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Factors Affecting Epidemiology and Conidial Germination of Fusarium Mangiferae, the Causal Agent of Mango Malformation Abstract

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Factors Affecting Epidemiology and Conidial Germination of Fusarium Mangiferae, the Causal Agent of Mango Malformation Abstract Hebron University College of Graduate Studies and Academic Research Master Program in Sustainable Natural Resources & their Management Factors affecting epidemiology and conidial germination of Fusarium mangiferae, the causal agent of mango malformation By Fida Ahmad Abu Sharar Supervisor Prof. Dr. Radwan Barakat Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in natural sustainable management resources, College of Graduate Studies and Academic Research, Hebron University, Hebron- Palestine. 2014 2 Dedicated to my Parents and my Husband 3 Acknowledgement Thanks to Allah for granting me strength to work and complete this research. I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Radwan Barakat, for his great advice, guidance and encouragement. Thanks also to the Faculty of Agriculture at Hebron University, the kind staff and great research facilities were a unique opportunity for all us. A very special thanks to Mr. Mohammed Al-Masri for his support. In addition, I express my best regards to Wafa Amro, Mirvat Suliman, Hala Milhem, Arwa Mujahed and Doa`a Zayed. My Family, I don't find words to thank and appreciation my mother for her noble sacrifice, endless cooperation. My Father Almighty Allah bless his soul for love and support. My husband and My son for courage and patience, and for great Brothers and Sisters … THANKS. 4 Content Abstract: ............................................................................................................................ 12 1. INTRODICTION .......................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Mango Malformation ................................................................................................. 13 1.2. Disease Etiology ......................................................................................................... 13 1.3. Symptomology ........................................................................................................... 15 1.3.1.Vegetative malformation ...................................................................................... 15 1.3.2. Floral malformation ............................................................................................. 16 1.4. The Causal agent ........................................................................................................ 18 1.4.1. Vegetative growth and propagules ...................................................................... 18 1.4.2. Taxonomy ............................................................................................................ 19 1.5. Epidemiology and Disease cycle ................................................................................ 21 1.5.1. Sources of inoculum and infection courts ........................................................... 21 1.5.2. Role of the mango bud mite Aceria mangiferae ................................................. 23 1.5.3. Disease cycle ....................................................................................................... 24 1.6. Histopathology ........................................................................................................... 26 1.7. Conidial germination of F. mangiferae ...................................................................... 28 1.8. Disease management .................................................................................................. 29 1.8.1. Cultural Control ................................................................................................... 29 1.8.2. Chemical Control ................................................................................................ 30 1.8.3. Biological Control ............................................................................................... 32 1.9. Study Objectives ........................................................................................................ 34 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................... 35 2. Materials and Methods .................................................................................................. 35 2.1. Disease Survey ........................................................................................................... 35 2.1.1. Collection of diseased samples: .......................................................................... 35 2.1.2. Isolation of Fusarium species from infected mango buds: ................................. 36 2.1.3. Identification of F. mangiferae ........................................................................... 36 2.2. Selective media enhancement for the isolation of F. mangiferae. ............................ 37 2.3. Mycelia growth rate (MGR) of F. mangiferae isolates .............................................. 37 2.4. Factors affecting germination of F. mangiferae (Q2.4) conidia. ................................. 39 2.4.1. Incubation time .................................................................................................... 39 2.4.2. Conidial concentration ........................................................................................ 39 2.4.3 Temperature ......................................................................................................... 40 2.4.4. Sugars .................................................................................................................. 41 2.4.5. Amino acid .......................................................................................................... 41 2.4.6. Inorganic Nitrogen forms .................................................................................... 42 2.4.7. Cations ................................................................................................................. 43 2.4.8. pH values ............................................................................................................. 44 2.4.9. Oxidants .............................................................................................................. 44 2.5. Mango Malformation Management ........................................................................... 45 2.5.1. Biological control with Trichoderma harzianum. ............................................... 45 5 2.5.2. Chemical Control with fungicides. ...................................................................... 46 2.5.2.1. Effect of the fungicide Fosetyl-Al on conidial germination of F. mangiferae.46 2.5.2.2. Effect of the fungicide Fosetyl-Al on mycelial growth rate of F. mangiferae. 47 2.5.2.3. Effect of the fungicide Fosetyl-Al on the conidial germination of T. harzianum. .................................................................................................................... 48 2.5.2.4 Effect of the fungicides Fosetyl-Al on the mycelia growth of T. harzianum. .. 48 2.6. Statistical Analyses………………...……………………………………………………………….……….………..49 3. Result ............................................................................................................................. 50 3.1. Disease Survey ........................................................................................................... 50 3.1.1 Isolation of F. mangiferae .................................................................................... 50 3.1.2 Identification of F. mangiferae ........................................................................... 51 3.2 Selective media enhancement for the isolation of F. mangifera(Q2.4) ........................ 51 3.3 Mycelia growth rate (MGR) of F. mangiferae isolates. .............................................. 53 3.3.1 The effect of temperature on mycelium growth rate of F. mangiferae (Q2.4). ..... 54 3.4. Factors affecting germination of F. mangiferae (Q2.4) conidia .................................. 55 3.4.1. Incubation time. ................................................................................................... 55 3.4.2. Conidia Concentration......................................................................................... 56 3.4.3. Temperature ........................................................................................................ 57 3.4.4. Sugars .................................................................................................................. 58 3.4.5. Amino acids ......................................................................................................... 60 3.4.6. Inorganic nitrogen forms (NH4, NO3) ................................................................. 63 3.4.7. Cations ................................................................................................................. 64 3.4.8. pH values ............................................................................................................. 68 3.4.9. Oxidants (hydrogen peroxide and menadione) ................................................... 69 3.5. Mango Malformation Management ........................................................................... 71 3.5.1. Biological control with Trichoderma harzianum. ............................................... 68 3.5.1 Effect of T. harzianum metabolites on mycelium growth rate of F. mangiferae (Q2.4). ............................................................................................................................ 71 3.5.2. Chemical control ................................................................................................
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