DOCSLIB.ORG

Production and Role of Hormones During Interaction of Fusarium Species with Maize (Zea Mays L.) Seedlings

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Production and Role of Hormones During Interaction of Fusarium Species with Maize (Zea Mays L.) Seedlings fpls-09-01936 January 9, 2019 Time: 15:47 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 11 January 2019 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01936 Production and Role of Hormones During Interaction of Fusarium Species With Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings Josef Vrabka1, Eva-Maria Niehaus2, Martin Münsterkötter3, Robert H. Proctor4, Daren W. Brown4, Ondrejˇ Novák5,6, Aleš Penˇ cikˇ 5,6, Danuše Tarkowská5,6, Kristýna Hromadová1, Michaela Hradilová1, Jana Oklešt’ková5,6, Liat Oren-Young7, Yifat Idan7, Amir Sharon7, Marcel Maymon8, Meirav Elazar8, Stanley Freeman8, Ulrich Güldener9, Bettina Tudzynski2, Petr Galuszka1† and Veronique Bergougnoux1* Edited by: 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty Pierre Fobert, of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia, 2 Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology National Research and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany, 3 Functional Genomics Council Canada (NRC-CNRC), and Bioinformatics, Sopron University, Sopron, Hungary, 4 National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Canada Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States, 5 Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Reviewed by: Olomouc, Czechia, 6 Department of Metabolomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Nora A. Foroud, Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia, 7 Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, 8 Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Canada Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel, 9 Department of Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences Aiping Zheng, Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany Sichuan Agricultural University, China Rajesh N. Patkar, Maharaja Sayajirao University It has long been known that hormones affect the interaction of a phytopathogen with of Baroda, India its host plant. The pathogen can cause changes in plant hormone homeostasis directly *Correspondence: by affecting biosynthesis or metabolism in the plant or by synthesizing and secreting Veronique Bergougnoux [email protected] the hormone itself. We previously demonstrated that pathogenic fungi of the Fusarium †Deceased species complex are able to produce three major types of hormones: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. In this work, we explore changes in the levels of these hormones in Specialty section: maize and mango plant tissues infected with Fusarium. The ability to produce individual This article was submitted to Plant Microbe Interactions, phytohormones varies significantly across Fusarium species and such differences likely a section of the journal impact host specificity inducing the unique responses noted in planta during infection. Frontiers in Plant Science For example, the production of gibberellins by F. fujikuroi leads to elongated rice stalks Received: 29 March 2018 Accepted: 12 December 2018 and the suppression of gibberellin biosynthesis in plant tissue. Although all Fusarium Published: 11 January 2019 species are able to synthesize auxin, sometimes by multiple pathways, the ratio of its free Citation: form and conjugates in infected tissue is affected more than the total amount produced. Vrabka J, Niehaus E-M, The recently characterized unique pathway for cytokinin de novo synthesis in Fusarium Münsterkötter M, Proctor RH, Brown DW, Novák O, Penˇ cikˇ A, appears silenced or non-functional in all studied species during plant infection. Despite Tarkowská D, Hromadová K, this, a large increase in cytokinin levels was detected in F. mangiferae infected plants, Hradilová M, Oklešt’ková J, Oren-Young L, Idan Y, Sharon A, caused likely by the up-regulation of plant genes responsible for their biosynthesis. Maymon M, Elazar M, Freeman S, Thus, the accumulation of active cytokinins may contribute to mango malformation of Güldener U, Tudzynski B, Galuszka P the reproductive organs upon infection of mango trees. Together, our findings provide and Bergougnoux V (2019) Production and Role of Hormones insight into the complex role fungal and plant derived hormones play in the fungal–plant During Interaction of Fusarium interactions. Species With Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings. Front. Plant Sci. 9:1936. Keywords: auxin, cytokinin, Fusarium, host–pathogen interaction, gibberellin, mango malformation disease doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01936 (MMD) Frontiers in Plant Science| www.frontiersin.org 1 January 2019| Volume 9| Article 1936 fpls-09-01936 January 9, 2019 Time: 15:47 # 2 Vrabka et al. Phytohormones in Fusarium–Maize Interaction INTRODUCTION (Niehaus et al., 2016). In the smut fungus Ustilago maydis, two genes encoding an indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and a The genus Fusarium is a filamentous fungus found readily in tryptophan aminotransferase were characterized as responsible soil around the world and associated with multiple crop species. for IAA production (Reineke et al., 2008). A possible third Although it can interact with plants as an endophyte, its growth pathway for auxins could be mediated by a Fusarium gene with as a biotroph, hemibiotroph, or necrotroph cause significant homology to the plant gene YUCCA, which codes for a key agronomic losses worldwide. Currently, the genus Fusarium is enzyme in plant auxin biosynthesis (Kasahara, 2015) located divided into 20 species complexes and nine monotypic lineages between the GA and CK clusters. A contribution of the possible (O’Donnell et al., 2013). Species from the Fusarium fujikuroi YUCCA pathway to auxin production in fungi has not been yet complex (FFC) are best known for their ability to induce functionally proved. diseases such as “bakanae” in rice (Matic et al., 2017), ear and The phytohormones jasmonates, salicylic acid (SA), ethylene stalk rot in maize (Presello et al., 2008), pitch canker in pine and abscisic acid play a vital role defending plants against (Gordon, 2006) and mango malformation disease (MMD) in fungal pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum (Dempsey mango (Freeman et al., 2014). Some disease symptoms can be and Klessig, 2012; Di et al., 2016). In contrast, the role clearly linked to hormone production by the fungi. In fact, of CKs and auxins is poorly understood. In some fungus– culture filtrate of Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella fujikuroi) was host interactions, CKs are essential for full virulence of the the first source from which gibberellins (GAs) were isolated and pathogen (Chanclud et al., 2016; Hinsch et al., 2016). In Ustilago identified several decades ago (Hedden and Sponsel, 2015). It was maydis, the loss of CK production leads to fewer and smaller only later discovered that GAs are ubiquitous plant hormones tumors in maize (Morrison et al., 2017). The CKs detected in that promote normal stem elongation. The contribution of Magnaporthe oryzae infected rice leaves have been proposed additional GAs to infected rice plants by F. fujikuroi leads to to serve as a signal to mobilize nutrients, to increase levels of abnormally long stems which is the typical “bakanae” symptom photosynthesis in host leaves or to activate SA-mediated defense observed. The gene cluster responsible for GA synthesis in responses (Jiang et al., 2013). In F. mangiferae infected mango F. fujikuroi has been extensively characterized (Tudzynski and trees, changes in CK and GA levels are associated with the Hölter, 1998). inflorescence and vegetative malformations and reduction in The production of other hormones such as cytokinins (CKs), fruit yield (Bist and Ram, 1986; Nicholson and van Staden, auxins and ethylene by fusaria was first suggested over 35 years 1988). ago based on their detection in culture filtrates (Manka´ , 1980; In addition to changes in GA content in rice seedlings Van Staden and Nicholson, 1989; Thakur and Vyas, 1983). infected by F. proliferatum, IAA content was twofold higher CKs can be produced by the tRNA decay pathway, which is in leaves and 1.5-fold lower in roots of a susceptible cultivar. conserved in almost all living organisms, or by de novo synthesis. In contrast, changes in a resistant cultivar of the same The tRNA pathway was shown to contribute to CK content in magnitude were reversed (Quazi et al., 2015). IAA contributes some fungi including Claviceps purpurea (Chanclud et al., 2016; to host vulnerability to a pathogen by inducing acidification Hinsch et al., 2016; Morrison et al., 2017). Recently, we found and loosening of the cell wall. Resistance to pathogens has evidence for possible de novo CK synthesis by members of been attributed to IAA-amino acid conjugating enzymes which the FFC based on whole genome sequence analysis (Niehaus lead to IAA deactivation (Fu et al., 2011). Some bacterial et al., 2016). We identified two homologous gene clusters, and fungal pathogens can “hijack” auxin metabolism in plant designated CK1 and CK2 located near the GA gene cluster. Each hosts leading to more IAA-aspartic acid (IAA-Asp) conjugate, cluster contains two genes: IPTLOG and P450. IPTLOG codes known to have a role in disease promotion (González- for an enzyme with dual activity: the isopentenyl transferase Lamothe et al., 2012). Arabidopsis roots and leaves infected domain (IPT) is responsible for the conjugation of dimethylallyl with F. oxysporum, and causing wilt disease, show alterations pyrophosphate with ATP to form a CK precursor, which is in auxin homeostasis
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Evolution of Secondary Metabolism Regulation and Pathways in the Aspergillus Genus
    THE EVOLUTION OF SECONDARY METABOLISM REGULATION AND PATHWAYS IN THE ASPERGILLUS GENUS By Abigail Lind Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Biomedical Informatics August 11, 2017 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Antonis Rokas, Ph.D. Tony Capra, Ph.D. Patrick Abbot, Ph.D. Louise Rollins-Smith, Ph.D. Qi Liu, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people helped and encouraged me during my years working towards this dissertation. First, I want to thank my advisor, Antonis Rokas, for his support for the past five years. His consistent optimism encouraged me to overcome obstacles, and his scientific insight helped me place my work in a broader scientific context. My committee members, Patrick Abbot, Tony Capra, Louise Rollins-Smith, and Qi Liu have also provided support and encouragement. I have been lucky to work with great people in the Rokas lab who helped me develop ideas, suggested new approaches to problems, and provided constant support. In particular, I want to thank Jen Wisecaver for her mentorship, brilliant suggestions on how to visualize and present my work, and for always being available to talk about science. I also want to thank Xiaofan Zhou for always providing a new perspective on solving a problem. Much of my research at Vanderbilt was only possible with the help of great collaborators. I have had the privilege of working with many great labs, and I want to thank Ana Calvo, Nancy Keller, Gustavo Goldman, Fernando Rodrigues, and members of all of their labs for making the research in my dissertation possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Identification of Fungi
    Molecular Identification of Fungi Youssuf Gherbawy l Kerstin Voigt Editors Molecular Identification of Fungi Editors Prof. Dr. Youssuf Gherbawy Dr. Kerstin Voigt South Valley University University of Jena Faculty of Science School of Biology and Pharmacy Department of Botany Institute of Microbiology 83523 Qena, Egypt Neugasse 25 [email protected] 07743 Jena, Germany [email protected] ISBN 978-3-642-05041-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-05042-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-05042-8 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938949 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany, kindly supported by ‘leopardy.com’ Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Dedicated to Prof. Lajos Ferenczy (1930–2004) microbiologist, mycologist and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, one of the most outstanding Hungarian biologists of the twentieth century Preface Fungi comprise a vast variety of microorganisms and are numerically among the most abundant eukaryotes on Earth’s biosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Fusarium Mangiferae Localization in Planta During Initiation and Development of Mango Malformation Disease
    Plant Pathology (2017) 66, 924–933 Doi: 10.1111/ppa.12650 Fusarium mangiferae localization in planta during initiation and development of mango malformation disease Y. Cohena, E. Belausovb, M. Maymonc, M. Elazarc, I. Shulmanc, D. Saadaa, D. Shtienbergc and S. Freemanc* aDepartment of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250; bMicroscopy Unit, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101; and cDepartment of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel Mango malformation disease (MMD), caused by Fusarium mangiferae, is a major constraint to mango production, caus- ing significant yield reduction resulting in severe economic impact. The present study characterizes fungal localization in planta during initiation and development of vegetative and floral malformation. Young mango trees were artificially inoculated with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing strain of F. mangiferae. Shoots and buds were sampled periodically over a period of more than a year and localization of the GFP-expressing fungi was determined using confo- cal microscopy. Fungal localization appears to be epiphytic: mycelia remained in close contact with the plant surface but did not penetrate the tissue. In vegetative malformation and in young inflorescences, the fungus was confined to pro- tected regions between scales, young leaf bases and buds. Fungal colonization was only very rarely detected on open leaves or on exposed shoot sections. In developed flowers, mycelia were localized mainly to protected regions at the base of the flower organs. Upon development of the inner flower organs, specific mycelial growth occurred around the anthers and the style.
    [Show full text]
  • Consistent Association of Fungus Fusarium Mangiferae Britz with Mango Malformation Disease in Pakistan
    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10(27), pp. 5286-5290, 15 June, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.313 ISSN 1684–5315 © 2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Consistent association of fungus Fusarium mangiferae Britz with mango malformation disease in Pakistan Zafar Iqbal1*, Sohail Hameed2, Naeem Akhtar1, Muhammad Aslam Pervez3, Salman Ahmad1, Muhammad Yasin1, Muhammad Asif1, Altaf Ahmad Dasti4 and Ahmad Saleem5 1University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan. 2National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan. 3Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 4Department of Botany, Bahauddin Zakaria University, Multan, Pakistan. 5Punjab Agricultural Research Board (PARB), Lahore, Pakistan. Accepted 25 April, 2011 Mango malformation disease (MMD) deforms the natural shape of panicles and shoots. The disease incitant is of great concern due to its complexity and mode of infection. Recently, a new species Fusarium mangiferae Britz was confirmed as the etiological agent of MMD in African and Asian clade. There was a need to confirm the fungus in other Asian countries. We investigated the association of F. mangiferae with malformed branches of five exotic and five indigenous cultivars of Mangifera indica L. in Pakistan. F. mangiferae proved to be the dominant fungus hosting majority of the malformed tissues. Among the indigenous cultivars, maximum tissue infection of 96.66% was found in cultivar Anwar Rataul and minimum was found in cultivar Late Chaunsa (48.33%). In exotic ones, maximum and minimum infections of 97.33 and 70.67% were noted in the cultivars Sensation and Pop, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • The 19Th Australasian Plant Pathology Conference
    25-28 November 2013 Owen G Glenn Building University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand THE 19TH AUSTRALASIAN PLANT PATHOLOGY CONFERENCE ABSTRACT AND PROGRAMME BOOK Gold Sponsor Gold Sponsor Bronze Sponsor Thank you to our conference sponsors Gold Sponsor Student Presentation Sponsor Gold Sponsor Student Poster Sponsor Bronze Sponsor Ross Beaver Memorial Keynote Sponsor Workshop Sponsor Sponsor Lanyard Sponsor Conference Sponsor Exhibitor Exhibitor Exhibitor Satchel Insert WWW.APPS2013.CO.NZ Welcome On behalf of the North Island branch of the Australasian Plant Pathology Society and the Conference organising committee, I would like to welcome you to the 19th Biennial Australasian Plant Pathology Conference. We have made a concerted effort to put together an exciting programme on “protecting our crops and native flora”, with excellent keynote speakers, offered papers and posters. Our eight themes are designed to cover every aspect of plant pathology, and to include talks and posters from nematologists, mycologists, bacteriologists and virologists so that we can learn from progress made in each other’s sub-disciplines. We thank the members of our society who are organizing eight workshops, including two field studies, to further facilitate interaction and learning. We trust you enjoy the City of Sails, Auckland, and get a chance to experience this first hand after the conference on the numerous cruises, charter yachts and ferries that criss-cross the Waitemata Harbour, as well as other sources of scenic beauty in Auckland and throughout
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Salicylic Acid on Mycelial Growth and Conidial Germination of Two Isolates of Fusarium Mangiferae
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(10): 3704-3710 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 10 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.710.428 Effect of Salicylic Acid on Mycelial Growth and Conidial Germination of Two Isolates of Fusarium mangiferae Vinai Kumar* and Gurdeep Bains Department of Plant Physiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand-263145, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Mango malformation, a century old malady of Mangifera indica, is considered as the K e yw or ds major constraints for mango production worldwide. Several reports claimed that Fusarium Mango malformation, species particularly Fusarium mangiferae is associated with mango malformation. Fusarium mangiferae, Salicylic acid is an important signaling molecule that plays crucial role in plant microbial Salicylic acid interactions. The present study was conducted to observe in-vitro application of different concentrations of salicylic acid on mycelial growth and conidial germination of two Article Info isolates of Fusarium mangiferae. The experimental findings showed that salicylic acid Accepted: inhibits mycelial growth and conidial germination of two isolates of Fusarium mangiferae 24 September 2018 more effectively at moderate to high concentrations. The inhibition of mycelial growth of Available Online: both isolates of Fusarium mangiferae was found to be pH dependent and was more in 10 October 2018 acidic condition as compared to alkaline condition. Introduction reduces fruit yield dramatically (Freeman et al., 2014). In India, most of the commercially Mango malformation is a most destructive, important cultivars such as Amrapali, Mallika, century old malady of Mangifera indica, Neelum, Chausa, Dashehari, Bombay Green, reported first time in 1891 from Darbhanga and Langra are susceptible to this disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy and Population Genetics of Fusarium Subglutinans Sensu La to on Pine and Mango
    TAXONOMY AND POPULATION GENETICS OF FUSARIUM SUBGLUTINANS SENSU LA TO ON PINE AND MANGO Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor in the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science University of Pretoria Pretoria Supervisor: Prof. M. J. Wingfield Co-supervisors: Prof. T. A. Coutinho Prof. B. D. Wingfield Prof. W. F. O. Marasas © University of Pretoria Fusarium subglutinans sensu lata is a complex of fungi, which are the causal agents of important diseases on a wide variety of plants. Two important diseases caused by F. subglutinans sensu lata are pitch canker and mango malformation. F. subglutinans sensu lata isolates causing pitch canker on pine trees have been described as a separate species, F. circinatum, whereas F. subglutinans sensu lata isolates associated with mango malformation have not been formally described. The objective of study was to clarify the taxonomy and population genetics of the pitch canker and mango malformation fungi residing in the Gibberella fujikuroi complex. The introductory chapter of this thesis provides a reVlew of the taxonomic classifications used for Fusarium spp. in the G. fujikuroi complex. In addition, the current knowledge pertaining to the population structure of the pitch canker and mango malformation fungi is discussed. In the second chapter the occurrence of F. circinatum was investigated in Mexico. Fusarium isolates were collected from pine trees in Mexico and identified as F. circinatum. Morphology, sexual compatibility studies, pathogenicity tests and histone H3-RFLPs were used to identify and characterize this fungus. The pitch canker fungus, F. circinatum and its teleomorph, G. circinata has been recently described.
    [Show full text]
  • Drivers of Genetic Diversity in Secondary Metabolic Gene Clusters in a Fungal Population 5 6 7 8 Abigail L
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/149856; this version posted July 11, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 2 3 4 Drivers of genetic diversity in secondary metabolic gene clusters in a fungal population 5 6 7 8 Abigail L. Lind1, Jennifer H. Wisecaver2, Catarina Lameiras3, Philipp Wiemann4, Jonathan M. 9 Palmer5, Nancy P. Keller4, Fernando Rodrigues6,7, Gustavo H. Goldman8, Antonis Rokas1,2 10 11 12 1. Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, 13 Tennessee, USA. 14 2. Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 15 3. Department of Microbiology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal 16 4. Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 17 Madison, Wisconsin, USA 18 5. Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, US Forest Service, Madison, 19 Wisconsin, USA 20 6. Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 21 Braga, Portugal 22 7. ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. 23 8. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São 24 Paulo, Brazil 25 †Corresponding author and lead contact: [email protected] 26 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/149856; this version posted July 11, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Two New Species of Fusarium Section Liseola Associated with Mango Malformation
    Mycologia, 94(4), 2002, pp. 722±730. q 2002 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Two new species of Fusarium section Liseola associated with mango malformation Henriette Britz1 two new taxa in the section Liseola that we have Emma T. Steenkamp named F. mangiferae and F. sterilihyphosum. Fusarium Teresa A. Coutinho2 mangiferae is conspeci®c with strains that were pre- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, viously identi®ed as F. subglutinans and reported to Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute be the causal agent of malformation in mango grow- (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, ing areas throughout the world. Fusarium sterilihy- South Africa phosum, on the other hand, has been isolated only Brenda D. Wing®eld from malformed mango tissue in South Africa. Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Key Words: Gibberella fujikuroi complex, mango, Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, taxonomy Pretoria 0002, South Africa Walter F. O. Marasas Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental INTRODUCTION Carcinogenesis (PROMEC), Medical Research Council (MRC), P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, South Africa Mango (Mangifera indica L.) malformation is an eco- nomically important disease in mango-growing areas Michael J. Wing®eld of the world including India, Pakistan, Egypt, South Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute Africa, Brazil, Israel, Florida, and Mexico (Kumar et (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa al 1993, Freeman et al 1999). This disease causes ab- normal development of vegetative shoots and in¯o- rescences (Kumar et al 1993). Floral malformation is Abstract: Mango malformation is an economically the most prominent symptom and is characterized by important disease of Mangifera indica globally.
    [Show full text]
  • Cristina Sofia Fernandes Torcato Characterization of Fungi Associated
    Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia 2018 Cristina Sofia Characterization of fungi associated with Black Foot Fernandes Torcato Disease of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in Peru Caracterização de fungos associados à doença do Pé Negro da Videira (Vitis vinifera L.) no Peru DECLARAÇÃO Declaro que este relatório é integralmente da minha autoria, estando devidamente referenciadas as fontes e obras consultadas, bem como identificadas de modo claro as citações dessas obras. Não contém, por isso, qualquer tipo de plágio quer de textos publicados, qualquer que seja o meio dessa publicação, incluindo meios eletrónicos, quer de trabalhos académicos. Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia 2018 Cristina Sofia Characterization of fungi associated with Black Foot Fernandes Torcato Disease of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in Peru Caracterização de fungos associados à doença do Pé Negro da Videira (Vitis vinifera L.) no Peru Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Microbiologia, realizada sob a orientação científica do Doutor Artur Jorge da Costa Peixoto Alves, Investigador Principal do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FEDER através do programa COMPETE no âmbito do projeto de investigação ALIEN. Bolsas com referência: PTDC/AGR-PRO/2183/2014 POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016788 “It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.” ― Leon C. Megginson
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Affecting Epidemiology and Conidial Germination of Fusarium Mangiferae, the Causal Agent of Mango Malformation Abstract
    Hebron University College of Graduate Studies and Academic Research Master Program in Sustainable Natural Resources & their Management Factors affecting epidemiology and conidial germination of Fusarium mangiferae, the causal agent of mango malformation By Fida Ahmad Abu Sharar Supervisor Prof. Dr. Radwan Barakat Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in natural sustainable management resources, College of Graduate Studies and Academic Research, Hebron University, Hebron- Palestine. 2014 2 Dedicated to my Parents and my Husband 3 Acknowledgement Thanks to Allah for granting me strength to work and complete this research. I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Radwan Barakat, for his great advice, guidance and encouragement. Thanks also to the Faculty of Agriculture at Hebron University, the kind staff and great research facilities were a unique opportunity for all us. A very special thanks to Mr. Mohammed Al-Masri for his support. In addition, I express my best regards to Wafa Amro, Mirvat Suliman, Hala Milhem, Arwa Mujahed and Doa`a Zayed. My Family, I don't find words to thank and appreciation my mother for her noble sacrifice, endless cooperation. My Father Almighty Allah bless his soul for love and support. My husband and My son for courage and patience, and for great Brothers and Sisters … THANKS. 4 Content Abstract: ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Fruit Crops and the Diseases That Affect Their Production - R.C
    TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT – Vol. III - Tropical Fruit Crops and the Diseases that Affect Their Production - R.C. Ploetz TROPICAL FRUIT CROPS AND THE DISEASES THAT AFFECT THEIR PRODUCTION R.C. Ploetz Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Homestead, FL USA Keywords: banana, citrus, coconut, mango, pineapple, papaya, avocado, tropical fruit pathogens, Eubacteria, Eukaryota, Phytomonas, Oomycota, Pythium, Phytophthora, Botryosphaeria, Ceratocystis, Fusarium, Glomerella, Mycosphaerella, Nematoda, Candidatus Phytoplasma, Xanthomonas, viroid, virus, disease management Contents 1. Introduction 2. Significance of Diseases 3. General Categories of Plant Pathogens 4. Tropical Fruit Pathogens and the Diseases that they Cause 4.1. Eukayota 4.1.1. Kinetoplastida 4.1.2. Chromalveolata 4.1.3. Plantae 4.1.4. Fungi 4.1.5. Metazoa (the Animal Kingdom) 4.2. Eubacteria 4.2.1. Firmicutes (bacteria with Gram positive or no cell walls) 4.2.2. Proteobacteria (Gram negative bacteria) 4.3. Nucleic Acid-Based Pathogens 4.3.1. Viruses 4.3.2. Viroids 5. Interactions 6. Disease Epidemiology and Management 6.1. Epidemiological Principles 6.2. Avoidance 6.3. Exclusion 6.4. EradicationUNESCO – EOLSS 6.5. Protection 6.6. Resistance 6.7. Treatment of Diseased Plants 7. Conclusions SAMPLE CHAPTERS Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Tropical fruits are important components of natural ecosystems. A limited number of the thousands of species that exist are important to humans, and only 50 or so are significant commercial products. Diseases affect all of these crops. The pathogens are ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT – Vol. III - Tropical Fruit Crops and the Diseases that Affect Their Production - R.C.
    [Show full text]