Buddleja globosa Buddleja salvifolia Celastrus orbiculatus Cuscuta campestris Brugmansia sanguinea TAXON NAME FAMILY

8 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 36: 36: . Many adventive . Many adventive Trans Proc N.Z. Inst at CHR are determined as at CHR are determined as praealtum L. japonica at CHR are not determined to subspecies at CHR are not determined to subspecies at CHR are determined as cultivars, and at CHR are determined as cultivars, and - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs sedges; MT: m trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: m trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: chids, grasses, sedges, rushes. L. japonica H. praealtum specimen at CHR. specimens of level. It is considered very likely that this subspecies occurs in level. It is considered very likely that this subspecies occurs in Canterbury, but specimens require further determination before this can be substantiated. substantiating specimens at CHR. the South Island, “especially in Nelson and Blenheim areas.” No the South Island, “especially in Nelson and Blenheim areas.” No substantiating specimens at CHR. (1999). No substantiating adventive specimen at CHR. provisional determination only. “One record in the South Island provisional determination only. “One record in the South Island in Christchurch” reported by Ford (1997) probably refers to this specimen. named in error as per FNZ (IV): 427. named in error as per FNZ (IV): 427. 208 (1904) in FNZ (IV), without substantiating specimen. No adventive specimens of cultivars, and none are clearly referable to cv. ‘Aureo-Reticulata.’ specimens of none are clearly referable to cv. ‘Halliana.’ error as per FNZ (IV): 657. NATURALISED Casual Recorded from Ashburton by Smith, W.W., STATUS NZ IN NOTES SOURCES NZJB 37 (4): 640; NZJB 37 (4): 640; NZJB 42 (5): 811 (1) GROWTH FORM ZingiberaceaeAsteraceae OM DC FNZ (III): 42 Fully naturalised FNZ (IV): 332 Recorded on Banks Peninsula by Wilson (1999). No substantiating Fully naturalised No distribution described for subsp. Convolvulaceae DL FNZ (IV): 558 Fully naturalised Described as occurring in “northern areas” of the South Island. No Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1190 Fully naturalised Described as occurring in the North Island and “many districts” of Asphodelaceae OM Ogle 2005. Casual Recorded on Banks Peninsula as “not certainly wild” by Wilson Verbenaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1274 Fully naturalised Single Canterbury adventive specimen (CHR 118399) has Brassicaceae OD NZJB 33 (2): 159 Fully naturalised Older Canterbury adventive specimens (e.g. CHR 574189, 1965) Limnanthaceae ODCaprifoliaceae DL FNZ (IV): 806; FNZ (IV): 467 Fully naturalised No distribution described specificly for cv. ‘Aureo-Reticulata.’ Caprifoliaceae DLFabaceae FNZ (IV): 467 OD Fully naturalised FNZ (IV): 657 No distribution described specificly for cv. ‘Halliana.’ adventive Fully naturalised Older Canterbury adventive specimens (e.g. CHR 502851) named in cv. cv. cv. cv. var. var. praealtum DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosper (1) Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than or Ipomoea indica Hedychium gardnerianum TAXON NAME FAMILY Hieracium praealtum Hieracium praealtum subsp. Kickxia elatine Kniphofia uvaria Lantana camara aculeata Lepidium ruderale Limnanthes douglasii Lonicera japonica ‘Aureo-Reticulata’ Lonicera japonica ‘Halliana’ Lotus corniculatus

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 9 ),” in FNZ ),” in FNZ : CHR 226244 : CHR 226244 Adventive specimens Adventive specimens M. bicornis andigena andigena. - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs sedges; MT: at CHR are not determined to subspecies level. at CHR are not determined to subspecies level. m trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: m trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: chids, grasses, sedges, rushes. S. tuberosum no collection details. Not included in FNZ (IV). Probably requires no collection details. Not included in FNZ (IV). Probably requires redetermination as native species. (IV), without substantiating specimen. specimen at CHR. usually rare in eastern areas.” No substantiating specimens at CHR. determination only due to insufficient material. specimen at CHR. “petals flushed pink”; CHR 512104 “violet rhizomes, flowers pale violet, tubers green.” in Marlborough and Nelson, otherwise uncommon sporadic as far south Southland” in the South Island. No substantiating specimens at CHR. in FNZ(III), without substantiating specimen. of Some specimens may be referable to subsp. The Natural History of Canterbury (1968, as Fully naturalised Recorded in Christchurch by Cheeseman “Man NZ Fl 1925, 1055,” NATURALISED STATUS NZ IN NOTES Vallisneria Vallisneria as spiralis. SOURCES (1) GROWTH FORM BrassicaceaeLamiaceae ODPlantaginaceae ODRosaceae FNZ (IV): 437 ODFabaceae Casual FNZ (IV): 781Solanaceae DT FNZ (IV): 946 DT Fully naturalised Fully naturalised OD “Recorded as a casual in Canterbury by Healey, A. J., Knox, G. A., FNZ (IV): 1098 Recorded on Banks Peninsula by Wilson (1999). No substantiating Lamiaceae Described as occurring in the North, South and Stewart Islands, “but FNZ (IV): 637 Fully naturalised FNZ (IV): 1251Hydrocharitaceae OD Single Canterbury adventive specimen (CHR 437870) has provisional Fully naturalised Casual OM Recorded on Banks Peninsula by Wilson (1999). No substantiating FNZ (IV): 797 FNZ (III): 26 No distribution described for subsp. Fully naturalised Described as “widespread” in the North Island and “fairly common Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 111 Fully naturalised Single Canterbury adventive specimen (CHR 301116, 1950) provides subsp. subsp. subsp. bicornis DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosper (1) Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than or Senna multiglandulosa Solanum tuberosum TAXON NAME FAMILY tomentosa Matthiola longipetala Matthiola longipetala subsp. Mentha spicata Plantago australis Prunus serrulata andigena Teucrium scorodonia Vallisneria gigantea Luzula campestris

10 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist CANTERBURY RANGE EXTENSIONS OF FULLY NATURALISED TAXA

Alstroemeriaceae

Bomarea caldasii (Kunth) Asch. & Graebn. Additional records: CHR 586974, D.J. Mahon, 20 February 2007, Canter- bury, Governors Bay, 42 Zephyr Terrace; CHR 586975, D.J. Mahon, 20 February 2007, Canterbury, Governors Bay, corner Zephyr Terrace and Hays Rise. Notes: Specimens of mature individuals from a population containing a number of mature and many juvenile plants scattered in hedges, gardens and bush edges across several properties. For reference see FNZ (III): 62 as Bomarea multiflora.

Asphodelaceae

Asphodelus fistulosus L. asphodel Additional records: CHR 439539, T. Hay, September 1987, Canterbury, Lyttelton wharf; CHR 439704, W.R. Sykes 218/87, 13 September 1987, Canterbury, Lyttelton, Cattle Wharf area; CHR 497668, H.D. Wilson BP1313, W.R. Sykes, 14 September 1987, Canterbury, Lyttelton, near old cattle wharf (near Dry Dock). Notes: Coastal banks. For reference see FNZ (III): 53.

Asteraceae

Aster subulatus Michaux sea aster Additional records: CHR 413973, A.J. Healy 94/59, 11 March 1994, Can- terbury, Christchurch, Addington, Old Railway workshop area near abandoned water tower and new station building; CHR 413976, A.J. Healy 94/41, 25 February 1994, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, Old Rail- way workshop area near Clarence Street; CHR 413978, A.J. Healy 94/72, 28 March 1994, Canterbury, Belfast, corner Main North Road and Rad- cliffe Road; CHR 490166, A.J. Healy 95/20, 18 January 1995, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, old Addington Railway Workshop area, near site of old rail Press Shop; CHR 490167, A.J. Healy 95/19, 18 January 1995, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, site of demolished Addington Rail- way Workshops; CHR 499632, A.J. Healy 95/38b, 20 February 1995, Canterbury, Christchurch, Riccarton, 98 Rattray Street; CHR 506345, A.J. Healy 95/38a, 20 February 1995, Canterbury, Christchurch, Riccarton, 98 Rattray Street; CHR 509427, A.J. Healy 94/91, 29 April 1994, Can- terbury, Christchurch, Addington, old Addington Railway Workshop site; CHR 509428, J.W. Thacker, 17 March 1994, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, old Addington Railway Workshop site; CHR 509581, A.J. Healy 95/104, 28 November 1995, Canterbury, Christchurch, Riccarton, 98 Rat- tray Street; CHR 518019, A.J. Healy 97/28, 6 May 1997, Canterbury,

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 11 Christchurch, Addington, corner behind gateway into Christchurch Rail- way Station, site of old Addington Railway workshops; CHR 525354, A.J. Healy 95/72, 8 May 1995, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, Clarence Road, near the old Press Shop, site of old Addington Railway Workshops, dry stony waste land; CHR 529339, A.J. Healy 98/3, 26 January 1998, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, near gateway to Christchurch Rail- way Station; CHR 563446, A.J. Healy 01/26, 1 February 2001, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, Old Canterbury Sale Yards site; CHR 563465, A.J. Healy 98/84, 7 December 1998, Canterbury, Christchurch Addington, Old Canterbury Stock Saleyard site- Blenheim Road overbridge end of site; CHR 563472, A.J. Healy 00/26, 18 April 2000, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, Old Canterbury Sale Yards site; CHR 570990, C.D. Meurk, 17 April 2004, Canterbury, Christchurch, Burwood, Travis Wetland; CHR 574317, A.J. Healy 04/7, 4 February 2004, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, old Canterbury Sale Yards; CHR 567487, C.D. Meurk, 29 May 2003, Canterbury, Christchurch, Travis Wetland. Notes: In pavement cracks, wasteland, planted areas. For reference see FNZ (IV): 181.

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Additional records: CHR 472856, W.R. Sykes 144/91, 14 April 1991, Can- terbury, Banks Peninsula, Diamond Harbour, R.A. Arnold’s garden; CHR 529772 W.R. Sykes 323/97, 25 September 1997, Canterbury, Banks Pe- ninsula, Diamond Harbour, 11 Ashley Arnold Reserve. Notes: Both records from same location. Steep, dry, west facing slope in open areas of adventive scrub. For reference see FNZ (IV): 190.

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens glandulifera Royle Additional records: CHR 58530, R. Mason, 4 March 1945, Canterbury, Timaru; CHR 145856, R. Mason 10741, Canterbury, Prebbleton; CHR 174309, A.J. Healy 68/25, 15 January 1968, Canterbury, Akaroa; CHR 369459, W.R. Sykes 24/80, 12 February 1980, Canterbury, Christchurch; CHR 377298, P. Heenan, D. Glenny, K. Ford, 26 January 2000, Canter- bury, Christchurch, Heathcote River, Eastern Terrace, near Corson Ave; CHR 455635, N.J. O’Brien, 16 March 1988, Canterbury, Hanmer, Dog Creek Walkway; CHR 480898, W.R. Sykes 18/93, 11 January 1993, Can- terbury, Christchurch, 115 Packe Street; CHR 510113, B.H. Macmillan 96/15, 25 February 1996, Canterbury, Christchurch, Fendalton, Cobham Intermediate School grounds. Notes: Hanmer record fully naturalised in shrubland, forest margins. Other records spontaneous individuals in or near gardens. For reference see FNZ (IV): 351.

12 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist Cactaceae

Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) Haw. prickly pear Additional records: CHR 460531, W.R. Sykes 182/88, 23 May 1988, North Canterbury, above Lower Waipara River, near Teviotdale Station; CHR 476950, L. Smith, 17 February 1992, North Canterbury, Conway Flat, 2km south of Conway River mouth; CHR 536187, P.B. Heenan, P.J. de Lange, 8 February 2000, Canterbury, Waipara; CHR 542587, Heenan, de Lange, Molloy, 8 February 2000, Canterbury, Waipara, near road to Weka Pass. Notes: Spreading vegetatively on dry banks. For reference see FNZ (IV): 453 (as Opuntia vulgaris).

Chenopodiaceae

Atriplex rosea L. Additional records: CHR 497415, A.J. Healy 94/49, 28 February 1994, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, Old Railway workshop area near Lowe street; CHR 497419, A.J. Healy 94/28, 18 February 1994, Canter- bury, Christchurch, Addington, Main trunk line; CHR 497428, A.J. Healy 94/80a, 29 March 1994, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, west of Matipo Street crossing; CHR 497429, A.J. Healy 94/80b, 29 March 1994, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, west of Matipo Street crossing; CHR 499627, A.J. Healy 95/42b, 6 March 1995, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, east end of Middleton marshalling yards near Matipo Street crossing, Riccarton side; CHR 499628, A.J. Healy 95/42c, 6 March 1995, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, east end of Middleton marshalling yards near Matipo Street crossing, Riccarton side; CHR 499629, A.J. Healy 95/42a, 6 March 1995, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, east end of Middleton marshalling yards near Matipo Street crossing, Riccarton side; CHR 499630, A.J. Healy 91/20A, 15 April 1991, Canterbury, Christchurch, Linwood, Railway Reserve; CHR 499921, A.J. Healy 95/43, 23 March 1995, Canterbury, Christchurch, Linwood Railway Yards, at Wilsons Rd crossing; CHR 499927, A.J. Healy 95/47, 21 March 1995, Canterbury, Christchurch, Linwood Railway Yards, towards Waltham Road overbridge; CHR 499928, A.J. Healy 95/50, 22 March 1995, Canterbury, Christchurch, Carlyle Street, opposite Christchurch Railway Station, between railway reserve and private property, under fence; CHR 505329, P.B. Heenan, 12 February 2000, Canterbury, Christchurch, near Moorehouse Ave, Durham Street and Railway line intersection; CHR 509565, A.J. Healy 95/426, 6 March 1995, Canterbury, Christchurch, Riccarton, Matipo Street crossing, Middleton marshalling yards, east end; CHR 511495, A.J. Healy 96/60, 29 April 1996, North Canterbury, Kaiapoi; CHR 529300, A.J. Healy 98/11, 26 March 1998, Canterbury, Christchurch, between Aldrins Road and build- ings fronting Moorehouse Avenue; CHR 580690, A.J. Healy 02/28, 8 April 2002, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, between old Canterbury Sale Yards site and Main North-South railway line, end of Lester Street. Notes: Gravel and waste land. For reference see FNZ (IV): 520.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 13 Chenopodium opulifolium Koch et Ziz Additional records: CHR 196667, A.J. Healy 69/316, 2 April 1969, Det. W.R. Sykes, April 1986, Canterbury, Christchurch, Linwood, City Council Nursery; CHR 400585, W.R. Sykes 38A/82, 20 February 1982, Canterbury, Lyttelton, wharf area; CHR 417216, A.J. Healy 85/3, 6 January 1985, Det: W.R. Sykes, April 1986, Canterbury, Christchurch, Burwood; CHR 418795, W.R. Sykes 8/84, 11 February 1984, Canterbury, Christchurch, Hornby, Wigram Pit; CHR 490153, A.J. Healy 95/36, 10 February 1995, Canter- bury, Christchurch, Riccarton, Matipo Street, Riccarton Mall; CHR 497387, A.J. Healy 94/32, 2 February 1994, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, old railway workshop; CHR 511279, A.J. Healy 96/38, 10 February 1996, Canterbury, Christchurch, Riccarton, Matipo Street, surplus rail yard and Tranzrail maintenance dept. Notes: Waste land, gravel and soil heaps. For reference see FNZ (IV): 527.

Cyperaceae

Carex pallescens L. Additional record: CHR 514751, G. Jane, 6 December 1997, Canterbury, Pioneer Park, north of Raincliff. Notes: Hardwood-podocarp forest. In gorge. For reference see FNZ (III): 169.

Carex sylvatica Huds. Additional record: CHR 481273, H.D. Wilson BP1067, 13 January 1987, Canterbury, Banks Peninsula, Waikoko Stream. Notes: Streamside under light canopy of second growth bush. Lowland riparian shortforest. For reference see FNZ (III): 170.

Juncaceae

Juncus inflexus L. hard rush Additional records: CHR 467133, A.W. Purdie, 7 April 1983, North Can- terbury, Whalesback; CHR 531027, M.J.A. Simpson 7927, 11 March 1979, Canterbury, Inland Waiau Road. Notes: At Whalesback growing in grassy gully with Juncus gregiflorus. Growing on road verge of Inland Waiau Rd. For reference see FNZ (III): 96.

Luzula congesta (Thuill.) Lej. Additional records: CHR 386684, B. Molloy, 24 November 1979, Canter- bury, Coopers Creek; CHR 401906, A.P. Druce, November 1985, South Canterbury, Orari Gorge; CHR 567161, H.D. Wilson BP1501, 26 January 2001, Canterbury, Banks Peninsula, Hinewai Reserve, East Track. Notes: Forest margins and track edges. For reference see FNZ (III): 111.

14 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist Marsileaceae

Marsilea mutica Mett. Additional records: CHR 510668, K.A. Ford, 1 May 1996, Canterbury, Canterbury Plains, Raddens Road, near Kaiapoi. Notes: Spread entirely over shallow farm pond. Sporocarps found only on plants growing at pond edge. For reference see FNZ (IV): 27.

Poaceae

Agrostis gigantea Roth redtop Additional record: CHR 143321, A.J. Healey 58/445, Det. E. Edgar, July 1988, Ashburton; CHR 533149, M.C. Smale, 26 January 2000, Canterbury, Rangiora, Ashley River, true right bank. Notes: Waste land along river in Ashburton. Locally common among wil- low at Ashley River. For reference see FNZ (V): 231.

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Additional records: CHR 121797, A.J. Healy 59/307, 5 September 1959, Canterbury, Christchurch, Botanic Gardens; CHR 172673, A.J. Healy & B.E.V. Parham 66/229, 6 April 1966, Canterbury, Christchurch, Lower Avon Road, near Wainoni Road; CHR 172674, A.J. Healy & B.E.V. Parham 66/230, 6 April 1966, Canterbury, Christchurch, Lower Avon River, near Wainoni Road. Notes: Roadside, drains and wasteland. CHR 172674 is variegated form. For reference see FNZ(V): 421.

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus muricatus L. Additional record: CHR 508418, P.J. Garnock-Jones 1492, 4 December 1980, Canterbury, Hills SE of Lake Lyndon. Notes: Flattish area in tall tussocks, growing between tussocks. For reference see FNZ (IV): 1022.

Rosaceae

Pyracantha crenatoserrata (Hance) Rehder firethorn Additional record: CHR 511268, A.J. Healy 96/23, 27 January 1996, Can- terbury, Christchurch, Addington, Addington Railway Workshop; CHR 540555, P.B. Heenan, Canterbury, disused land near Addington stock yards. Notes: On dry stony waste land. Scattered plants of all ages over much of the site. Spreading into abandoned land from old garden. For reference see FNZ (IV): 1099.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 15 Solanaceae

Solanum diflorum Vell. Jerusalem cherry Additional records: CHR 185034, A.J. Healy 68/100, 30 March 1968, Det. A.J. Healey, June 1975, Canterbury, Riccarton, Wainui Street; CHR 466036, A.J. Healy 87/63, 27 April 1987, Canterbury, Christchurch, Ric- carton, Riccarton Bush Reserve; CHR 505692, D. Turpin, 31 May 1995, Canterbury, Motukarara, Park Road. Notes: Wainui St is a single specimen in crevice in concrete gutter channel. Riccarton Bush has plants of all ages common through bush. The Motukarara specimen was spontaneous in a garden, eradicated June 1995. For reference see FNZ (IV): 1244.

CANTERBURY CASUAL RANGE EXTENSIONS OF TAXA FULLY NATURALISED IN NEW ZEALAND

Adiantaceae

Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Additional record: CHR 466031, A.J. Healey 89/29, 20 November 1989, Canterbury, Christchurch, Coronation Hospital Grounds, Cashmere. Notes: Established on walls of drainage sump in asphalt ex. recreational area, and covered by latticed sump cover. For reference see FNZ (IV): 29.

Agavaceae

Agave americana L. century plant Additional record: CHR 536759, P.B. Heenan, 8 February 2000, Canter- bury, Waipara. Notes: ‘Varegata.’ Plants establishing 5-6m away from adult plants. Spread- ing by root suckers. For reference see FNZ (III): 66.

Alismataceae

Alisma plantago-aquatica L. water plantain Additional record: CHR 525887, J. Clarke, 14 February 1965, Canterbury, Lake Ellesmere. Notes: Edge of lake at mouth of drain. For reference see FNZ (III): 34.

Amaryllidaceae

Amaryllis belladonna L. Additional record: CHR 216467, W.R. Sykes 36/71, 2 March 1971, Can- terbury, Lincoln, Ladbrooks Rd.

16 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist Notes: On side of ditch. Probably naturalised from a garden throw-out. Also reported wild on Banks Peninsula by Wilson (1999) without substantiating specimen. For reference see FNZ (III): 70.

Apiaceae

Melanoselinum decipiens (Schrad. et Wendl.) Hoffm. parsnip palm Additional record: CHR 3992427, A.J. Healey 85/90, 12 December 1985, Canterbury, Riccarton, Rattray St. Notes: Spontaneous and now a garden weed. Range of seedlings and im- mature plants: shows very long cotyledons. Also reported wild on Banks Peninsula by Wilson (1999) without substantiating specimen. For reference see FNZ (IV): 134.

Araliaceae

Tetrapanax papyriferus (Hook.) K. Koch Additional record: CHR 591755, D.J. Mahon, 4 April 2007, Canterbury, Christchurch, 453 Montreal St. Notes: Adventive, casual. Several clumps growing out of gravel driveway/carpark. apparently suckers, although no sign of cultivated parents remains. For reference see FNZ (IV): 147.

Asclepiadaceae

Araujia sericifera Brot. moth plant Additional records: CHR 439487, D.H. Percy 332, 17 May 1987, Canter- bury, Christchurch, 138 Gayhurst Rd; CHR 540673, P.B. Heenan, 7 Janu- ary 2001, Canterbury, Christchurch, Westmorland, 53 Ravensdale Rise; CHR 581770, S. Brown, 10 June 2005, Canterbury, Christchurch, 32 Hoon Hay Rd. Notes: Each record is of a single plant, spontaneous in a garden situa- tion. The Westmorland specimen survived over two winters, while the Hoon Hay Rd specimen survived seven years and produced seed pods. For reference see FNZ (IV): 148.

Asparagaceae

Asparagus scandens Thunb. climbing asparagus Additional records: CHR 496486, H.D. Wilson BP537, 16 January 1985, Det. D. Banks, June 1995, Canterbury, Banks Peninsula, Barrys Bay Valley Road, near sea level; CHR 572686, W. Harris, 26 April 2004, Canterbury, Akaroa Domain (Garden of Tane). Notes: Under native second growth trees. Akaroa occurrence grubbed out. For reference see FNZ (III): 52.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 17 Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop asparagus fern Additional record: CHR 118376, A.J. Healy, 28 February 1959, Det. W. Sykes, August 1973, Canterbury, Christchurch, Hagley Park. Notes: Wasteland around dump. Garden outcast, persistent. For reference see FNZ (III): 53.

Asteraceae

Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. chamomile Additional record: CHR 121924, A.J. Healy, 24 April 1958, Det. C.J. Webb, January 1985, Canterbury, Christchurch, Harewood. Notes: Casual: appeared in seed of horticultural plants imported from France. For reference see FNZ (IV): 165.

Cynara scolymus L. Additional record: CHR 468175, R. Mason 13373, 4 February 1978, Det. B.H. Macmillan, October 1990, Canterbury, Gore Bay district. Notes: For reference see FNZ (IV): 313.

Eupatorium cannabinum L. Additional records: CHR 567256, D. Barwick, 7 April 2003, Canterbury, Christchurch, Christchurch Botanic Gardens; CHR 570953, D. Banks, March 2004, Canterbury, Christchurch, Travis Swamp; CHR 572696, D. Banks, 29 January 2004, Canterbury, Christchurch, Travis Swamp. Notes: Casual naturalisation at Botanic Gardens. Garden shrubbery, seedlings and young plants near adult plants. At Travis Swamp growing in manuka area, status unclear. For reference see FNZ (IV): 204; NZJB 37 (4): 630.

Gamochaeta coarctata (Willd.) Kerg. Additional record: CHR 512196, H. Nielsen 10118, 12 December 1994, Det. D.N. Redmond, January 2007, Canterbury, Rakaia River Mouth. Notes: Riverbed. For reference see FNZ (IV): 238.

Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabrera Additional record: CHR 10450, H.H. Allan, January 1919, Det. K.A. Ford, 1998, Eastern South Island, Ashburton. Notes: Grassland. For reference see FNZ (IV): 239 as Gnaphalium purpureum var. purpureum.

Lactuca virosa L. Additional record: CHR 513100, T. Connor, February 1996, Canterbury, Waikari, opposite hotel. Notes: Roadside. For reference see FNZ (IV): 336.

18 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist Roldana petasitis (DC.) H. Rob. & Brettell velvet groundsel Additional record: CHR 464854, F. Begg, 13 July 1989, Canterbury, Christchurch, Balmoral Hill. Notes: Wild in garden flowerbed. Stem c.1m tall. For reference see FNZ (IV): 275 as Senecio petasitis.

Begoniaceae

Begonia Semperflorens–Cultorum hybrids Additional records: CHR 437574, W.R. Sykes 58/86, 23 April 1986, Canterbury, Christchurch, Riccarton Road, near Kirkwood Intermediate School; CHR 570991, H. Greenep, 16 February 2004, Canterbury, Lincoln, Landcare on Gerald Street. Notes: Casual records. Kirkwood Intermediate occurrence in waste place amongst mortar and concrete remains of old garden and house site. Lin- coln occurence self—seeded in ditch. For reference see FNZ (IV): 354.

Berberidaceae

Berberis soulieana Schneider Additional record: CHR 494554, G.J. Kerr, 16 October 1991, South Can- terbury, South of Fairlie, “Strathconan.” Notes: Escaped from planting around tennis court. For reference see FNZ (IV): 356.

Bignoniaceae

Pandorea pandorana (Andrews) Steenis wonga wonga vine Additional record: CHR 479626, H.D. Wilson BP1198, 12 November 1986, Canterbury, Banks Peninsula, Hilltop Road above Barry’s Bay. Notes: On high loess bank topped with känuka, above road. Small sprawling clump, only about 15cm high and 35cm diameter, but flowering abundantly. Does not appear to have been planted. For reference see FNZ (IV): 365.

Brassicaceae

Erysimum cheiranthoides L. treacle mustard Additional record: CHR 517943, W.R. Sykes 479/97, 20 December 1997, Canterbury, Christchurch, Patten Street. Notes: Probably annual. Possibly spontaneous although originally cultivated. For reference see FNZ (IV): 422.

Lepidium densiflorum Schrader miners cress Additional record: CHR 499631, A.J. Healy 91/21, 15 April 1991, Can- terbury, Christchurch, Linwood, Railway Reserve. Notes: Small patch in waste land. For reference see FNZ (IV): 430.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 19 Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera periclymenum L. English honeysuckle Additional records: CHR 479004, W.R. Sykes 4/92, 3 January 1992, Can- terbury, near Birdlings Flat; CHR 574172, B.E.V. Parham 10428, 7 Febru- ary 1967, Canterbury, Riccarton. Notes: Birdlings flat occurrence on old sand dunes, amongst grass. At Riccarton growing in empty section, garden escape. For reference see FNZ (IV): 468.

Clusiaceae

Hypericum henryi A. Lev. et Vaniot subsp. henryi Additional record: CHR 541824, D. Rooney, February 2001, South Can- terbury, N.W. of Geraldine, Te Moana Gorge. Notes: For reference see FNZ (IV): 540.

Cyperaceae

Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Additional record: CHR 542690, K. McCombs, 21 December 1999, Can- terbury, Christchurch, Clearwater Resort (near the Groynes). Notes: For reference see FNZ (III): 160.

Cyperus albostriatus Schrad. Additional records: CHR 461159, A.J. Healy 88/16, 23 February 1988, Canterbury, Christchurch, Riccarton; CHR 572930, R.S. Wynn-Williams 28/2/3, 15 March 1971, Canterbury, Timaru. Notes: At Riccarton occasional clumps in bulldozed wasteland. For reference see FNZ (III): 184.

Dryopteridaceae

Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl holly fern Additional record: CHR 421291, G.P. Paltridge, 27 June 1986, Canterbury, Christchurch, Heathcote dump (dumped). Notes: Found in refuse from a private garden, had been cultivated. Fully naturalised in the northern North Island, this is a single casual record for Canterbury. For reference see FNZ (IV): 18.

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia amygdaloides L. Additional record: CHR 536768, P. Heenan, 20 January 2000, Canterbury, Christchurch, Westmorland, 53 Ravensdale Rise.

20 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist Notes: Garden, amongst cultivated plants. Numerous plants self—seeding from original plant, spreading onto a nearby dry bank. For reference see NZJB 33 (2): 164.

Fabaceae

Acacia floribunda Vent. gossamer wattle Additional records: CHR 497404, A.J. Healy 94/48, 28 February 1994, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, Railways workshop site; CHR 511755, W.R. Sykes 456/96, 8 October 1996, Canterbury, Christchurch, Addington, old Railway yard. Notes: Stony dry wasteland in corner near junction of Foster and Lowe Sts. Several colonies of seedlings have arisen from 2 small originally planted trees. Cracks in old concrete platforms. A number of plants re- generating from nearby planted parents. For reference see FNZ (IV): 706 as Racosperma floribundum.

Acacia paradoxa DC. Additional record: CHR 483972, W.R. Sykes 300/93, 2 November 1993, Canterbury, Banks Peninsula, Charteris Bay, Orton Bradley Estate. Notes: Scrub around old plantation margin, presumably adventive. For reference see FNZ (IV): 709 as Racosperma paradoxum.

Trifolium hirtum All. rose clover Additional record: CHR 325216, J.G. White, 20 November 1979, Canter- bury, Courtney. Notes: On old Waimakariri River flats. Contaminate of seed from Australia. For reference see FNZ (IV): 686, which lists one known site only, roadside in Bay View, Hawke’s Bay. This record was presumably considered casual by Webb et al. (1988).

Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet Additional record: CHR 437387, W.R. Sykes, 19 March 1987, Canterbury, Christchurch, Riccarton Road, near Kirkwood Intermediate School. Notes: Waste area, originally a dwelling site but bulldozed over. A number of woody plants, originating from cultivated vine, now on level, open ground and spreading by underground roots or layers. For reference see FNZ (IV): 686.

Iridaceae

Iris spuria L. Additional records: CHR 309887, A.J. Healy, B.E.V. Parham, 10 February, 1966, North Canterbury, Tuahiwi; CHR 473657, W.R. Sykes 252/90, 2 December 1990, Canterbury, Banks Peninsula, Charteris Bay; CHR 474622, W.R. Sykes, 11 October 1991, North Canterbury, Tuahiwi (apparently grown on from collection of CHR 309887).

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 21 Notes: In horse paddock at Tuahiwi and roadside ditch at Charteris Bay. For reference see FNZ (III): 130.

Romulea rosea (L.) Ecklon onion grass Additional record: CHR 466489, W.R. Sykes 612, 8 December 1989, Can- terbury, Christchurch, 188 Peterborough Street. Notes: Clay bank with clumps of introduced bulbous adventives. For reference see FNZ (III): 132.

Sparaxis tricolor (Schneev.) Ker Gawl. Additional record: CHR 494662, A.J. Healy 90/32, 27 October 1990, Can- terbury, Christchurch, Riccarton, Riccarton House grounds. Notes: Several colonies established in Allium triquetrum, Iris foetidissima and Ranunculus ficaria bank. For reference see FNZ (III): 136.

Juncaceae

Juncus fockei Buchenau Additional record: CHR 494742, K. McCombs, 28 April 1993, Canterbury, Englefield Reserve. Notes: Riparian. Status unclear. For reference see FNZ (III): 103.

Lamiaceae

Leonurus cardiaca L. motherwort Additional records: CHR 461168, D. Rooney, 29 November 1988, Can- terbury, Hororata.; CHR 565542, J. Holland, 6 March 2003, Canterbury, Leeston, 31 Flannery Street. Notes: Adventive in gardens. For reference see FNZ (IV): 775.

Malvaceae

Malva moschata L. musk mallow Additional records: CHR 581754, M.G. Macale, 1946, Canterbury, Lincoln College; CHR 490145, A.J. Healy 95/13, 12 January 1995, Canterbury, Christchurch, Colombo Street near Bealey Avenue, site of demolished Saint Mary’s Covent School. Notes: In vegetable garden at Lincoln. Bealey Ave occurrence is f. alba, growing in waste land. For reference see FNZ (IV): 831.

Oleaceae

Fraxinus ornus L. Additional records: CHR 518492, C.D. Meurk, 1 November 1998, Can- terbury, Christchurch, Burnside, Wayside Drive; CHR 574302, A.M. Don-

22 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist nelly, 8 April 2005, Canterbury, Christchurch, Botanic Gardens, by carpark NW area. Notes: At Burnside, seedlings and saplings up to 50m away in adjacent gardens, very dense young seedlings within 10m of parent. At the Botanic Gardens a single seedling was growing amongst a native border, bark surface. For reference see NZJB 33 (2): 172; NZJB 37 (4): 641.

Ligustrum sinense Lour. Chinese privet Additional record: CHR 234959, A.J. Healy 75/60, 18 February 1975, Canterbury, Riccarton, Matipo Street. Notes: In crack in concrete gutter channel. For reference see FNZ (IV): 880.

Syringa vulgaris L. lilac Additional record: CHR 477917, R.P. Buxton, 20 October 1991, Canter- bury, Banks Peninsula, Port Levy. Notes: Steep grassy bank below road. Probably naturalised from garden rubbish. For reference see FNZ (IV): 882.

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis hirta L. hairy oxalis Additional record: CHR 574148, C.D. Whatman, 21 July 1969, Canterbury, Ashburton, Pages Rd. Notes: Garden. For reference see FNZ (IV): 919.

Phytolaccaceae

Phytolacca americana L. Additional record: CHR 504928, P.B. Heenan, 13 March 2000, Canterbury, Christchurch, Christchurch Botanic Gardens. Notes: Self—seeding in garden shrubbery (Hydrangea border). Natural- ised. For reference see FNZ (IV): 940.

Poaceae

Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. smooth summer grass Additional records: CHR 518526, A. Blake, March 1998, Canterbury, Christchurch, North New Brighton, 39 Leveret Place. Notes: In lawn. For reference see FNZ (V): 541.

Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. Chinese pennisetum Additional record: CHR 565540, P. Crotty, 1 April 2003, South Canter- bury, Temuka, Milford-Clandeboye Road, right hand side of road heading east. Notes: Roadside. For reference see FNZ (V): 573.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 23 Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov. fountain grass Additional record: CHR 541214, S. Brown, 21 July 2000, Canterbury, Christchurch, Cashmere, Woodlau Rise. Notes: Vacant section. For reference see FNZ (V): 578.

Phyllostachys aurea Additional record: CHR 127483, A. J. Healey 63/99, 26 February 1963, Det. W.R. Sykes, October 1992, Canterbury, Tai Tapu, “Otahuna.” Notes: Clumps in shrubbery. For reference see FNZ (V): 26.

Spartina × townsendii H. Groves et J. Groves Additional record: CHR 126810, R. Mason 9559, 4 January 1963, Canter- bury, New Brighton Estuary. Notes: Soft mud. No longer present, replaced by Spartina anglica or eradicated. For reference see FNZ (V): 514.

Polemoniaceae

Polemonium caeruleum L. Jacob’s ladder Additional record: CHR 418004, W.R. Sykes 6/85, 16 January 1985, Can- terbury, Christchurch, Kilmore Street. Notes: Garden, spontaneous plants beside vegetable patch. For reference see FNZ (IV): 961.

Polygalaceae

Polygala myrtifolia L. sweet pea shrub Additional record: CHR 574464, W.R. Sykes 135/00, 6 July 2000, Canter- bury, Banks Peninsula, Diamond Harbour, Ashley Arnold Reserve. Notes: Scrub of mainly adventives. Only 1 plant seen, almost certainly spontaneous. For reference see FNZ (IV): 963.

Rumex sagittatus Thunb. climbing dock Additional records: CHR 399243, A.J. Healy 85/92, 12 December 1985, Canterbury, Riccarton, Rattray Street; CHR 385669, A.J. Healy 86/10, 2 February 1986, Canterbury, Riccarton, Rattray Street; CHR 398085, A.J. Healy 86/29, 11 May 1986, Canterbury, Christchurch, Riccarton, Rattray Street; CHR 399216, A.J. Healy 86/1, 1 January 1986, Canterbury, Ric- carton, Rattray Street. Notes: All specimens from same site. Spontaneous in vegetable garden. For reference see FNZ (IV): 985.

24 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist Rosaceae

Cotoneaster frigidus Lindl. Additional records: CHR 513033, W.R. Sykes 113/96, 19 April 1996, Can- terbury, Port Hills, Victoria Park; CHR 513500, W.R. Sykes 184/97, 8 May 1997, Canterbury, Banks Peninsula, Port Hills, Victoria Park. Notes: Old shrubbery, near track, amongst taller trees. Small tree a few metres high, crowded amongst other shrubs. Presumably spontaneous. For reference see FNZ (IV): 1070.

Rhaphiolepis umbellata (Thunb.) Makino sexton’s bridge Additional record: CHR 546250, P.B. Heenan, 20 July 2001, Canterbury, Christchurch, Durham Street. Notes: Seedlings established around the margin of parent plants. For reference see FNZ (IV): 1102.

Scrophulariaceae

Euphrasia nemorosa (Pers.) Wallr. European eyebright Additional record: CHR 508209, H.D. Wilson BP1461, 5 February 1994, Canterbury, Banks Peninsula, Long Bay Road, southeast of Cabstand. Notes: Mowed grassy roadside on shady bend fringed with second-growth native trees. For reference see FNZ (IV): 1185.

Phygelius capensis Benth. in Hook. Cape fuchsia Additional record: CHR 513274, W.R. Sykes 134/97, 26 February 1997, North Canterbury, near Omihi, main road. Notes: Adventive. In garden cypress hedge. Extending for some metres along hedge. For reference see FNZ (IV): 1201.

Verbenaceae

Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb. Additional record: CHR 418803, W.R. Sykes 16/84, 18 February 1984, Canterbury, Christchurch, Bealey Ave. Notes: In garden driveway, adventive. Arising as sucker on other side of shingle drive from parent. For reference see FNZ (IV): 1273.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 25 CANTERBURY RANGE EXTENSIONS OF MINOR AND ZETA RECORDS (CASUAL TAXA)

Aizoaceae

× Carpophyma G.Rowley Carpobrotus aequilaterus × Disphyma australe Additional record: CHR 215229, J.B. Moss, October 1970, Canterbury, Christchurch, end of Linwood Ave (canal reserve). Notes: Det. July 1998. Growing on embankment within 50yds of CHR 215229 Carpobrotus aequilaterus and CHR 215228 Disphyma australe. Listed in Howell & Sawyer (2006) as “fully naturalised,” in error. For reference see FNZ (IV): 95.

Apocynaceae

Mandevilla laxa (Ruiz & Pav.) Woodson Additional record: CHR 573480, D. Barwick, 2 February 2005, Canter- bury, Christchurch, Christchurch Botanic Gardens, along boundary with Christs College. Notes: 100 seedlings beneath parent plant covering the fence line between Christs College and Christchurch Botanic Gardens. No seedlings had been seen prior to December 2004. Seed production and extensive vegetative growth appear to have been assisted by hot and humid con- ditions of early 2005. Casual naturalisation. For reference see NZJB 40 (2): 161.

Araceae

Zantedschia albomaculata (Hook. f.) Baillon Additional record: CHR 461160, A.J. Healy 88/3, 13 January 1988, Can- terbury, Riccarton Bush. Notes: Marginal in bush, scattered plants from tubers tossed from adjacent section. For reference see FNZ (III): 78.

Asphodelaceae

Aloe ciliaris Haw. Additional record: CHR 483751, W.R. Sykes 160/93, 10 April 1993, Can- terbury, Banks Peninsula, Diamond Harbour, beneath Te Ara Crescent Notes: Amongst scrub on steep west-facing slope. Adventive. Originated from garden above. For reference see Ogle 2005.

26 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist Asteraceae

Echinops ritro L. Additional record: CHR 475235, S. Brown, 23 January 1992, Canterbury, Rangiora. Notes: Adventive in garden. For reference see FNZ (IV): 316.

Campanulaceae

Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix. Additional record: CHR 519709, D. Rooney, March/April 1999, Canter- bury, Hawkins Road, Hororata, D. Rooney’s garden. Notes: Spontaneous, never cultivated. For reference see NZJB 40 (2): 162; NZJB 42 (5): 811.

Celastraceae

Euonymus pendulus Wall. Additional records: CHR 567236, D. Barwick, P.B. Heenan, 21 July 2003, Canterbury, Christchurch, Botanic Gardens. Notes: Garden shrubbery, scattered seedlings underneath adult plant. Casual naturalisation. For reference see NZJB 36 (2): 159.

Cistaceae

Cistus salvifolius L. Additional records: CHR 481061, J. Sheppard GM52/29, 9 December 1992, Canterbury, Christchurch, Victoria Park. Notes: Adventive. Bank near track, beneath semi-wild scrub. For reference see FNZ (IV): 537; NZJB 36 (2): 161.

Fabaceae

Dorycnium hirsutum Sér. Additional records: CHR 188593, W.R. Sykes 471/68, 23 December 1968, Canterbury, Prebbleton; CHR 540662, P.B. Heenan, 12 January 2001, Can- terbury, Lincoln, Landcare Research, East Block. Notes: Spontaneous plant on cultivated ground at Prebbleton. Spreading colony from experimental planting of dryland plants at Lincoln. For reference see NZJB 36 (2): 159.

Gleditsia triacanthos L. Additional records: CHR 518467, P.B. Heenan, P.J. de Lange, 9 February 1999, Canterbury, Addington Stock yards.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 27 Notes: Wasteland. Stem/leaves from a 1.5m tall sapling growing under a 6m tall adult tree. For reference see NZJB 36 (2):159; NZJB 42 (5): 811.

Iridaceae

Lapeirousia laxa (Thunb.) N.E.Br. Additional records: CHR 460265, P. Douglass BG76, D. Banks, 11 March 1988, Canterbury, Christchurch Botanical Gardens. Notes: Painted petals. Growing under juniper in rock garden. For reference see FNZ (III): 119.

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia sieboldii K.Koch Additional record: CHR 546229, P.B. Heenan, R. Edwards, 20 April 2001, Canterbury, Lincoln, Lincoln University Gardens. Notes: Adventive. Occasional plants established in the magnolia garden from an established tree. For reference see NZJB 40 (2): 163.

Rosaceae

Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. subsp. ulmaria Additional record: CHR 586893, D.J. Mahon, 7 February 2007, Canter- bury, Lees Valley, De Bourbles homestead. Notes: Single sprawling plant, apparently growing from garden dumping on bank with flax, Lythrum salicaria, and other weedy species. For reference see FNZ (IV): 1079.

Spiraea × billiardii Herincq. Additional record: CHR 537524, A. Sheperd, 6 December 2000, Canter- bury, Arthur’s Pass township (village), from a hedge at the end of Sun- shine Cresent. Notes: Appears to be spreading. For reference see FNZ (IV): 1140; NZJB 40 (2): 170.

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix parviflora DC. Additional record: CHR 98643, A.J. Healy 56/293, 31 October 1956, Det. W.R. Sykes, January 1999, Canterbury, Ashburton River, SE of town. Notes: River bed, waste land. Occasional plants, mixed sizes, spontaneous. For reference see FNZ (IV): 1254.

28 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist Theaceae

Camellia japonica L. Additional record: CHR 591753, D.J. Mahon, 4 April 2007, Canterbury, Christchurch, The Lyndhurst Hospital, 440 Montreal St. Notes: Adventive, casual. Many “seedlings” and “saplings” amongst shrubbery apparently all suckers, despite prolific production of seed cap- sules on cultivated plants. For reference see NZJB 33 (2): 180; NZJB 40 (2):170.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I acknowledge Clayson Howell and John Sawyer for the use of their data, upon which this checklist is based. Also the friendly and helpful staff of the Allan Herbarium for their assistance and provision of data.

REFERENCES de Lange, P.J.; Gardner, R.O.; Sykes, W.R.; Crowcroft, G.M.; Cameron, E.K.; Stalker, F.; Christian, M.L.; Braggins, J.E. 2005: Vascular flora of Norfolk Island: some additions and taxonomic notes. New Zealand Journal of Botany 43: 563–596. Edgar, E.; Connor, H.E. 1999: Flora of New Zealand Volume V: Grasses. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln.

Ford, K. 1997. Lantana camara. Weed Identification News 21. Gardner, R.O.; de Lange, P.J. 1996: Naturalised plants in New Zealand: new or noteworthy records. Auckland Botanical Society Journal. 51: 74–71.

Healy, A.J. 2000: Adventive species new for New Zealand. New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter 60: 16. Healy, A.J.; Edgar, E. 1980: Flora of New Zealand Volume III. P.D. Hasselberg, Government Printer, Wellington.

Heenan, P.B.; Breitwieser, I.; Glenny, D.S.; de Lange, P.J.; Brownsey, P.J. 1998: Checklist of dicotyledons and pteridophytes naturalised or casual in New Zealand: additional records 1994–1996. New Zealand Journal of Botany 36: 155–162. Heenan, P.B.; de Lange, P.J.; Glenny, D.S.; Brietwieser, I.; Brownsey, P.J.; Ogle, C.C. 1999: Checklist of dicotyledons, gymnosperms, and pteridophytes naturalised or casual in New Zealand: additional records 1997–1998. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 629–642.

Heenan, P.B.; de Lange, P.J.; Cameron, E.K.; Champion, P.D. 2002: Checklist of dicotyledons, gymnosperms, and pteridophytes naturalised or casual in New Zealand: additional records 1999–2000. New Zealand Journal of Botany 40: 155–174. Heenan, P.B.; de Lange, P. J.; Cameron, E.K.; Ogle, C.C.; Champion, P.D. 2004: Checklist of dicotyledons, gymnosperms, and pteridophytes naturalised of casual in New Zealand: additional records 2001–2003. New Zealand Journal of Botany 42: 797–814.

Heenan, P.B.; Fitzjohn, R.G.; Dawson, M.I. 2004: Diversity of Brassica (Brassicaceae) species naturalised in Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 42: 815– 832.

Howell, C.J.; Sawyer, J.W.D. 2006: New Zealand Naturalised Vascular Plant Checklist. New

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 29 Zealand Plant Conservation Network, Wellington.

Ogle, C.C. 2005: Adventive plants collected in the Wanganui Conservancy of the New Zealand Department of Conservation, 1988 – present. Department of Conservation.

Perrie, L.R.; Shepherd, L.D.; Brownsey, P.J. 2005: Asplenium × lucrosum nothsp. nov.: a sterile hybrid widely and erroneously cultivated as “Asplenium bulbiferum”. Plant Systematics and Evolution 250: 243–257.

Sykes, W.R. 2004: Two New Adventive reports. New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter 75: 13–14. Sykes, W.R. 2005: Notes on Euphorbia and Crassula with a revised key to the latter wild in New Zealand. New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter 79: 8–16. Webb, C.J.; Sykes, W.R.; Garnock-Jones, P.J. 1988: Flora of New Zealand Volume IV: Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. Botany Division, D.S.I.R., Christchurch.

Webb, C.J.; Sykes, W.R.; Garnock-Jones, P.J.; Brownsey, P.J. 1995: Checklist of dicotyledons, gymnosperms, and pteridophytes naturalised or casual in New Zealand: additional records 1988–1993. New Zealand Journal of Botany 33: 151–182. Wilson, H.D. 1999: Naturalised Vascular Plants on Banks Peninsula. Canterbury Botanical Society, Christchurch.

30 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist CANTERBURY NATURALISED VASCULAR PLANT CHECKLIST

TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY ×Agropogon littoralis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 242 Fully naturalised ×Schedolium holmbergii Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 206 as ×Schedololium Fully naturalised holmbergii; CHR 83358 Abies grandis Pinaceae GY NZJB 33 (2): 154; NZJB 37 (4): Fully naturalised 638 Abies nordmanniana Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 47; NZJB 40 (2): 170 Fully naturalised Abutilon theophrasti Malvaceae OD FNZ (IV): 823 Fully naturalised Acacia baileyana Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 704 as Racosperma Fully naturalised baileyanum Acacia dealbata Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 705 as Racospermum Fully naturalised dealbatum Acacia elata Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 706 as Racosperma Fully naturalised elatum Acacia floribunda Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 706 as Racosperma Casual F floribundum; q.v.: 21 Acacia mearnsii Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 707 as Racosperma Fully naturalised mearnsii Acacia melanoxylon Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 708 as Racosperma Fully naturalised melanoxylon Acacia paradoxa Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 709 as Racosperma Casual F paradoxum; q.v.: 21 Acacia pravissima Fabaceae DT NZJB 40 (2): 162; NZJB 42 (5): Casual 811 Acacia verticillata Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 709 as Racosperma Fully naturalised verticillatum Acaena agnipila var. Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1056 Fully naturalised aequispina Acaena agnipila var. Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1056 Fully naturalised protenta Acaena agnipila var. Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1058 Fully naturalised tenuispica Acanthus mollis Acanthaceae OD FNZ (IV): 87; CHR 153084 Fully naturalised Acer cappadocicum Aceraceae DT NZJB 40 (2): 160 Casual O Acer negundo var. negundo Aceraceae DT FNZ (IV): 89 Fully naturalised Acer pseudoplatanus Aceraceae DT FNZ (IV): 89; CHR 51030 Fully naturalised Achillea filipendulina Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 156 Casual O Achillea millefolium Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 156 Fully naturalised Achillea nobilis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 156 Casual O Achnatherum caudatum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 65 Fully naturalised O Acinos arvensis Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 765 Fully naturalised Aconitum napellus Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1002 Casual O (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 31 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Actinidia deliciosa Actinidiaceae DL FNZ (IV): 90 Fully naturalised Adiantum capillus-veneris Adiantaceae FE FNZ (IV): 29; q.v.: 16 Casual F Aegopodium podagraria Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 115 Fully naturalised Aeonium × floribundum Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 563; NZJB 36 (2): Casual 161; NZJB 40 (2): 168 Aeonium × velutinum Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 568 Fully naturalised Aeonium arboreum Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 564 Fully naturalised Aeonium haworthii Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 564 Fully naturalised Aeonium haworthii hybrids Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 565 Fully naturalised O Aeonium undulatum Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 566 Fully naturalised Aesculus hippocastanum Hippocastanaceae DT FNZ (IV): 756 Fully naturalised O Agapanthus praecox subsp. Alliaceae OM FNZ (III): 47 as Agapanthus Fully naturalised orientalis orientalis Agastache foeniculum Lamiaceae OD NZJB 42 (5): 807 Casual O Agave americana Agavaceae OM FNZ (III): 66; q.v.: 16 Casual F Agrostemma githago Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 476; NZJB 37 (4): 639 Casual Agrostis capillaris Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 227; CHR 437804 Fully naturalised Agrostis castellana Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 228 Fully naturalised Agrostis gigantea Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 231; q.v.: 15 Fully naturalised Agrostis stolonifera Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 240; CHR 468887 Fully naturalised Ailanthus altissima Simaroubaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1215 Fully naturalised Aira caryophyllea subsp. Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 295; CHR 437157 Fully naturalised O caryophyllea Aira elegans Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 295 Fully naturalised Aira praecox Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 296 Fully naturalised Ajuga reptans Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 766; CHR 254699 Fully naturalised Akebia quinata Lardizabalaceae DL FNZ (IV): 800 Fully naturalised Alcea rosea Malvaceae OD FNZ (IV): 825; NZJB 40 (2):172 Fully naturalised Alchemilla gracilis Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1064 Fully naturalised O Alisma lanceolatum Alismataceae OM FNZ (III): 33 Fully naturalised Alisma plantago-aquatica Alismataceae OM FNZ (III): 34; q.v.: 16 Casual F Alliaria petiolata Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 399 Casual O Allium cepa Alliaceae OM FNZ (III): 48; CHR 123117 Casual Allium neapolitanum Alliaceae OM FNZ (III): 48 Fully naturalised Allium roseum subsp. Alliaceae OM FNZ (III): 49 Fully naturalised bulbiferum Allium triquetrum Alliaceae OM FNZ (III): 49 Fully naturalised Alnus glutinosa Betulaceae DT FNZ (IV): 360; CHR 540533 Fully naturalised Alnus viridis Betulaceae DT FNZ (IV): 360; CHR 518456 Fully naturalised Aloe ciliaris Asphodelaceae OM Ogle 2005; q.v.: 26 Casual Aloe maculata Asphodelaceae OM FNZ (III): 51 as Aloe saponaria Fully naturalised Alopecurus aequalis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 243; CHR 9554 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

32 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Alopecurus geniculatus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 244; CHR 420902 Fully naturalised Alopecurus myosuroides Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 245 Casual O Alopecurus pratensis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 244 Fully naturalised Alstroemeria aurea Alstroemeriaceae OM FNZ (III): 63 as Alstroemeria Fully naturalised aurantiaca Alyssum alyssoides Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 400 Fully naturalised Amaranthus albus Amaranthaceae OD FNZ (IV): 103 Fully naturalised Amaranthus caudatus Amaranthaceae OD FNZ (IV): 103 Fully naturalised Amaranthus cruentus Amaranthaceae OD FNZ (IV): 104 Fully naturalised Amaranthus deflexus Amaranthaceae OD FNZ (IV): 104 Fully naturalised Amaranthus graecizans Amaranthaceae OD FNZ (IV): 105 Fully naturalised Amaranthus hybridus var. Amaranthaceae OD FNZ (IV): 106; CHR 472573 Fully naturalised erythrostachys Amaranthus lividus Amaranthaceae OD FNZ (IV): 106; CHR 494565 Fully naturalised Amaranthus powellii Amaranthaceae OD FNZ (IV): 107; CHR 479761 Fully naturalised Amaranthus retroflexus Amaranthaceae OD FNZ (IV): 107; CHR 439460 Fully naturalised Amaryllis belladonna Amaryllidaceae OM FNZ (III): 70; q.v.: 16 Casual* F Ambrosia artemisiifolia Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 209 Fully naturalised Amelanchier lamarckii Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1052; NZJB 36 (2): Casual 162; NZJB 37 (4): 641 Ammi majus Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 116 Fully naturalised Ammobium alatum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 231 Casual O Ammophila arenaria Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 246 Fully naturalised Amsinckia calycina Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 369 Fully naturalised Anagallis arvensis subsp. Primulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 993; CHR 217899 Fully naturalised arvensis var. arvensis Anagallis arvensis subsp. Primulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 993 Fully naturalised arvensis var. coerulea Anchusa barrelieri Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 370 Fully naturalised O Anemone × hybrida Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1003 Fully naturalised Angelica pachycarpa Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 117 Fully naturalised Anredera cordifolia Basellaceae DL FNZ (IV): 352 Fully naturalised Anthemis arvensis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 158 Fully naturalised Anthemis cotula Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 158 Fully naturalised Anthemis punctata subsp. Asteraceae DC NZJB 33 (2): 156 Casual O cupaniana Anthemis tinctoria Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 158; NZJB 36 (2): Casual 161; NZJB 37 (4): 638 Anthoxanthum aristatum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 339 Fully naturalised Anthoxanthum odoratum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 340; CHR 420910 Fully naturalised Anthriscus caucalis Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 117 Fully naturalised * Reported wild on Banks Peninsula by Wilson (1999). (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 33 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Anthyllis vulneraria Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 641 Casual Antirrhinum majus Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1179 Fully naturalised Antirrhinum orontium Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1180; CHR 494568 Fully naturalised Aphanes arvensis Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1066 Fully naturalised Aphanes australiana Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1066 Fully naturalised Aphanes inexspectata Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1067; CHR 482799 Fully naturalised Apium graveolens Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 119 Fully naturalised Aponogeton distachyus Aponogetonaceae OM FNZ (III): 34 Fully naturalised Aptenia cordifolia Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 93 Fully naturalised Aquilegia vulgaris Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1004 Fully naturalised Arabidopsis thaliana Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 401 Fully naturalised Aralia californica Araliaceae OD NZJB 42 (5): 803 Casual O Araujia sericifera Asclepiadaceae DL FNZ (IV): 148; q.v.: 17 Casual F Arbutus unedo Ericaceae DT FNZ (IV): 607; CHR 473428 Fully naturalised Arctium lappa Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 297 Fully naturalised Arctium minus subsp. Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 298 Fully naturalised minus Arctium minus subsp. Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 298 Casual pubens Arctotheca calendula Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 292 Fully naturalised Arctotis stoechadifolia Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 293 Fully naturalised Arenaria serpyllifolia Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 476 Fully naturalised Argemone ochroleuca Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 927 Fully naturalised Argyranthemum frutescens Asteraceae DT FNZ (IV): 161 Fully naturalised Armeria alliacea Plumbaginaceae OD NZJB 36 (2): 160 Casual O Armoracia rusticana Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 402; CHR 83294 Fully naturalised Arrhenatherum elatius Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 301; CHR 5060 Fully naturalised subsp. bulbosum Arrhenatherum elatius Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 300; CHR 254734 Fully naturalised subsp. elatius Artemisia absinthium Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 162 Fully naturalised Artemisia verlotiorum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 163 Fully naturalised Arum italicum Araceae OM FNZ (III): 76 Fully naturalised Arundo donax Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 419; CHR 417213 Fully naturalised Asparagus asparagoides Asparagaceae ML FNZ (III): 51 Fully naturalised Asparagus officinalis Asparagaceae OM FNZ (III): 52 Fully naturalised Asparagus scandens Asparagaceae ML FNZ (III): 52; q.v.: 17 Casual F Asparagus setaceus Asparagaceae ML FNZ (III): 53; q.v.: 18 Casual F Asperula orientalis Rubiaceae OD NZJB 40 (2): 166 Casual O Asphodelus fistulosus Asphodelaceae OM FNZ (III): 53; q.v.: 11 Fully naturalised Aster amellus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 179 Casual O Aster lanceolatus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 179 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

34 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Aster novi-belgii hybrids Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 180; CHR 437572 Fully naturalised Aster subulatus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 181; q.v.: 11 Fully naturalised Athyrium filix-femina Dryopteridaceae FE FNZ (IV): 16 Fully naturalised O Atriplex hortensis Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 518 Fully naturalised Atriplex patula Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 519; CHR 572801 Fully naturalised Atriplex prostrata Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 519; CHR 466926 Fully naturalised Atriplex rosea Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 520; q.v.: 13 Fully naturalised Atropa bella-donna Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1217 Fully naturalised O Aucuba japonica Aucubaceae DT NZJB 40 (2): 162 Casual O Austrostipa bigeniculata Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 71 Fully naturalised O Austrostipa flavescens Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 72 Fully naturalised O Austrostipa nodosa Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 74 Fully naturalised Austrostipa scabra Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 76 Fully naturalised Austrostipa stuposa Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 78 Fully naturalised O Avena byzantina Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 306 Casual O Avena fatua Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 303 Fully naturalised Avena sativa Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 304; CHR 172539 Fully naturalised Avena sterillis subsp. Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 305 Fully naturalised ludoviciana Avena strigosa Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 306 Fully naturalised Azara microphylla Flacourtiaceae DT FNZ (IV): 714 Fully naturalised Baccharis halimifolia Asteraceae DT FNZ (IV): 182 Fully naturalised O Barbarea intermedia Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 403 Fully naturalised Barbarea stricta Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 403 Fully naturalised Barbarea verna Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 403 Fully naturalised Barbarea vulgaris Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 404 Fully naturalised Begonia Semperflorens- Begoniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 354; q.v.: 19 Casual F Cultorum hybrids Bellis perennis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 182; CHR 495185 Fully naturalised Berberis darwinii Berberidaceae DT FNZ (IV): 355 Fully naturalised Berberis glaucocarpa Berberidaceae DT FNZ (IV): 356 Fully naturalised Berberis soulieana Berberidaceae DT FNZ (IV): 356; q.v.: 19 Casual F Berberis vulgaris Berberidaceae DT FNZ (IV): 357 Fully naturalised Berberis wilsonae Berberidaceae DT FNZ (IV): 357 Fully naturalised Beta vulgaris subsp. Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 521; CHR 91486 Fully naturalised vulgaris Betula pendula Betulaceae DT FNZ (IV): 361; CHR 477881 Fully naturalised Bidens frondosa Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 210 Fully naturalised Bomarea caldasii Alstroemeriaceae ML FNZ (III): 62 as Bomarea Fully naturalised multiflora; q.v.: 11 Borago officinalis Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 370; CHR 479640 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 35 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Brassica juncea var. juncea Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 405 as Brassica Fully naturalised juncea; NZJB 42 (4): 822 Brassica napus × B. rapa Brassicaceae OD NZJB 42 (4): 827 Casual O Brassica napus var. Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 406 as Brassica Casual O napobrassica napus; NZJB 42 (4): 824 Brassica napus var. napus Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 406 as Brassica Fully naturalised napus; NZJB 42 (4): 824 Brassica nigra Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 406 Casual* Brassica oleracea var. Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 406 as Brassica Fully naturalised acephala oleracea subsp. oleracea; NZJB 42 (4): 825 Brassica oleracea var. Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 406 as Brassica Casual O gongylodes oleracea subsp. oleracea; NZJB 42 (4): 825 Brassica rapa var. chinensis Brassicaceae OD NZJB 33 (2): 159 as Brassica Fully naturalised rapa subsp. chinensis; NZJB 42 (4): 825 Brassica rapa var. chinensis Brassicaceae OD NZJB 42 (4): 827 Casual O × B. rapa var. oleifera Brassica rapa var. glabra Brassicaceae OD NZJB 42 (4): 826 Fully naturalised O Brassica rapa var. oleifera Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 407 as Brassica rapa Fully naturalised subsp. sylvestris; NZJB 42 (4): 826 Brassica rapa var. rapa Brassicaceae OD NZJB 42 (4): 826 Fully naturalised O Brassica rapa var. rapa × B. Brassicaceae OD NZJB 42 (4): 826 Fully naturalised O rapa var. glabra Brassica tournefortii Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 408 Fully naturalised Briza maxima Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 88 Fully naturalised Briza media Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 89 Fully naturalised O Briza minor Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 90; CHR 479528 Fully naturalised Bromus brevis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 360 Fully naturalised Bromus commutatus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 361 Fully naturalised Bromus diandrus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 362; CHR 512121 Fully naturalised Bromus hordeaceus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 363; CHR 482723 Fully naturalised Bromus lithobius Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 364 Fully naturalised Bromus racemosus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 366 Fully naturalised Bromus secalinus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 372 Casual O Bromus sitchensis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 366 Fully naturalised O Bromus stamineus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 367 Fully naturalised Bromus sterilis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 368; CHR 567160 Fully naturalised Bromus tectorum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 368 Fully naturalised Bromus valdivianus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 369 Fully naturalised Bromus willdenowii Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 370; CHR 494647 Fully naturalised *As “fully naturalised” in Howell & Sawyer (2006) in error. (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

36 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Buddleja davidii Buddlejaceae DT FNZ (IV): 448; CHR 497660 Fully naturalised Bulbine semibarbata Asphodelaceae OM FNZ (III): 47 as Bulbinopsis Casual O semibarbata Bupleurum subovatum Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 121 Fully naturalised Bupleurum tenuissimum Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 121 Fully naturalised O Buxus microphylla subsp. Buxaceae DT NZJB 42 (5): 805 Casual O sinica Buxus sempervirens Buxaceae DT FNZ (IV): 451 Fully naturalised Cakile edentula var. Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 409; CHR 439041 Fully naturalised edentula Calandrinia compressa Portulacaceae OD FNZ (IV): 988 Fully naturalised Calandrinia menziesii Portulacaceae OD FNZ (IV): 989 Fully naturalised Calendula officinalis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 200 Fully naturalised Callistephus chinensis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 186 Fully naturalised Callitriche stagnalis Callitrichaceae OD FNZ (IV): 455; CHR 418504 Fully naturalised Calluna vulgaris Ericaceae DT FNZ (IV): 607 Fully naturalised Calotis lappulacea Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 187 Fully naturalised Caltha palustris Ranunculaceae OD NZJB 40 (2): 166 Casual Calystegia silvatica Convolvulaceae DL FNZ (IV): 549 Fully naturalised Camelina alyssum Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 410 Fully naturalised O Camellia japonica Theaceae DT NZJB 33 (2): 180; NZJB 40 Casual (2):170; q.v.: 29 Campanula medium Campanulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 458 Fully naturalised Campanula poscharskyana Campanulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 460 Fully naturalised Campanula rapunculoides Campanulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 460; CHR 533136 Fully naturalised Campanula rotundifolia Campanulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 460 Fully naturalised Campsis × tagliabuana Bignoniaceae DL NZJB 33 (2): 158 Fully naturalised Cannabis sativa Cannabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 462 Fully naturalised Capsella bursa-pastoris Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 410; CHR 518592 Fully naturalised Cardamine flexuosa Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 412 Fully naturalised Cardaria draba subsp. Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 417; CHR 574187 Fully naturalised draba Cardiocrinum giganteum Liliaceae OM FNZ (III): 47 Casual Carduus acanthoides Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 299 Fully naturalised Carduus nutans Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 299 Fully naturalised Carduus pycnocephalus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 300 Fully naturalised Carduus tenuiflorus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 301 Fully naturalised Carex demissa Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 165 Fully naturalised Carex divulsa Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 157 Fully naturalised Carex flacca Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 166 Fully naturalised Carex muricata Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 158 Fully naturalised Carex ovalis Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 159; CHR 494777 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 37 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Carex pallescens Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 169; q.v.: 14 Fully naturalised Carex pendula Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 169 Fully naturalised O Carex spicata Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 160 Fully naturalised Carex sylvatica Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 170; q.v.: 14 Fully naturalised Carex vulpinoidea Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 160; q.v.: 20 Casual F Carpobrotus aequilaterus Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 94 Fully naturalised Carpobrotus aequilaterus × Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 95; q.v.: 26 Casual* Disphyma australe Carpobrotus edulis Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 94 Fully naturalised Carpobrotus edulis × Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 95 Fully naturalised Disphyma australe Carrichtera annua Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 418 Fully naturalised O Carthamus lanatus subsp. Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 302 Fully naturalised baeticus Catapodium rigidum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 92; CHR 45115 Fully naturalised Cedronella canariensis Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 768 Fully naturalised Cedrus atlantica cv. ‘Glauca’ Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 46 Casual O Centaurea calcitrapa Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 304 Fully naturalised Centaurea cyanus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 306 Fully naturalised Centaurea maculosa Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 306 Fully naturalised O Centaurea melitensis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 307 Fully naturalised Centaurea nigra Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 307 Fully naturalised Centaurea scabiosa Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 308 Fully naturalised O Centaurea solstitialis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 308 Fully naturalised Centaurium erythraea Gentianaceae OD FNZ (IV): 721; CHR 418754 Fully naturalised Centaurium tenuiflorum Gentianaceae OD FNZ (IV): 721 Fully naturalised Centranthus ruber subsp. Valerianaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1269 Fully naturalised ruber Cerastium arvense Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 477 Fully naturalised Cerastium fontanum subsp. Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 479; CHR 415643 Fully naturalised vulgare Cerastium glomeratum Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 479; CHR 512151 Fully naturalised Cerastium semidecandrum Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 480 Fully naturalised Cerastium tomentosum Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 480 Fully naturalised Cestrum fassiculatum cv. Solanaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1222 Fully naturalised ‘Newellii’ Chaenomeles speciosa Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1068 Fully naturalised Chaenorrhinum minus Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1178 Casual O Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Cupressaceae GY FNZ (IV): 43; CHR 479734 Fully naturalised Chamaecytisus palmensis Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 643 Fully naturalised Chamaemelum nobile Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 165; q.v.: 18 Casual F * as “fully naturalised” in Howell & Sawyer (2006) in error. (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

38 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Chelidonium majus Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 928 Fully naturalised Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 524; CHR 512116 Fully naturalised Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 525; NZJB 40 (2): 171 Fully naturalised Chenopodium bonus- Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 525 Fully naturalised henricus Chenopodium capitatum Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 525 Fully naturalised Chenopodium erosum Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 526 Fully naturalised Chenopodium ficifolium Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 523; CHR 121610 Casual Chenopodium giganteum Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 526 Fully naturalised Chenopodium murale Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 527; CHR 512213 Fully naturalised Chenopodium opulifolium Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 527; q.v.: 14 Fully naturalised Chenopodium pumilio Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 528 Fully naturalised Chenopodium vulvaria Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 528 Fully naturalised Chimonanthus praecox Calycanthaceae DT NZJB 42 (5): 805 Casual O Chloris truncata Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 509 Fully naturalised Chrysanthemoides Asteraceae DT FNZ (IV): 201 Fully naturalised monilifera subsp. monilifera Chrysanthemum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 166 Fully naturalised coronarium Chrysanthemum segetum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 167 Fully naturalised Cichorium intybus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 321 Fully naturalised Cirsium arvense Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 310 Fully naturalised Cirsium palustre Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 311 Fully naturalised Cirsium vulgare Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 311 Fully naturalised Cissus striata Vitaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1286 Casual O Cistus creticus Cistaceae DT FNZ (IV): 536 Fully naturalised Cistus ladanifer var. Cistaceae DT FNZ (IV): 536; CHR 371365* Fully naturalised albiflorus Cistus ladanifer var. Cistaceae DT FNZ (IV): 536; CHR 371365* Casual ladanifer Cistus laurifolius Cistaceae DT FNZ (IV): 535; NZJB 37 (4): 631 Fully naturalised Cistus psilosepalus Cistaceae DT FNZ (IV): 537; NZJB 40 (2): 172 Fully naturalised Cistus salvifolius Cistaceae DT FNZ (IV): 537; NZJB 36 (2): Casual 161; q.v.: 27 Citrullus lanatus Cucurbitaceae DL FNZ (IV): 594 Casual F Clarkia amoena subsp. Onagraceae OD FNZ (IV): 884 Fully naturalised amoena Clarkia unguiculata Onagraceae OD FNZ (IV): 884; NZJB 37 (4): 641 Casual O Claytonia perfoliata Portulacaceae OD FNZ (IV): 989 Fully naturalised Claytonia sibirica Portulacaceae OD NZJB 42 (5): 810 Casual Clematis flammula Ranunculaceae DL FNZ (IV): 1006 Fully naturalised * CHR 371365 contains specimens of both var. albiflorus and var. ladanifer. (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 39 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Clematis montana Ranunculaceae DL FNZ (IV): 1007 Fully naturalised Clematis tibetana subsp. Ranunculaceae DL FNZ (IV): 1007 as Clematis Fully naturalised vernayi tangutica; NZJB 33 (2): 176 Clematis vitalba Ranunculaceae DL FNZ (IV): 1007; CHR 33995 Fully naturalised Cleome hassleriana Capparaceae OD FNZ (IV): 464 Fully naturalised Clerodendrum trichotomum Verbenaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1273; q.v.: 25 Casual F Clinopodium vulgare Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 768 Fully naturalised Colchicum autumnale Colchicaceae OM FNZ (III): 54 Fully naturalised Collomia cavanillesii Polemoniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 958 Fully naturalised Colquhounia coccinea Lamiaceae OD NZJB 42 (5): 807 Casual O Colquhounia coccinea var. Lamiaceae DT NZJB 42 (5): 807 Fully naturalised O vestita Conium maculatum Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 122; CHR 494650 Fully naturalised Consolida ambigua Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1012 Fully naturalised Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 551 Fully naturalised Convolvulus cneorum Convolvulaceae DT NZJB 40 (2): 162 Casual O Conyza albida Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 188 Fully naturalised Conyza bilbaoana Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 189; CHR 479741 Fully naturalised Conyza bonariensis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 189 Fully naturalised Conyza canadensis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 190; q.v.: 12 Fully naturalised Coreopsis lanceolata Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 213 Fully naturalised Coriandrum sativum Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 124 Fully naturalised Coronilla varia Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 644 Fully naturalised Coronopus didymus Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 419; CHR 479490 Fully naturalised Coronopus squamatus Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 419; CHR 512092 Fully naturalised Cortaderia jubata Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 495 Fully naturalised Cortaderia selloana Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 497; CHR 145984 Fully naturalised Corydalis lutea Fumariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 717 Fully naturalised Cosmos bipinnatus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 215 Fully naturalised Cosmos sulphureus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 215; NZJB 36 (2):161 Casual NZJB 37 (4): 638 Cotoneaster adpressus Rosaceae DT NZJB 40 (2): 166 Casual O Cotoneaster bullatus Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1070 Casual Cotoneaster cf. Rosaceae DT NZJB 37 (4): 637 Casual monopyrenus Cotoneaster conspicuus Rosaceae DT NZJB 36 (2): 157 Fully naturalised Cotoneaster franchetii Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1071 Fully naturalised Cotoneaster frigidus Rosaceae DT NZJB 33 (2): 176; q.v.: 25 Casual F Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1071 Fully naturalised Cotoneaster horizontalis Rosaceae DT NZJB 33 (2): 176 Fully naturalised Cotoneaster lacteus Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1072 Fully naturalised Cotoneaster microphyllus Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1072 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

40 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Cotoneaster pannosus Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1070; NZJB 37 (4): Fully naturalised 641; NZJB 40 (2): 170; NZJB 42 (5): 801 Cotoneaster simonsii Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1073 Fully naturalised Cotyledon orbiculata var. Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 570 Fully naturalised orbiculata Crassula biplanata Crassulaceae OD NZJB 36 (2): 159 Casual O Crassula coccinea Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 574 Fully naturalised Crassula multicava Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 575 Fully naturalised Crassula pubescens subsp. Crassulaceae OD Sykes 2005. Casual radicans Crassula tetragona subsp. Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 576 Fully naturalised robusta Crataegus monogyna Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1074; CHR 418768 Fully naturalised Crepis capillaris Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 322; CHR 466008 Fully naturalised Crepis foetida subsp. foetida Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 323 Fully naturalised Crepis vesicaria subsp. Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 324 Fully naturalised taraxacifolia Critesion glaucum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 385 Fully naturalised Critesion hystrix Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 386 Fully naturalised Critesion jubatum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 387 Fully naturalised Critesion marinum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 388 Fully naturalised Critesion murinum subsp. Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 390; CHR 468226 Fully naturalised leporinum Critesion murinum subsp. Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 390; CHR 490049 Fully naturalised murinum Critesion secalinum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 391 Fully naturalised Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 122; CHR 48796 Fully naturalised Cryptotaenia canadensis Apiaceae OD NZJB 40 (2): 161 Casual O Cucurbita maxima Cucurbitaceae DL FNZ (IV): 595; CHR 418798 Fully naturalised Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae DL FNZ (IV): 596; CHR 172909 Fully naturalised Cuphea lanceolata Lythraceae DT FNZ (IV): 817 Casual O Cupressus macrocarpa Cupressaceae GY FNZ (IV): 44; CHR 513793 Fully naturalised Cuscuta epithymum Convolvulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 554; CHR 89689 Fully naturalised Cuscuta suaveolens Convolvulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 554 Casual Cymbalaria muralis Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1182; CHR 172745 Fully naturalised Cynara cardunculus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 312 Fully naturalised Cynara scolymus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 313; q.v.: 18 Casual F Cynodon dactylon Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 510 Fully naturalised Cynoglossum amabile Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 372 Fully naturalised Cynosurus cristatus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 93 Fully naturalised Cynosurus echinatus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 94 Fully naturalised Cyperus albostriatus Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 184; q.v.: 20 Casual F (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 41 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Cyperus congestus Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 185 Fully naturalised Cyperus eragrostis Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 186 Fully naturalised Cyperus esculentus Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 186 Fully naturalised Cyperus involucratus Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 187 Fully naturalised Cyrtomium falcatum Dryopteridaceae FE FNZ (IV): 18; q.v.: 20 Casual F Cystopteris fragilis Dryopteridaceae FE FNZ (IV): 18 Fully naturalised Cytisus multiflorus Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 645 Fully naturalised Cytisus scoparius Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 646 Fully naturalised Dactylis glomerata Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 95; CHR 518555 Fully naturalised Dahlia coccinea × D. Asteraceae DT FNZ (IV): 216 Fully naturalised pinnata Daphne laureola Thymelaeaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1256 Fully naturalised Datura ferox Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1224 Fully naturalised Datura stramonium Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1225; CHR 122938 Fully naturalised Daucus carota Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 124 Fully naturalised Delosperma sp. (purple Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 93 Casual O petals) Delosperma sp. (white Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 93 Casual O petals) Dendrobenthamia capitata Cornaceae DT FNZ (IV): 560 Fully naturalised Deschampsia flexuosa Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 311 Fully naturalised Descurainia sophia Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 420 Fully naturalised Deutzia crenata Hydrangeaceae DT FNZ (IV): 939; NZJB 40 (2): 168 Casual Dianthus armeria Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 481 Fully naturalised Dianthus barbatus Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 481 Fully naturalised Dianthus deltoides Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 482 Fully naturalised Dianthus plumarius Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 482 Fully naturalised Dichelachne sieberiana Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 261 Fully naturalised Dichondra micrantha Convolvulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 555 Fully naturalised Dierama pendulum Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 123 Fully naturalised Digitalis purpurea Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1183; CHR 212815 Fully naturalised Digitaria ciliaris Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 541 Fully naturalised Digitaria ischaemum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 541; q.v.: 23 Casual F Digitaria sanguinalis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 542 Fully naturalised Diplotaxis muralis Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 421; CHR 483390 Fully naturalised Diplotaxis tenuifolia Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 421 Fully naturalised Dipsacus sylvestris Dipsacaceae OD FNZ (IV): 598; CHR 495134 Fully naturalised Distichlis spicata Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 533 Casual O Doronicum plantagineum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 261 Casual O Dorotheanthus bellidiformis Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 93 Casual Dorycnium hirsutum Fabaceae OD NZJB 36 (2): 159; q.v.: 27 Casual (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

42 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Dracunculus vulgaris Araceae OM FNZ (III): 77 Fully naturalised Drosanthemum Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 97 Fully naturalised floribundum Dryopteris affinis Dryopteridaceae FE FNZ (IV): 21 Fully naturalised Dryopteris dilatata Dryopteridaceae FE FNZ (IV): 21 Fully naturalised Dryopteris filix-mas Dryopteridaceae FE FNZ (IV): 22 Fully naturalised Duchesnea indica Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1077 Fully naturalised Eccremocarpus scaber Bignoniaceae DL FNZ (IV): 364 Fully naturalised Echeveria × imbricata Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 583; CHR 439920 Casual Echeveria secunda Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 584 Fully naturalised Echinochloa crus-galli Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 546 Fully naturalised Echinochloa crus-pavonis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 547 Fully naturalised Echinochloa esculenta Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 548 Fully naturalised Echinops ritro Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 316; q.v.: 27 Casual Echium candicans Boraginaceae DT FNZ (IV): 373 Fully naturalised Echium pininana Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 374 Fully naturalised Echium plantagineum Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 375; CHR 83285 Casual F Echium vulgare Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 375; CHR 565297 Fully naturalised Echium wildpretii Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 375; NZJB 40 (2): 161 Casual Egeria densa Hydrocharitaceae OM FNZ (III): 26 Fully naturalised Ehrharta erecta Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 42 Fully naturalised Einadia trigonos subsp. Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 531 Fully naturalised O stellulata Eleusine indica Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 522 Fully naturalised Elodea canadensis Hydrocharitaceae OM FNZ (III): 27 Fully naturalised Elsholtzia flava Lamiaceae OD NZJB 42 (5): 807 Casual O Elymus scaber Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 397 as Elymus Fully naturalised rectisetus; CHR 126745 Elytrigia pycnantha Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 404 Fully naturalised Elytrigia repens Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 405; CHR 511973 Fully naturalised Embothrium coccineum Proteaceae DT NZJB 33 (2): 175; NZJB 40 (2): Fully naturalised 169; NZJB 42 (5): 801 Entolasia marginata Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 551 Fully naturalised Epilobium ciliatum Onagraceae OD FNZ (IV): 888; CHR 526476 Fully naturalised Epilobium obscurum Onagraceae OD FNZ (IV): 889 Fully naturalised Equisetum arvense Equisetaceae L FNZ (IV): 6 Fully naturalised Equisetum hyemale Equisetaceae L NZJB 33 (2): 152 Casual O Eragrostis curvula Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 528 Fully naturalised Erica carnea Ericaceae DT NZJB 42 (5): 806 Casual O Erica cinerea Ericaceae DT FNZ (IV): 611 Fully naturalised Erica lusitanica Ericaceae DT FNZ (IV): 612; CHR 474083 Fully naturalised Erigeron karvinskianus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 192 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 43 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Erodium cicutarium subsp. Geraniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 724; CHR 510187 Fully naturalised cicutarium Erodium moschatum Geraniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 725; CHR 574126 Fully naturalised Erophila verna Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 421 Fully naturalised Eruca vesicaria subsp. Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 399; NZJB 36 (2): Casual sativa 161; NZJB 40 (2): 167 Erysimum cheiranthoides Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 422; q.v.: 19 Casual F Erysimum cheiri Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 418 as Cheiranthus Fully naturalised cheir. Eschscholzia californica Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 929 Fully naturalised Eucalyptus globulus subsp. Myrtaceae DT FNZ (IV): 857; CHR 536767 Fully naturalised globulus Eucalyptus nicholii Myrtaceae DT NZJB 40 (2): 164 Casual O Eucalyptus nitens Myrtaceae DT NZJB 33 (2): 171; NZJB 40 (2): Fully naturalised 172 Eucalyptus obliqua Myrtaceae DT FNZ (IV): 858 Fully naturalised Eucalyptus ovata Myrtaceae DT FNZ (IV): 860; NZJB 40 (2): 172 Fully naturalised Eucalyptus viminalis Myrtaceae DT FNZ (IV): 864; CHR 536769 Fully naturalised Euonymus europaeus Celastraceae DT FNZ (IV): 514 Fully naturalised Euonymus fortunei Celastraceae DT FNZ (IV): 513 Casual O Euonymus pendulus Celastraceae DT NZJB 36 (2): 159; q.v.: 27 Casual Euonymus phellomanus Celastraceae DT FNZ (IV): 513 Casual O Eupatorium cannabinum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 204; NZJB 37 (4): Casual F 630; q.v.: 18 Euphorbia amygdaloides Euphorbiaceae OD NZJB 33 (2): 164; q.v.: 20 Casual F Euphorbia characias subsp. Euphorbiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 626 Fully naturalised characias Euphorbia cyparissias Euphorbiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 628 Fully naturalised Euphorbia exigua Euphorbiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 628 Fully naturalised Euphorbia helioscopia Euphorbiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 628 Fully naturalised Euphorbia lathyris Euphorbiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 629 Fully naturalised Euphorbia maculata Euphorbiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 630 Fully naturalised Euphorbia peplus Euphorbiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 630; CHR 512161 Fully naturalised Euphrasia nemorosa Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1185; q.v.: 25 Casual F Euryops chrysanthemoides Asteraceae DT NZJB 37 (4): 635; NZJB 40 (2): Casual 167 Exochorda racemosa Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1053 Casual O Fagopyrum esculentum Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 967 Fully naturalised Fallopia aubertii Polygonaceae DL FNZ (IV): 968 Fully naturalised Fallopia convolvulus Polygonaceae DL FNZ (IV): 968; CHR 512163 Fully naturalised Fatsia japonica Araliaceae DT FNZ (IV): 145 Fully naturalised Felicia amelloides Asteraceae DC NZJB 33 (2): 157; NZJB 37 (4): Casual 638 (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

44 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Felicia petiolata Asteraceae DC NZJB 33 (2): 157 Casual O Festuca filiformis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 105; CHR 5024 Fully naturalised Festuca ovina subsp. Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 118; CHR 1494 Fully naturalised hirtula* Festuca rubra subsp. Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 122; CHR 45112 Fully naturalised commutata Festuca rubra subsp. rubra Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 121 Fully naturalised Filago pyramidata Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 231 Casual Filipendula ulmaria subsp. Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1079; q.v.: 28 Casual ulmaria Filipendula vulgaris Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1079 Fully naturalised Foeniculum vulgare Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 127 Fully naturalised Forsythia suspensa Oleaceae DT FNZ (IV): 874 Casual O Fragaria × ananassa Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1080 Casual Fragaria vesca Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1080 Fully naturalised Fraxinus excelsior Oleaceae DT FNZ (IV): 874 Fully naturalised Fraxinus ornus Oleaceae DT NZJB 33 (2): 172; NZJB 37 (4): Casual F 641; q.v.: 22 Fumaria bastardii Fumariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 718 Fully naturalised Fumaria capreolata subsp. Fumariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 718 Fully naturalised capreolata Fumaria densiflora Fumariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 718 Fully naturalised Fumaria muralis subsp. Fumariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 719; CHR 479504 Fully naturalised muralis Fumaria officinalis Fumariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 719 Fully naturalised Gaillardia × grandiflora Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 217 Fully naturalised Galeobdolon luteum subsp. Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 769 Fully naturalised luteum cv. ‘Variegatum’ Galeopsis ladanum Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 770 Fully naturalised O Galeopsis tetrahit Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 770 Fully naturalised Galinsoga parviflora Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 218 Fully naturalised Galium aparine Rubiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1144; CHR 483239 Fully naturalised Galium debile Rubiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1145 Fully naturalised Galium divaricatum Rubiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1145; CHR 413992 Fully naturalised Galium mollugo Rubiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1146 Fully naturalised Galium murale Rubiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1146 Fully naturalised Galium palustre subsp. Rubiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1147; CHR 418563 Fully naturalised palustre Gamochaeta calviceps Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 237 as Gnaphalium Fully naturalised calviceps Gamochaeta coarctata Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 238 Gnaphalium Casual F coarctatum; q.v.: 18 * as Festuca ovina in Howell & Sawyer (2006). (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 45 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Gamochaeta purpurea Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 239 as Gnaphalium Casual F purpureum var. purpureum; q.v.: 18 Gastridium ventricosum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 264 Fully naturalised Gaultheria mucronata Ericaceae DT FNZ (IV): 618 as Pernettya Fully naturalised mucronata Gazania linearis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 293 Fully naturalised Gazania rigens Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 294 Fully naturalised Genista tinctoria Fabaceae DT NZJB 33 (2): 164 Fully naturalised O Geranium dissectum Geraniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 727 Fully naturalised Geranium gardneri Geraniaceae OD de Lange et al. 2005. Fully naturalised Geranium lucidum Geraniaceae OD Sykes 2004. Casual O Geranium molle Geraniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 728; CHR 437228 Fully naturalised Geranium pratense Geraniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 729 Fully naturalised Geranium pusillum Geraniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 730 Fully naturalised Geranium robertianum Geraniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 731; CHR 127437 Fully naturalised Geranium yeoi Geraniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 732 as Geranium Fully naturalised rubescens Geum aleppicum Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1082 Fully naturalised Geum urbanum Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1082 Fully naturalised Gilia capitata Polemoniaceae OD NZJB 40 (2): 165 Casual O Glaucium corniculatum Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 929 Fully naturalised O Glaucium flavum Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 930 Fully naturalised Glechoma hederacea Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 771; CHR 77462 Fully naturalised Gleditsia triacanthos Fabaceae DT NZJB 36 (2):159; NZJB 42 (5): Casual 811; q.v.: 27 Glyceria × pedicellata Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 221 Fully naturalised Glyceria declinata Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 217; CHR 479442 Fully naturalised Glyceria fluitans Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 219 Fully naturalised Glyceria maxima Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 220 Fully naturalised Glyceria plicata Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 222 Fully naturalised Gomphocarpus fruticosus Asclepiadaceae OD FNZ (IV): 150 Fully naturalised Greenovia aurea Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 562 Casual O Guizotia abyssinica Asteraceae DC NZJB 37 (4): 635 Casual O Gunnera tinctoria Gunneraceae OD FNZ (IV): 748 Fully naturalised Gypsophila australis Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 483 Fully naturalised Gypsophila paniculata Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 483 Fully naturalised Hainardia cylindrica Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 212 Fully naturalised Haloragis aspera Haloragaceae OD FNZ (IV): 752 Fully naturalised O Hedera colchica Araliaceae DL FNZ (IV): 145 Casual O Hedera helix subsp. Araliaceae DL FNZ (IV): 146 Fully naturalised O canariensis (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

46 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Hedera helix subsp. helix Araliaceae DL FNZ (IV): 146 Fully naturalised Hedysarum coronarium Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 649 Fully naturalised Helenium autumnale Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 220 Casual Helianthus × laetiflorus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 222 Fully naturalised Helianthus annuus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 221 Fully naturalised Helianthus salicifolius Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 213 as Coreopsis Fully naturalised lanceolata; NZJB 36 (2): 156 Helianthus tuberosus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 222 Fully naturalised Helichrysum bracteatum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 250 Fully naturalised Helichrysum petiolare Asteraceae DC NZJB 33 (2): 158; NZJB 37 (4): Fully naturalised 639; NZJB 40 (2): 173 Helictotrichon pubescens Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 338 Casual Helminthotheca echioides Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 340 as Picris Fully naturalised echioides Heracleum Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 128 Fully naturalised mantegazzianum Heracleum sphondylium Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 128 Fully naturalised Hesperis matronalis Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 423; CHR 234508 Fully naturalised Heuchera sanguinea Saxifragaceae OD NZJB 37 (4): 637 Casual O Hibiscus trionum Malvaceae OD FNZ (IV): 826 Fully naturalised Hieracium × stoloniflorum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 332 Fully naturalised Hieracium argillaceum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 327 Fully naturalised group Hieracium aurantiacum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 328 Fully naturalised subsp. carpathicola Hieracium caespitosum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 328 Fully naturalised Hieracium lepidulum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 329 Fully naturalised Hieracium murorum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 329 Fully naturalised Hieracium pilosella subsp. Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 330; CHR 201460 Fully naturalised micradenia Hieracium pilosella subsp. Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 330 Fully naturalised pilosella Hieracium pilosella subsp. Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 330 Fully naturalised trichosoma Hieracium pollichiae Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 331 Fully naturalised Hieracium praealtum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 332; CHR 286281 Fully naturalised subsp. bauhinii Hirschfeldia incana Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 423; CHR 68341 Fully naturalised Holcus lanatus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 315; CHR 479866 Fully naturalised Holcus mollis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 316 Fully naturalised Holosteum umbellatum Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 484 Fully naturalised Homeria collina Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 125; CHR 174299 Fully naturalised Hordeum vulgare Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 406; CHR 479744 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 47 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Humulus lupulus var. Cannabaceae DL FNZ (IV): 463 Fully naturalised lupulus Hyacinthoides non-scripta Hyacinthaceae OM FNZ (III): 59 as Scilla non- Fully naturalised scripta Hymenolobus procumbens Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 424 Fully naturalised Hyoscyamus niger Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1225 Fully naturalised Hypericum androsaemum Clusiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 539; CHR 473090 Fully naturalised Hypericum calycinum Clusiaceae DT FNZ (IV): 539; CHR 82640 Fully naturalised Hypericum henryi subsp. Clusiaceae DT FNZ (IV): 540; q.v.: 20 Casual F henryi Hypericum humifusum Clusiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 540; CHR 196927 Fully naturalised Hypericum perforatum Clusiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 544; CHR 540545 Fully naturalised Hypericum pulchrum Clusiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 545 Fully naturalised Hypericum tetrapterum Clusiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 545 Fully naturalised Hypochoeris glabra Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 334 Fully naturalised Hypochoeris radicata Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 334; CHR 437802 Fully naturalised Hypoxis hookeri Hypoxidaceae OM FNZ (III): 143 Fully naturalised Iberis amara Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 425 Fully naturalised Iberis umbellata Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 425 Fully naturalised Idesia polycarpa Flacourtiaceae DT FNZ (IV): 714 Fully naturalised Ilex aquifolium Aquifoliaceae DT FNZ (IV): 143 Fully naturalised Impatiens glandulifera Balsaminaceae OD FNZ (IV): 351; q.v.: 12 Fully naturalised Inula helenium Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 255 Fully naturalised Ipheion uniflorum Alliaceae OM FNZ (III): 55 Fully naturalised Ipomoea purpurea Convolvulaceae DL FNZ (IV): 559 Fully naturalised Iris foetidissima Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 128; CHR 572979 Fully naturalised Iris germanica Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 129 Fully naturalised Iris laevigata Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 128 Casual O Iris orientalis Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 129 Fully naturalised Iris pseudacorus Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 130 Fully naturalised Iris spuria Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 130; q.v.: 21 Casual F Isolepis marginata Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 199 as Scirpus Fully naturalised antarcticu. Isolepis platycarpa Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 200 as Scirpus Fully naturalised platycarpus Isolepis setacea Cyperaceae MS FNZ (III): 196 as Scirpus Fully naturalised setaceus Jasminum beesianum Oleaceae DL FNZ (IV): 875 Fully naturalised Jasminum officinale Oleaceae DL FNZ (IV): 877 Fully naturalised Juglans regia Juglandaceae DT FNZ (IV): 760; CHR 494661 Fully naturalised Juncus acuminatus Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 100 Fully naturalised Juncus acutiflorus Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 100 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

48 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Juncus amabilis Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 93 Fully naturalised Juncus articulatus Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 101 Fully naturalised Juncus bufonius var. Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 89; CHR 123335 Fully naturalised bufonius Juncus bufonius var. Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 89 Fully naturalised congestus Juncus bufonius var. Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 90 Fully naturalised parviflorus Juncus bulbosus Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 102 Fully naturalised Juncus canadensis Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 103 Fully naturalised Juncus conglomeratus Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 94 Fully naturalised Juncus effusus var. Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 95; CHR 89290 Fully naturalised compactus Juncus effusus var. effusus Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 95; CHR 563473 Fully naturalised Juncus ensifolius Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 103 Fully naturalised Juncus filicaulis Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 95 Fully naturalised Juncus fockei Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 103; q.v.: 22 Casual F Juncus gerardii Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 90 Fully naturalised Juncus inflexus Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 96; q.v.: 14 Fully naturalised Juncus microcephalus Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 104 Fully naturalised Juncus platyphyllus Juncaceae MR Healy 2000. Casual O Juncus squarrosus Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 92 Fully naturalised Juncus subnodulosus Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 104 Fully naturalised Juncus tenuis var. tenuis Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 93; CHR 482798 Fully naturalised Kleinia serpens Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 270 as Senecio Casual serpens; NZJB 37 (4): 639 Kochia scoparia Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 533 Fully naturalised Laburnum anagyroides Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 650 Fully naturalised Lactuca sativa Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 335; NZJB 40 (2): 171 Fully naturalised Lactuca serriola Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 336 Fully naturalised Lactuca virosa Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 336; q.v.: 18 Casual F Lagarosiphon major Hydrocharitaceae OM FNZ (III): 29; CHR 119680 Fully naturalised Lagurus ovatus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 284; CHR 419649 Fully naturalised Lamium album Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 772 Fully naturalised Lamium amplexicaule Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 772 Fully naturalised Lamium confertum Lamiaceae OD NZJB 33 (2): 166 Fully naturalised Lamium hybridum Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 773 Fully naturalised Lamium maculatum Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 772; NZJB 36 (2): Fully naturalised 161; NZJB 40 (2): 168; NZJB 42 (5): 799 Lamium purpureum Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 773; CHR 483413 Fully naturalised Lampranthus “Hunter Gully” Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 98 Fully naturalised O (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 49 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Lampranthus “purple” Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 97 Casual O Lampranthus glaucus Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 98; NZJB 40 (2): 171 Fully naturalised Lampranthus spectabilis Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 98 Fully naturalised Lapeirousia laxa Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 119; q.v.: 28 Casual Lapsana communis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 337 Fully naturalised Larix decidua Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 47 Fully naturalised Larix kaempferi Pinaceae GY NZJB 40 (2): 160 Casual O Lathyrus aphaca Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 652 Casual O Lathyrus grandiflorus Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 652 Fully naturalised Lathyrus latifolius Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 652; CHR 418760 Fully naturalised Lathyrus nissolia Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 653 Fully naturalised Lathyrus odoratus Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 654 Fully naturalised Lathyrus pratensis Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 654; CHR 508207 Fully naturalised Lathyrus sphaericus Fabaceae OD NZJB 33 (2): 165 Fully naturalised O Lathyrus sylvestris Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 654 Fully naturalised Lathyrus tingitanus Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 655; CHR 479628 Fully naturalised Laurus nobilis Lauraceae DT FNZ (IV): 802 Fully naturalised Lavandula stoechas subsp. Lamiaceae DT FNZ (IV): 774 Fully naturalised stoechas Lavatera arborea Malvaceae OD FNZ (IV): 827; CHR 516678 Fully naturalised Lavatera assurgentiflora Malvaceae DT FNZ (IV): 828; CHR 418416 Fully naturalised Lavatera cretica Malvaceae OD FNZ (IV): 829 Fully naturalised Lavatera olbia cv. ‘Rosea’ Malvaceae DT FNZ (IV): 830 Fully naturalised O Legousia speculum-veneris Campanulaceae OD NZJB 40 (2): 162; NZJB 42 (5): Casual 811; q.v.: 27 Leontodon autumnalis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 338 Fully naturalised subsp. autumnalis Leontodon taraxacoides Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 339; CHR 497492 Fully naturalised Leonurus cardiaca Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 775; q.v.: 22 Casual F Lepidium africanum Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 428 Fully naturalised Lepidium bonariense Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 429 Fully naturalised Lepidium campestre Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 429 Fully naturalised Lepidium densiflorum Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 430; q.v.: 19 Casual F Lepidium heterophyllum Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 431 Fully naturalised O Lepidium hyssopifolium Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 431 Fully naturalised Lepidium Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 432 Fully naturalised pseudotasmanicum Lepidium sativum Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 432 Fully naturalised Leucanthemum maximum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 170; CHR 479760 Fully naturalised Leucanthemum vulgare Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 170; CHR 512189 Fully naturalised Leucojum aestivum Amaryllidaceae OM FNZ (III): 70 Fully naturalised Leycesteria formosa Caprifoliaceae DT FNZ (IV): 465; CHR 415988 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

50 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Leymus arenarius Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 408 Fully naturalised Leymus racemosus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 409 Fully naturalised Ligustrum sinense Oleaceae DT FNZ (IV): 880; q.v.: 23 Casual F Ligustrum vulgare Oleaceae DT FNZ (IV): 880 Fully naturalised Lilium × maculatum Liliaceae OM FNZ (III): 55 Casual O Lilium tigrinum Liliaceae OM FNZ (III): 56 Fully naturalised Limonium companyonis Plumbaginaceae OD NZJB 37 (4): 637 Casual* O Linaria arvensis Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1192 Fully naturalised Linaria genistifolia subsp. Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1193 Fully naturalised dalmatica Linaria maroccana Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1193; NZJB 40 (2): Fully naturalised 172 Linaria purpurea Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1194 Fully naturalised Linaria purpurea cv. ‘Canon Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1194; CHR 123180 Casual J. Went’ Linaria repens Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1194 Fully naturalised Linaria vulgaris Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1194 Fully naturalised Linum bienne Linaceae OD FNZ (IV): 807; CHR 490065 Fully naturalised Linum catharticum Linaceae OD FNZ (IV): 807; CHR 464702 Fully naturalised Linum usitatissimum Linaceae OD FNZ (IV): 808 Fully naturalised Lithospermum arvense Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 376; CHR 89688 Fully naturalised Lithospermum Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 377 Fully naturalised purpurocaeruleum Lobelia erinus Lobeliaceae OD FNZ (IV): 810 Fully naturalised Lobelia siphilitica Lobeliaceae OD NZJB 42 (5): 805 Casual O Lobularia maritima Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 436; CHR 512996 Fully naturalised Logfia gallica Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 256 Fully naturalised Logfia minima Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 257 Fully naturalised Lolium multiflorum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 125; CHR 482729 Fully naturalised Lolium perenne Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 126; CHR 509423 Fully naturalised Lolium temulentum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 128 Fully naturalised Lomatia ilicifolia Proteaceae DT NZJB 42 (5): 810 Casual O Lonicera × americana Caprifoliaceae DL FNZ (IV): 466 Fully naturalised Lonicera japonica Caprifoliaceae DL FNZ (IV): 467; CHR 83363 Fully naturalised Lonicera nitida Caprifoliaceae DT FNZ (IV): 468; NZJB 40 (2): 171 Fully naturalised Lonicera periclymenum Caprifoliaceae DL FNZ (IV): 468; q.v.: 20 Casual F Lotus angustissimus Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 656 Fully naturalised Lotus pedunculatus Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 657; CHR 563461 Fully naturalised Lotus suaveolens Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 658; NZJB 40 (2): 172 Fully naturalised Lotus tenuis Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 658 Fully naturalised * Fully naturalised specimens collected in Canterbury and Napier, but not yet published. (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 51 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Lunaria annua subsp. Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 437 Fully naturalised annua Lupinus angustifolius Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 659 Fully naturalised Lupinus arboreus Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 660; CHR 509670 Fully naturalised Lupinus arboreus × L. Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 660; CHR 321971 Casual polyphyllus Lupinus polyphyllus Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 661 Fully naturalised Luzula congesta Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 111; q.v.: 14 Fully naturalised Luzula multiflora Juncaceae MR FNZ (III): 112 Fully naturalised Lycium barbarum Solanaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1226 Fully naturalised Lycium ferocissimum Solanaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1227; CHR 534662 Fully naturalised Lythrum hyssopifolia Lythraceae OD FNZ (IV): 818 Fully naturalised Lythrum salicaria Lythraceae OD FNZ (IV): 820 Fully naturalised Madia sativa Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 224 Fully naturalised Magnolia sieboldii Magnoliaceae DT NZJB 40 (2): 163; q.v.: 28 Casual Mahonia aquifolium Berberidaceae DT FNZ (IV): 358 Fully naturalised Mahonia bealei Berberidaceae DT NZJB 42 (5): 804 Casual O Mahonia lomariifolia Berberidaceae DT NZJB 42 (5): 804 Casual* O Malus × domestica Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1085; CHR 455733 Fully naturalised Malva moschata Malvaceae OD FNZ (IV): 831; q.v.: 22 Casual F Malva neglecta Malvaceae OD FNZ (IV): 833; CHR 572672 Fully naturalised Malva nicaeensis Malvaceae OD FNZ (IV): 833 Fully naturalised Malva parviflora Malvaceae OD FNZ (IV): 834; CHR 511277 Fully naturalised Malva sylvestris Malvaceae OD FNZ (IV): 834 Fully naturalised Malva verticillata Malvaceae OD FNZ (IV): 831 Casual O Mandevilla laxa Apocynaceae DL NZJB 40 (2): 161; q.v.: 26 Casual Marrubium vulgare Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 776 Fully naturalised Marsilea mutica Marsileaceae FE FNZ (IV): 27; q.v.: 15 Fully naturalised Matricaria dioscoidea Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 171 Fully naturalised Matthiola incana subsp. Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 437 Fully naturalised incana Maytenus boaria Celastraceae DT FNZ (IV): 512; NZJB 37 (4): 630 Fully naturalised Medicago arabica Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 662 Fully naturalised Medicago arborea Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 663 Fully naturalised Medicago glomerata Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 663 Fully naturalised O Medicago lupulina Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 664; CHR 483266 Fully naturalised Medicago minima Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 664 Fully naturalised Medicago nigra Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 665; CHR 121382 Fully naturalised Medicago sativa Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 666 Fully naturalised Medicago scutellata Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 662 Casual O * Fully naturalised specimens collected in Canterbury, but not yet published. (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

52 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Melanoselinum decipiens Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 134; q.v.: 17 Casual* F Melianthus major Melianthaceae DT FNZ (IV): 839; CHR 196976 Fully naturalised Melica minuta Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 223 Casual O Melilotus albus Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 667 Fully naturalised Melilotus indicus Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 667 Fully naturalised Melilotus officinalis Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 668 Fully naturalised Melissa officinalis Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 777; CHR 472590 Fully naturalised Mentha × piperita var. Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 779; CHR 496472 Fully naturalised citrata Mentha × piperita var. Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 779; CHR 494040 Fully naturalised piperita Mentha pulegium Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 780; CHR 118338 Fully naturalised Mentha spicata subsp. Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 781; CHR 494033 Fully naturalised spicata Mentha suaveolens Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 782; CHR 5593 Fully naturalised Menyanthes trifoliata Menyanthaceae OD FNZ (IV): 840 Eradicated O Mercurialis annua Euphorbiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 634 Fully naturalised Mesembryanthemum Aizoaceae OD NZJB 33 (2): 155 Casual O crystallinum Milium effusum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 292 Casual O Mimulus guttatus Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1197; CHR 478715 Fully naturalised Mimulus luteus Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1197; NZJB 37 (4): Casual 641 Mimulus moschatus Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1197; CHR 418751 Fully naturalised Mirabilis jalapa Nyctaginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 871 Fully naturalised Miscanthus sinensis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 608 Fully naturalised Modiola caroliniana Malvaceae OD FNZ (IV): 835 Fully naturalised Moenchia erecta Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 486 Fully naturalised Montia fontana subsp. Portulacaceae OD FNZ (IV): 990 Fully naturalised chondrosperma Muscari armeniacum Hyacinthaceae OM FNZ (III): 56 Fully naturalised Mycelis muralis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 339; CHR 479869 Fully naturalised Myoporum insulare Myoporaceae DT FNZ (IV): 845; CHR 530146 Fully naturalised Myosotis arvensis Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 380; CHR 58006 Fully naturalised Myosotis discolor Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 381; CHR 35403 Fully naturalised Myosotis laxa subsp. Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 381; CHR 25506 Fully naturalised caespitosa Myosotis scorpioides Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 382; CHR 145891 Fully naturalised Myosotis stricta Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 382; CHR 5580 Fully naturalised Myosotis sylvatica Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 383; CHR 149388 Fully naturalised Myricaria germanica Tamaricaceae DT NZJB 37 (4): 633 Fully naturalised O * Reported wild on Banks Peninsula by Wilson (1999). (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 53 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Myriophyllum aquaticum Haloragaceae OD FNZ (IV): 754 Fully naturalised Myriophyllum simulans Haloragaceae OD NZJB 33 (2): 166; NZJB 40 (2): Casual 168 Narcissus × incomparabilis Amaryllidaceae OM FNZ (III): 71; CHR 83329 Fully naturalised Narcissus × medioluteus Amaryllidaceae OM FNZ (III): 71; CHR 83344 Fully naturalised Narcissus poeticus Amaryllidaceae OM FNZ (III): 72; CHR 83345 Fully naturalised Narcissus pseudonarcissus Amaryllidaceae OM FNZ (III): 72; CHR 89535 Fully naturalised Narcissus tazetta Amaryllidaceae OM FNZ (III): 72; CHR 83338 Fully naturalised Nardus stricta Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 62; CHR 472549 Fully naturalised Nassella trichotoma Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 82 Fully naturalised Nasturtium microphyllum Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 442 as Rorippa Fully naturalised microphylla; CHR 572668 Nasturtium officinale Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 443 as Rorippa Fully naturalised nasturtium-aquaticum; CHR 494863 Navarretia squarrosa Polemoniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 959; CHR 479642 Fully naturalised Nepeta cataria Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 783; CHR 480441 Fully naturalised Nepeta mussinii Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 783 Fully naturalised O Nicandra physalodes Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1228; CHR 498382 Fully naturalised Nicotiana × sanderae Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1230; NZJB 40 (2): Casual 170 Nicotiana rustica Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1231 Fully naturalised Nicotiana sylvestris Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1232 Fully naturalised Nierembergia repens Solanaceae OD NZJB 33 (2):179; NZJB 40 (2): Casual 170 Nigella damascena Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1012 Fully naturalised Nothofagus antarctica Fagaceae DT NZJB 37 (4): 636 Casual O Nothoscordum gracile Alliaceae OM FNZ (III): 57 as N. inodorum Fully naturalised Nymphaea alba Nymphaeaceae OD FNZ (IV): 872 Fully naturalised Nymphoides geminata Menyanthaceae OD FNZ (IV): 841 Fully naturalised Oenanthe pimpinelloides Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 135; NZJB 40 (2): 171 Fully naturalised Oenothera affinis Onagraceae OD FNZ (IV): 909 Fully naturalised O Oenothera biennis Onagraceae OD FNZ (IV): 910 Fully naturalised Oenothera glazioviana Onagraceae OD FNZ (IV): 910; CHR 418767 Fully naturalised Oenothera stricta Onagraceae OD FNZ (IV): 912; CHR 479519 Fully naturalised Olearia argophylla Asteraceae DT NZJB 42 (5): 804 Casual O Onobrychis viciifolia Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 641 Casual Ononis campestris Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 669 Fully naturalised Ononis repens Fabaceae OD NZJB 33 (2): 165 Fully naturalised O Onopordum acanthium Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 314 Fully naturalised Onopordum tauricum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 314 Casual O (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

54 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Opuntia cylindrica Cactaceae DT FNZ (IV): 453; NZJB 37 (4): Casual* O 639; NZJB 40 (2): 167 Opuntia ficus-indica Cactaceae DT NZJB 40 (2): 158 Fully naturalised Opuntia monacantha Cactaceae DT FNZ (IV): 453 as Opuntia Fully naturalised vulgaris; q.v.: 13 Opuntia robusta Cactaceae DT NZJB 40 (2): 161 Casual O Origanum vulgare Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 784; CHR 509662 Fully naturalised Ornithogalum umbellatum Hyacinthaceae OM FNZ (III): 58 Fully naturalised Orobanche minor Orobanchaceae OD FNZ (IV): 913; CHR 419654 Fully naturalised Oscularia caulescens Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 93 Casual O Osmanthus heterophyllus Oleaceae DT NZJB 42 (5): 809 Casual O Osteospermum fruticosum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 202 Fully naturalised Osteospermum jucundum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 203 Fully naturalised Othonna capensis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 263 Fully naturalised Oxalis articulata Oxalidaceae OD FNZ (IV): 916 Fully naturalised Oxalis bowiei Oxalidaceae OD FNZ (IV): 916 Casual O Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae OD FNZ (IV): 917; CHR 479749 Fully naturalised Oxalis debilis Oxalidaceae OD FNZ (IV): 918; CHR 574104 Fully naturalised Oxalis hirta Oxalidaceae OD FNZ (IV): 919; q.v.: 23 Casual F Oxalis incarnata Oxalidaceae OD FNZ (IV): 920; CHR 574153 Fully naturalised Oxalis latifolia Oxalidaceae OD FNZ (IV): 920; CHR 572659 Fully naturalised Oxalis perennans Oxalidaceae OD FNZ (IV): 921 Fully naturalised Oxalis pes-caprae Oxalidaceae OD FNZ (IV): 921 Fully naturalised Oxalis thompsoniae Oxalidaceae OD NZJB 33 (2): 173 Fully naturalised Oxalis tuberosa Oxalidaceae OD FNZ (IV): 923; CHR 172619 Fully naturalised Oxalis vallicola Oxalidaceae OD FNZ (IV): 923; CHR 461161 Fully naturalised Oxypetalum caeruleum Asclepiadaceae OD FNZ (IV): 148 Casual O Oxyria digyna Polygonaceae OD NZJB 40 (2): 165 Casual O Pandorea pandorana Bignoniaceae DL FNZ (IV): 365; q.v.: 19 Casual F Panicum capillare Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 558 Fully naturalised Panicum miliaceum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 561; CHR 85742 Fully naturalised Panicum schinzii Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 562 Fully naturalised Papaver argemone Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 931 Fully naturalised Papaver atlanticum Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 931 Fully naturalised Papaver dubium Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 932 Fully naturalised Papaver hybridum Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 932 Fully naturalised Papaver nudicaule Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 931 Casual O Papaver pseudorientale Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 931 Casual O Papaver rhoeas Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 932 Fully naturalised * Also reported on Burgess Island (Mokohinau Group), without substantiating specimen. (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 55 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Papaver somniferum subsp. Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 933 Fully naturalised setigerum Papaver somniferum subsp. Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 933; CHR 280408 Fully naturalised somniferum Parapholis incurva Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 213 Fully naturalised Paraserianthes lophantha Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 702 Fully naturalised Parentucellia viscosa Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1200; CHR 479870 Fully naturalised Parietaria judaica Urticaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1263 Fully naturalised Paspalum dilatatum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 566 Fully naturalised Paspalum distichum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 567 Fully naturalised Passiflora × rosea Passifloraceae DL FNZ (IV): 935 Fully naturalised O Passiflora caerulea Passifloraceae DL FNZ (IV): 935 Fully naturalised Passiflora pinnatistipula Passifloraceae DL FNZ (IV): 938; NZJB 41 (2): 219 Fully naturalised Passiflora tarminiana Passifloraceae DL NZJB 41 (2): 219; NZJB 42 (5): Fully naturalised 813 Passiflora tripartita var. Passifloraceae DL NZJB 41 (2): 219; NZJB 42 (5): Fully naturalised azuarensis 813 Passiflora tripartita var. Passifloraceae DL NZJB 41 (2): 219; NZJB 42 (5): Fully naturalised mollissima 813 Pastinaca sativa Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 136 Fully naturalised Paulownia tomentosa Scrophulariaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1200 Fully naturalised Pelargonium × asperum Geraniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 738 Fully naturalised Pelargonium × fragrans Geraniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 739 Fully naturalised O Pelargonium × hortorum Geraniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 739; CHR 420264 Fully naturalised Pelargonium crispum Geraniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 738 Casual O Pelargonium peltatum Geraniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 740 Fully naturalised Pennisetum alopecuroides Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 573; q.v.: 23 Casual F Pennisetum clandestinum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 574 Casual F Pennisetum macrourum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 576; CHR 234670 Fully naturalised Pennisetum setaceum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 578; q.v.: 24 Casual F Pennisetum villosum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 578 Fully naturalised Pentaglottis sempervirens Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 391; CHR 413988 Fully naturalised Pentapogon quadrifidus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 285 Fully naturalised Pericallis × hybrida Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 263 Fully naturalised Persicaria capitata Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 972 as Polygonum Fully naturalised capitatum Persicaria hydropiper Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 972 as Polygonum Fully naturalised hydropiper.; CHR 480602 Persicaria lapthifolia Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 973 as Polygonum Fully naturalised lapathifoliu. Persicaria mollis Polygonaceae OD NZJB 33 (2): 174 as Polygonum Casual O molle (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

56 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Persicaria orientalis Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 973 as Polygonum Fully naturalised orientale Petasites fragrans Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 264 Fully naturalised Petrorhagia prolifera Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 488 Fully naturalised Petrorhagia velutina Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 489 Fully naturalised Petroselinum crispum Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 136 Fully naturalised Petunia × hybrida Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1233 Fully naturalised Phacelia tanacetifolia Hydrophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 759 Fully naturalised O Phalaris aquatica Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 352; CHR 481600 Fully naturalised Phalaris arundinacea Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 352 Fully naturalised Phalaris canariensis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 353; CHR 479539 Fully naturalised Phalaris minor Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 354; CHR 479509 Fully naturalised Phalaris paradoxa Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 354 Fully naturalised Phaseolus coccineus Fabaceae DL FNZ (IV): 673 Fully naturalised Phleum pratense Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 286 Fully naturalised Phlomis fruticosa Lamiaceae DT NZJB 33 (2): 167 Fully naturalised Phlomis russeliana Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 785 Fully naturalised Phlox drummondii Polemoniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 960 Fully naturalised O Phlox paniculata Polemoniaceae OD FNZ (IV): 960 Fully naturalised Phragmites australis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 421; q.v.: 15 Fully naturalised Phygelius capensis Scrophulariaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1201; q.v.: 25 Casual F Phyllitis scolopendrium Aspleniaceae FE FNZ (IV): 12 Fully naturalised O Phyllostachys aurea Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 26; q.v.: 24 Casual F Physalis peruviana Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1234; CHR 472489 Fully naturalised Phytolacca americana Phytolaccaceae OD FNZ (IV): 940; q.v.: 23 Casual F Phytolacca clavigera Phytolaccaceae OD FNZ (IV): 941 Fully naturalised O Phytolacca octandra Phytolaccaceae DT FNZ (IV): 941 Fully naturalised Picea abies Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 49 Casual O Picea sitchensis Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 49 Fully naturalised Pinus banksiana Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 51 Fully naturalised Pinus contorta Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 52 Fully naturalised Pinus halepensis Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 52 Fully naturalised Pinus mugo Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 53 Fully naturalised Pinus muricata Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 53 Fully naturalised Pinus nigra subsp. laricio Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 55 Fully naturalised Pinus nigra subsp. nigra Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 55 Fully naturalised Pinus pinaster Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 56 Fully naturalised Pinus ponderosa Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 57; CHR 418926 Fully naturalised Pinus radiata Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 58 Fully naturalised Pinus strobus Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 58 Fully naturalised Pinus sylvestris Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 59 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 57 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Piptanthus laburnifolius Fabaceae DT NZJB 40 (2): 162 Casual O Piptatherum miliaceum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 83 Fully naturalised Pisum sativum Fabaceae DL FNZ (IV): 674 Fully naturalised Plantago coronopus Plantaginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 947; CHR 518328 Fully naturalised Plantago debilis Plantaginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 947 Fully naturalised Plantago lanceolata Plantaginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 948; CHR 437853 Fully naturalised Plantago major Plantaginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 949; CHR 479901 Fully naturalised Plantago scabra Plantaginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 949 Fully naturalised Pleioblastus chino Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 31 Fully naturalised Poa alpina Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 191 Casual Poa annua Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 141; CHR 479541 Fully naturalised Poa compressa Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 155 Fully naturalised Poa infirma Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 164 Fully naturalised Poa labillardierei Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 167 Fully naturalised Poa nemoralis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 173 Fully naturalised Poa pratensis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 176; CHR 479514 Fully naturalised Poa trivialis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 189; CHR 482682 Fully naturalised Polemonium caeruleum Polemoniaceae DT FNZ (IV): 961; q.v.: 24 Casual F Polycarpon tetraphyllum Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 489; CHR 419660 Fully naturalised Polygala myrtifolia Polygalaceae DT FNZ (IV): 963; q.v.: 24 Casual F Polygala serpyllifolia Polygalaceae OD FNZ (IV): 963 Fully naturalised Polygonatum × hybridum Convallariaceae OM FNZ (III): 58 Fully naturalised Polygonum arenastrum Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 970; CHR 534663 Fully naturalised Polygonum aviculare Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 971; CHR 563438 Fully naturalised Polygonum persicaria Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 974; CHR 480603 Fully naturalised Polypodium vulgare Polypodiaceae FE FNZ (IV): 28 Fully naturalised O Polypogon fugax Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 287 Fully naturalised Polypogon monspeliensis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 288; CHR 156709 Fully naturalised Pomaderris aspera Rhamnaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1044 Fully naturalised Populus × canadensis Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1155; CHR 437566 Fully naturalised Populus × canescens Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1156 Fully naturalised Populus × gileadensis Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1157 Fully naturalised Populus alba Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1154; CHR 477874 Fully naturalised Populus deltoides Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1156; CHR 385858 Fully naturalised Populus nigra Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1158; CHR 201213 Fully naturalised Populus tremula Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1158 Fully naturalised O Populus trichocarpa Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1159 Fully naturalised O Populus yunnanensis Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1159 Fully naturalised Portulaca grandiflora Portulacaceae OD FNZ (IV): 991; NZJB 36 (2): 162 Casual Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae OD FNZ (IV): 991 Fully naturalised Potamogeton crispus Potamogetonaceae OM FNZ (III): 37 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

58 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Potentilla anglica Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1087 Fully naturalised Potentilla argentea Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1087 Fully naturalised Potentilla recta Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1088 Fully naturalised Potentilla reptans Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1088 Fully naturalised Primula vulgaris Primulaceae OD NZJB 33 (2): 174 Fully naturalised O Prunella vulgaris Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 788; CHR 479876 Fully naturalised Prunus × domestica Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1094; CHR 455734 Fully naturalised Prunus armeniaca Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1091; NZJB 37 (4): Casual 641 Prunus avium Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1092 Fully naturalised Prunus cerasifera Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1093; CHR 439934 Fully naturalised Prunus cerasus Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1094 Fully naturalised Prunus laurocerasus Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1095 Fully naturalised Prunus lusitanica Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1096 Fully naturalised Prunus mahaleb Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1096 Fully naturalised Prunus persica Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1097 Fully naturalised Prunus spinosa Rosaceae DT NZJB 37 (4): 637 Casual O Pseudosasa japonica Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 34 Fully naturalised Pseudotsuga menziesii Pinaceae GY FNZ (IV): 60 Fully naturalised Pteris cretica Pteridaceae FE FNZ (IV): 35 Fully naturalised Ptilostemon afer subsp. afer Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 315 Fully naturalised O Puccinellia distans Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 196 Fully naturalised Puccinellia fasciculata Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 197 Fully naturalised Pyracantha crenatoserrata Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1099; q.v.: 15 Fully naturalised Pyracantha crenulata Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1100 Fully naturalised Pyrus communis Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1101; CHR 455737 Fully naturalised Quercus cerris Fagaceae DT FNZ (IV): 711; CHR 437703 Fully naturalised Quercus ilex Fagaceae DT FNZ (IV): 711 Fully naturalised Quercus robur Fagaceae DT FNZ (IV): 712; CHR 496464 Fully naturalised Quercus rubra Fagaceae DT FNZ (IV): 712 Fully naturalised Quillaja saponaria Rosaceae DT NZJB 42 (5): 810 Casual Ranunculus acris subsp. Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1019 Fully naturalised acris Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1020 Fully naturalised O Ranunculus bulbosus subsp. Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1020 Fully naturalised bulbosus Ranunculus ficaria subsp. Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1021 Fully naturalised bulbilifer Ranunculus ficaria subsp. Ranunculaceae OD NZJB 33 (2): 176 Casual O calthifolius Ranunculus ficaria subsp. Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1021 Fully naturalised ficariiformis (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 59 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Ranunculus flammula Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1021; CHR 574342 Fully naturalised Ranunculus muricatus Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1022; q.v.: 15 Casual F Ranunculus parviflorus Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1022 Fully naturalised Ranunculus repens Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1023; CHR 512143 Fully naturalised Ranunculus sardous Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1023 Fully naturalised Ranunculus sceleratus Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1024; CHR 418526 Fully naturalised Ranunculus trichophyllus Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1025; CHR 483294 Fully naturalised Raphanus raphanistrum Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 439 Fully naturalised subsp. maritimus Raphanus raphanistrum Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 439 Fully naturalised subsp. raphanistrum Raphanus sativus Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 439; CHR 68054 Fully naturalised Rapistrum rugosum Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 440; CHR 98176 Fully naturalised Reseda alba Resedaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1040 Fully naturalised Reseda lutea Resedaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1041 Fully naturalised Reseda luteola Resedaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1041 Fully naturalised Reynoutria japonica Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 978 Fully naturalised Reynoutria sachalinensis Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 979 Fully naturalised Rhamnus alaternus Rhamnaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1047 Fully naturalised Rhaphiolepis umbellata Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1102; q.v.: 25 Casual F Rheum rhabarbarum Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 979 Fully naturalised O Rhus typhina Anacardiaceae DT FNZ (IV): 109 Fully naturalised Ribes nigrum Grossulariaceae DT FNZ (IV): 744 Fully naturalised Ribes odoratum Grossulariaceae DT FNZ (IV): 745 Fully naturalised Ribes rubrum Grossulariaceae DT FNZ (IV): 746 Fully naturalised Ribes sanguineum Grossulariaceae DT FNZ (IV): 746 Fully naturalised Ribes uva-crispa Grossulariaceae DT FNZ (IV): 747 Fully naturalised Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae DT FNZ (IV): 634 Fully naturalised Robinia pseudacacia Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 676 Fully naturalised Roldana petasitis Asteraceae DT FNZ (IV): 275 as Senecio Casual F petasitis; q.v.: 19 Romneya coulteri Papaveraceae OD FNZ (IV): 927 Casual O Romulea rosea Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 132; q.v.: 22 Casual F Rorippa sylvestris Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 442; CHR 572690 Fully naturalised Rosa × centifolia Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1106 Casual O Rosa canina Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1108 Fully naturalised Rosa gallica Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1108 Fully naturalised Rosa ‘Madame Plantier’ Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1107 Casual Rosa multiflora Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1112; CHR 474072 Fully naturalised Rosa rubiginosa Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1113; CHR 478929 Fully naturalised Rosa sempervirens hybrids Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1116 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

60 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Rosa tomentosa Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1107; NZJB 37 (4): Casual O 641 Rosa wichuriana ‘Dorothy Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1117; CHR 459122 Fully naturalised Perkins’ group Rubus fruticosus agg. R. Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1124; NZJB 40 (2): Casual caesius 170 Rubus fruticosus agg. R. Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1126 Fully naturalised echinatus Rubus fruticosus agg. R. Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1127; CHR 496791 Fully naturalised laciniatus Rubus fruticosus agg. R. Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1130 Fully naturalised procerus Rubus fruticosus agg. R. Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1131 Fully naturalised ulmifolius Rubus fruticosus agg. R. Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1131 Fully naturalised vestitus Rubus idaeus Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1132 Fully naturalised Rubus phoenicolasius Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1132 Fully naturalised Rudbeckia hirta Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 225; NZJB 37 (4): 639 Casual Rudbeckia laciniata Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 225 Fully naturalised Rumex acetosa Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 981 Fully naturalised Rumex acetosella Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 982; CHR 479854 Fully naturalised Rumex brownii Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 982 Fully naturalised Rumex conglomeratus Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 983; CHR 468875 Fully naturalised Rumex crispus Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 983; CHR 437861 Fully naturalised Rumex obtusifolius Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 984; CHR 512094 Fully naturalised Rumex pulcher Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 985; CHR 573974 Fully naturalised Rumex sagittatus Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 985; q.v.: 24 Casual F Rumex tenuifolius Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 986 Fully naturalised Rumex vesicarius Polygonaceae OD FNZ (IV): 981 Casual O Ruschia tumidula Aizoaceae OD FNZ (IV): 99 Fully naturalised Rytidosperma caespitosum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 468 Fully naturalised Rytidosperma geniculatum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 472 Fully naturalised Rytidosperma penicillatum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 479 Fully naturalised Rytidosperma pilosum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 480 Fully naturalised Rytidosperma racemosum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 483 Fully naturalised Sagina apetala Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 490 Fully naturalised Sagina procumbens Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 491; CHR 512202 Fully naturalised Sagina subulata Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 491 Fully naturalised Salix × calodendron Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1167 Fully naturalised Salix × chrysocoma Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1167; CHR 193574 Fully naturalised Salix × reichardtii Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1173; CHR 232080 Fully naturalised Salix × rubens Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1174 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 61 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Salix alba var. alba Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1165 Fully naturalised Salix alba var. vitellina Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1166 Fully naturalised Salix babylonica Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1166; CHR 193569 Fully naturalised Salix cinerea Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1168; CHR 369252 Fully naturalised Salix daphnoides Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1169 Fully naturalised Salix elaeagnos Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1169 Fully naturalised Salix fragilis Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1170; CHR 369218 Fully naturalised Salix glaucophylloides Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1170 Fully naturalised O Salix matsudana Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1171 Fully naturalised Salix purpurea Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1172 Fully naturalised Salix viminalis Salicaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1175 Fully naturalised Salpichroa origanifolia Solanaceae DL FNZ (IV): 1236 Fully naturalised Salpiglossis sinuata Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1237 Fully naturalised O Salsola kali Chenopodiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 534 Fully naturalised Salvia glutinosa Lamiaceae OD NZJB 42 (5): 807 Casual O Salvia reflexa Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 791 Fully naturalised Salvia verbenaca Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 792; CHR 480440 Fully naturalised Sambucus nigra Caprifoliaceae DT FNZ (IV): 469 Fully naturalised Sambucus pubens Caprifoliaceae DT FNZ (IV): 470 Fully naturalised Sanguisorba minor subsp. Rosaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1137 Fully naturalised muricata Saponaria officinalis Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 492 Fully naturalised Sasa palmata Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 36 Fully naturalised Sasaella ramosa Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 37 Fully naturalised O Scabiosa atropurpurea Dipsacaceae OD FNZ (IV): 600 Fully naturalised Scandix pecten-veneris Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 115; CHR 19252 Casual Schedonorus phoenix Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 205; CHR 474944 Fully naturalised Schinus molle Anacardiaceae DT FNZ (IV): 110 Fully naturalised Schizostylis coccinea Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 133 Fully naturalised Scilla peruviana Hyacinthaceae OM FNZ (III): 60 Fully naturalised Scleranthus annuus Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 493 Fully naturalised Scleranthus fasciculatus Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 493 Fully naturalised Scorpiurus muricatus Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 676 Fully naturalised Scrophularia nodosa Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1202 Fully naturalised Secale cereale Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 410; CHR 478464 Fully naturalised Sedum × rubrotinctum Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 587 Casual Sedum acre Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 587 Fully naturalised Sedum album Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 588 Fully naturalised Sedum dasyphyllum Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 586; NZJB 40 (2): 158 Fully naturalised Sedum decumbens Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 589 Fully naturalised Sedum mexicanum Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 587; NZJB 33 (2): 181 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

62 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Sedum praealtum subsp. Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 590 Fully naturalised praealtum Sedum reflexum Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 591 Fully naturalised Sedum spectabile Crassulaceae OD FNZ (IV): 591 Fully naturalised Selaginella kraussiana Selaginellaceae L FNZ (IV): 5 Fully naturalised Senecio angulatus Asteraceae DT FNZ (IV): 270 Fully naturalised Senecio bipinnatisectus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 271 Fully naturalised Senecio cineraria Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 272 Fully naturalised Senecio crassiflorus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 270; NZJB 40 (2): 167 Casual Senecio elegans Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 273 Fully naturalised Senecio glastifolius Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 273 Fully naturalised Senecio hypoleucus Asteraceae DC NZJB 42 (5): 804 Casual O Senecio jacobaea Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 273; CHR 123279 Fully naturalised Senecio mikanioides Asteraceae DL FNZ (IV): 275; CHR 170142 Fully naturalised Senecio skirrhodon Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 275 Fully naturalised Senecio sylvaticus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 276; CHR 567162 Fully naturalised Senecio vulgaris Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 277 Fully naturalised Sesleria albicans Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 211 Casual O Sesleria autumnalis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 211 Casual O Setaria italica Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 583; CHR 572949 Fully naturalised Setaria pumila Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 586 Fully naturalised Setaria verticillata Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 587; CHR 482714 Fully naturalised Setaria viridis Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 588; CHR 276793 Fully naturalised Sherardia arvensis Rubiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1150; CHR 512111 Fully naturalised Sidalcea malviflora Malvaceae OD FNZ (IV): 821 Casual O Sieglingia decumbens Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 490 Fully naturalised Silene armeria Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 497 Fully naturalised Silene chalcedonica Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 485 as Lychnis Casual O chalcedonica Silene coeli-rosa Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 498 Fully naturalised Silene conica Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 498 Fully naturalised Silene coronaria Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 485 as Lychnis Fully naturalised coronaria Silene dioica Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 499 Fully naturalised Silene flos-cuculi Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 485 as Lychnis flos- Fully naturalised cuculi Silene gallica Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 500 Fully naturalised Silene italica Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 497; CHR 5247 Casual Silene latifolia subsp. alba Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 501 Fully naturalised Silene noctiflora Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 501 Fully naturalised O Silene nutans Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 502 Fully naturalised Silene pendula Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 502 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 63 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Silene vulgaris subsp. Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 503 Fully naturalised vulgaris Silybum marianum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 316 Fully naturalised Sinapis alba subsp. alba Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 444: CHR 83246 Fully naturalised Sinapis arvensis Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 444; CHR 505705 Fully naturalised Sisymbrium altissimum Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 445 Fully naturalised Sisymbrium erysimoides Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 445 Casual O Sisymbrium irio Brassicaceae OD NZJB 33 (2): 159 Casual O Sisymbrium officinale Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 446; CHR 480470 Fully naturalised Sisymbrium orientale Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 446; CHR 479525 Fully naturalised Sisyrinchium “blue” Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 135 Fully naturalised Sisyrinchium californicum Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 134 Casual O Sisyrinchium iridifolium Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 134 Fully naturalised Sisyrinchium striatum Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 135 Fully naturalised O Solanum chenopodioides Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1243; CHR 494059 Fully naturalised Solanum crispum Solanaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1243 Fully naturalised Solanum diflorum Solanaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1244; q.v.: 16 Fully naturalised Solanum dulcamara Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1244 Fully naturalised Solanum jasminoides Solanaceae DL FNZ (IV): 1245; CHR 127439 Fully naturalised Solanum lycopersicum Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1228 as Lycopersicon Fully naturalised esculentum; CHR 326307 Solanum marginatum Solanaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1246 Fully naturalised Solanum nigrum Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1247; CHR 483262 Fully naturalised Solanum physalifolium Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1248 Fully naturalised Solanum pseudocapsicum Solanaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1249; CHR 540601 Fully naturalised Solanum rostratum Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1250 Fully naturalised Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1250; CHR 309350 Fully naturalised Solanum villosum Solanaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1251 Fully naturalised Soleirolia soleirolii Urticaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1264 Fully naturalised Solenogyne dominii Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 194 Fully naturalised Solenogyne gunnii Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 194 Fully naturalised Solenogyne mikadoi Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 193 Casual O Solidago canadensis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 195; CHR 421048 Fully naturalised Solidago virgaurea Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 195 Casual O Soliva sessilis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 173 Fully naturalised Sonchus arvensis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 343 Fully naturalised Sonchus asper Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 343; CHR 478560 Fully naturalised Sonchus oleraceus Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 344; CHR 512114 Fully naturalised Sophora cassioides Fabaceae DT NZJB 42 (5): 807 Casual O Sorbaria tomentosa Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1138 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

64 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Sorbus aucuparia subsp. Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1139 Fully naturalised aucuparia Sorghum halepense Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 610 Fully naturalised Sparaxis tricolor Iridaceae OM FNZ (III): 136; q.v.: 22 Casual F Spartina × townsendii* Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 514; q.v.: 24 Casual F Spartina anglica Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 514 Fully naturalised Spartium junceum Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 677 Fully naturalised Spergula arvensis Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 504 Fully naturalised Spergularia bocconei Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 505 Fully naturalised Spergularia marina Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 505 Fully naturalised Spergularia rubra Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 505; CHR 574122 Fully naturalised Spiraea × billiardii Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1140; NZJB 40 (2): Casual 170; q.v.: 28 Spirodela punctata Lemnaceae OM FNZ (III): 80 Fully naturalised Sporobolus africanus Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 531 Fully naturalised Stachys annua Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 795 Casual O Stachys arvensis Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 795; CHR 479750 Fully naturalised Stachys byzantina Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 795 Fully naturalised Stachys sylvatica Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 796; CHR 417226 Fully naturalised Stellaria alsine Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 507 Fully naturalised Stellaria graminea Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 508 Fully naturalised Stellaria holostea Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 507 Casual O Stellaria media subsp. Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 508 Fully naturalised media Stenotaphrum secundatum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 592 Fully naturalised Stranvaesia davidiana Rosaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1053; NZJB 40 (2): Casual 170 Stuartina muelleri Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 258 Fully naturalised Symphoricarpos albus Caprifoliaceae DT FNZ (IV): 470 Fully naturalised Symphytum × uplandicum Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 393; CHR 509577 Fully naturalised Symphytum asperum Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 392; CHR 172589 Fully naturalised Symphytum officinale Boraginaceae OD FNZ (IV): 392 Fully naturalised Syringa vulgaris Oleaceae DT FNZ (IV): 882; q.v.: 23 Casual F Tagetes erecta Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 289 Fully naturalised Tagetes patula Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 290 Fully naturalised Tagetes tenuifolia Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 289 Casual O Talinum paniculatum Portulacaceae OD NZJB 33 (2): 174; NZJB 40 (2): Casual 169 Tamarix chinensis Tamaricaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1255 Fully naturalised Tamarix parviflora Tamaricaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1254; q.v.: 28 Casual Tanacetum parthenium Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 175; CHR 33629 Fully naturalised * No longer present, replaced by Spartina anglica or eradicated. (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 65 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Tanacetum vulgare Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 175; CHR 529293 Fully naturalised Taraxacum lambinonii Asteraceae DC NZJB 42 (5): 798 Fully naturalised Taraxacum officinale agg. Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 346; CHR 479446 Fully naturalised Taxus baccata Taxaceae GY FNZ (IV): 64; CHR 513091 Fully naturalised Tecomaria capensis Bignoniaceae DT FNZ (IV): 366 Fully naturalised Teline linifolia subsp. Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 678 Fully naturalised linifolia Teline monspessulana Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 678; CHR 511541 Fully naturalised Teline stenopetala Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 679 Fully naturalised Tetrapanax papyriferus Araliaceae DT FNZ (IV): 147; q.v.: 17 Casual F Thalictrum aquilegiifolium Ranunculaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1003 Casual O Themeda triandra Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 612 Fully naturalised Thinopyrum intermedium Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 416 Casual O Thinopyrum junceiforme Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 415 Fully naturalised O Thlaspi arvense Brassicaceae OD FNZ (IV): 447 Fully naturalised Thuja plicata Cupressaceae GY FNZ (IV): 42 Casual O Thymus pulegioides Lamiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 798; NZJB 40 (2): 172 Fully naturalised Thymus vulgaris Lamiaceae DT FNZ (IV): 799 Fully naturalised Tibouchina paratropica Melastomataceae DT NZJB 40 (2): 163 Casual O Tieghemopanax Araliaceae DT NZJB 40 (2): 161 Casual O sambucifolius Torilis arvensis Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 138 Fully naturalised Torilis japonica Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 139 Fully naturalised Torilis nodosa Apiaceae OD FNZ (IV): 139 Fully naturalised Tradescantia fluminensis Commelinaceae OM FNZ (III): 39 Fully naturalised Tradescantia virginiana Commelinaceae OM FNZ (III): 39 Casual Tragopogon porrifolius Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 349 Fully naturalised Tragopogon pratensis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 349 Fully naturalised O Trifolium ambiguum Fabaceae OD NZJB 40 (2): 162 Casual O Trifolium angustifolium Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 682 Fully naturalised Trifolium arvense Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 683 Fully naturalised Trifolium aureum Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 683 Fully naturalised Trifolium campestre Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 684 Fully naturalised Trifolium cernuum Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 684 Fully naturalised Trifolium dubium Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 685; CHR 438014 Fully naturalised Trifolium fragiferum Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 685; CHR 526475 Fully naturalised Trifolium glomeratum Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 686 Fully naturalised Trifolium hirtum Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 686; q.v.: 21 Casual F Trifolium hybridum Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 687; CHR 118370 Fully naturalised Trifolium incarnatum Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 687 Fully naturalised Trifolium medium Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 688; CHR 483306 Fully naturalised (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

66 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Trifolium micranthum Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 688 Fully naturalised Trifolium ornithopodioides Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 689 Fully naturalised Trifolium pratense Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 690; CHR 212036 Fully naturalised Trifolium repens Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 690; CHR 181716 Fully naturalised Trifolium resupinatum Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 691 Fully naturalised Trifolium striatum Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 693 Fully naturalised Trifolium subterraneum Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 693; CHR 201419 Fully naturalised Trifolium suffocatum Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 694 Fully naturalised Trifolium tomentosum Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 694 Fully naturalised Tripleurospermum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 176; CHR 478730 Fully naturalised inodorum Triticum aestivum Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 417; CHR 254733 Fully naturalised Tropaeolum majus Tropaeolaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1259; CHR 480966 Fully naturalised Tropaeolum speciosum Tropaeolaceae DL FNZ (IV): 1260 Fully naturalised Tsuga heterophylla Pinaceae GY NZJB 42 (5): 803 Casual O Tussilago farfara Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 287 Fully naturalised Ulex europaeus Fabaceae DT FNZ (IV): 695; CHR 470176 Fully naturalised Ulmus × hollandica Ulmaceae DT FNZ (IV): 1262; CHR 497766 Fully naturalised Ulmus glabra Ulmaceae DT NZJB 36 (2): 161 Casual O Ursinia anthemoides subsp. Asteraceae DC NZJB 36 (2): 158 Casual O versicolor Urtica dioica subsp. dioica Urticaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1266 Fully naturalised Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis Urticaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1267 Fully naturalised Urtica membranacea Urticaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1266 Casual O Urtica urens Urticaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1267; CHR 572965 Fully naturalised Vaccaria hispanica Caryophyllaceae OD FNZ (IV): 476 Casual O Valerianella carinata Valerianaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1270 Fully naturalised Valerianella locusta Valerianaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1270 Fully naturalised Verbascum phlomoides Scrophulariaceae OD NZJB 42 (5): 811 Casual* O Verbascum thapsus Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1205; CHR 216077 Fully naturalised Verbascum virgatum Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1205 Fully naturalised Verbena bonariensis Verbenaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1277; CHR 497400 Fully naturalised Verbena officinalis Verbenaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1278; CHR 497483 Fully naturalised Verbena rigida Verbenaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1279 Fully naturalised Verbena tenuisecta Verbenaceae OD NZJB 40 (2): 166 Casual Veronica agrestis Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1207 Fully naturalised Veronica americana Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1208 Fully naturalised Veronica anagallis-aquatica Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1208; CHR 512465 Fully naturalised Veronica arvensis Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1209; CHR 478635 Fully naturalised * Also recorded in Auckland and Invercargill, without substantiating specimens. (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist 67 TAXON NAME FAMILY GROWTH SOURCES NATURALISED NOTES FORM (1) STATUS IN (2) CANTERBURY Veronica catenata Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1209; NZJB 40 (2): Fully naturalised 172 Veronica hederifolia Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1211 Fully naturalised Veronica persica Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1211; CHR 512164 Fully naturalised Veronica polita Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1212 Fully naturalised Veronica scutellata Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1213 Fully naturalised Veronica serpyllifolia Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1213; CHR 496450 Fully naturalised Veronica verna Scrophulariaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1214 Fully naturalised Viburnum tinus var. tinus Caprifoliaceae DT FNZ (IV): 472 Fully naturalised Vicia cracca Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 697 Fully naturalised Vicia faba Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 698 Fully naturalised Vicia hirsuta Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 698 Fully naturalised Vicia lathyroides Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 698 Fully naturalised Vicia lutea Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 699 Fully naturalised O Vicia sativa Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 699; CHR 511754 Fully naturalised Vicia tetrasperma Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 700 Fully naturalised Vicia villosa Fabaceae OD FNZ (IV): 700 Fully naturalised Vinca major Apocynaceae OD FNZ (IV): 142; CHR 201596 Fully naturalised Vinca major cv. ‘Variegata’ Apocynaceae OD FNZ (IV): 142; CHR 167342* Casual Vinca minor Apocynaceae OD FNZ (IV): 142 Fully naturalised Viola × wittrockiana Violaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1284 Fully naturalised Viola arvensis Violaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1280 Fully naturalised

Viola odorata Violaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1283 Fully naturalised

Viola riviniana Violaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1283 Fully naturalised Viola tricolor Violaceae OD FNZ (IV): 1283 Fully naturalised Vitis vinifera Vitaceae DL FNZ (IV): 1287 Fully naturalised

Vittadinia cuneata Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 197 Fully naturalised Vittadinia gracilis Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 197 Fully naturalised Vulpia bromoides Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 208; CHR 490076 Fully naturalised Vulpia myuros var. Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 210; CHR 481284 Fully naturalised megalura Vulpia myuros var. myuros Poaceae MG FNZ (V): 210; CHR 567159 Fully naturalised Wisteria sinensis Fabaceae DL FNZ (IV): 701; q.v.: 21 Casual F Xanthium spinosum Asteraceae DC FNZ (IV): 227 Fully naturalised Zantedeschia aethiopica Araceae OM FNZ (III): 78 Fully naturalised Zantedeschia albomaculata Araceae OM FNZ (III): 78; q.v.: 26 Casual * Specimen (CHR 167342) determined to species only, but clearly of cv. ‘Variegata.’ (1) DC: Dicotyledonous herbs - composites; DL: Dicotyledonous lianes; DT: Dicotyledonous trees and shrubs; FE: Ferns; GY: Gymnosperm trees and shrubs; L: Lycophytes; MG: Monocotyledonous herbs - grasses; ML: Monocotyledonous Lianes; MO: Monocotyledonous herbs - orchids; MR: Monocotyledonous herbs - rushes; MS: Monocotyledonous herbs - sedges; MT: Monocotyledonous trees and shrubs; OD: Dicotyledonous herbs - other than composites; OM: Monocotyledonous herbs - other than orchids, grasses, sedges, rushes. (2) F: Fully naturalised in New Zealand; O: Occurs only in Canterbury.

68 Canterbury naturalised vascular plant checklist