Trends in Monitoring

November/December 2013 | www.stormh2o.com

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EDITOR Janice Kaspersen - [email protected] PRODUCTION EDITORS Brianna Benishek FEATURES William Warner IT / ONLINE SUPPORT Chris Pratt WEBSITE EDITOR Nadia English - [email protected] DIRECTOR OF ONLINE MEDIA & IT Jeffrey Pascone GROUP EDITOR John Trotti - [email protected] SENIOR ACCOUNT EXECUTIVES Mark Gersten Geoff Solo Michelle Maple ACCOUNT EXECUTIVES 22 Eileen Duarte Don Weimer Shane Stevens Cover photo: 30 Resilience: Glenys Archer Matthew Sullivan Communities SALES & MARKETING COORDINATOR COVER STORY Connect the Carmody Cutter 10 Trends in Stormwater Dots to Dodge ADVERTISING SALES MANAGER Monitoring Disaster Ron Guilbault - [email protected] By Carol Brzozowski By David C. SENIOR DESIGNER Richardson Deja Hsu 22 Atlanta’s Green PRODUCTION TECHNICIAN Investment 36 The David Naj Leveraging grant money to Principles of PRODUCTION MANAGER manage stormwater, curb Gravity Separation Doug Mlyn flooding, and reduce CSOs Part 2. Laminar settling, swirl ART DIRECTOR Judith Geiger By Margaret Buranen concentration, and flotation 30 DIRECTOR OF CIRCULATION By Gary R. Minton Steven Wayner - [email protected] MARKETING COORDINATOR, EDUCATION & TRAINING Departments Amber McEldowney - [email protected] PROGRAM MANAGER, EDUCATION & TRAINING 6 Editor’s Comments 54 Project Profi le: Comparing Jane Schuster - [email protected] Paver Performance at the DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION & TRAINING 8 Guest Editorial University of Minnesota Beth Tompkins - [email protected] CONFERENCE SALES & MARKETING 44 Project Profi le: Achieving 57 Marketplace Brigette Burich - [email protected] Silver at Brown Hall CONFERENCE DIRECTOR Scott Nania - [email protected] 44 57 Advertiser’s Index ACCOUNTANT / 48 ShowCase CHAIR, LOVE & HAPPINESS COMMITTEE 58 Reader Profi le Courtney Keele 53 Spotlight AR / AP Keith Rodgers

STORMWATER (ISSN 1531-0574) is published eight times annually (bimonthly with an extra issue in May and October) by Forester Media Inc., 2946 De La Vina Street, Santa Barbara, CA FINANCE & HR MANAGER 93105, 805-682-1300, fax: 805-682-0200, e-mail: [email protected], website: www.forester.net. Periodical postage paid at Santa Barbara, CA, and additional mailing offices. All John Pasini - [email protected] rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher. Entire contents ©2013 by Forester Media Inc. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to Stormwater, 440 Quadrangle Drive Ste E, Bolingbrook, IL 60440. Changes of address can be completed online at www.stormh20.com/subscribe or mailed to OFFICE ADMINISTRATOR 440 Quadrangle Drive Ste E, Bolingbrook, IL 60440; please provide your mailing label or old address in addition to new address; include zip code or postal code. Allow two months for change. Editorial contributions are welcome. All material must be accompanied by stamped return enve- Kathy Martin lopes and will be handled with reasonable care; however, publishers assume no responsibility for safety of art work, photographs, or manuscripts. Every precaution is taken to ensure accuracy, PUBLISHER SIGN UP For Your Free Subscription but the publishers cannot accept responsibility for the correctness or accuracy of information Daniel Waldman - [email protected] supplied herein or for any opinion expressed. Subscription rates: Eight issues of Stormwater Go online for new subscriptions, are $76 per year in US, $95 in Canada, $160 elsewhere. Send the completed subscription card renewals, or change of address. with a check to Stormwater, 440 Quadrangle Drive Ste E, Bolingbrook, IL 60440. Reprints: For custom reprints or digital reuse, please contact our reprint partner, The YGS Group, by calling www.stormh2o.com 717-505-9701, ext. 100, or via e-mail at [email protected]. Articles appearing in this journal are indexed in Environmental Periodicals Bibliography. Back issues may be ordered (depending on available inventory) for $15 per copy in US, $20 in Canada, $35 elsewhere. Scan here to share this or subscribe Send written requests for back issues along with check or money order in US funds payable to later. Get the app at http://gettag.mobi Stormwater, PO Box 3100, Santa Barbara, CA 93130, USA. Provide address to where the copies should be shipped. Allow six weeks for delivery.

4 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com

EDITOR’S COMMENTS EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Roger Bannerman Environmental Specialist One Word: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Madison, WI Laureen M. Boles Plastics Office of Watersheds Philadelphia, PA By Janice Kaspersen Dave Briglio, P.E. Senior Water Resources Engineer t’s no secret that plastic litter in lakes for how to deal with it. One is a report titled EA Engineering, Science & Technology Inc. and oceans is a growing problem. “Stemming the Tide of Plastic Marine Litter: Hunt Valley, MD Ocean currents cause it to accumu- A Global Action Agenda” from the UCLA Dirk S.G. Brown, J.D. late in certain areas; the Great Pacifi c School of Law’s Emmett Center on Climate Regulatory Compliance Advisor Garbage Patch is now about the size Change and the Environment and UCLA’s Department of Public Utilities Iof Texas, and we’re adding an estimated 20 Institute of the Environment and Sustain- City of Columbus, OH million tons of plastic to our waters every ability. It contains several ambitious recom- Patrick S. Collins, P.E. year. Last year, researchers at the University mendations, such as an international treaty Engineering Department Director/ of Delaware showed that the oceans contain for monitoring plastic debris, local bans on City Engineer more plastic—up to two and a half times the most common and dangerous types of Valdosta, GA more—than we previously thought, because plastic litter, placing more long-term respon- Thomas R. Decker, P.E., M.S.C.E. it not only fl oats on the surface but also is sibility on the producers of plastic products, Director of Water Resources abundant at depths of 20 meters or more, and an “ocean friendly” certifi cation program Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. where we hadn’t previously measured. for those products. Morristown, NJ Plastic doesn’t biodegrade, but The other report has a bit narrower instead breaks down into smaller focus, but also offers a solution Gordon England, P.E. Applied Sciences Consulting Inc. and smaller pieces, which in which ordinary consum- Cocoa Beach, FL are more easily ingested by ers can take part. The 5 birds, fi sh, and other marine Gyres Institute, a nonprofi t Bruce K. Ferguson, FASLA life—entering the human group dedicated studying Professor & Director, School of food chain as well. Studies and solving the plastics- Environmental Design University of Georgia Athens, GA from the Scripps Institu- in-the-ocean problem, tion of Oceanography and has published research Jerry Hancock, CFM from NOAA have shown on “micro-plastics,” or tiny Stormwater and Floodplain Programs that between 9% and 12% grains of polyethylene and Coordinator City of Ann Arbor, MI of ocean fi sh have ingested polypropylene, that are found plastic, and that percentage can in high concentrations in the Masoud Kayhanian, Ph.D. be much higher for some species. Great Lakes and elsewhere; personal Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering Part of the problem is trash: items made care and beauty products are apparently a University of California from plastic and Styrofoam are discarded major source. Several companies—Procter Davis, CA and end up in the waterways. From a storm- & Gamble, Johnson & Johnson, The Body Brant D. Keller, Ph.D. water management perspective, we can Shop, Colgate-Palmolive, and Unilever— Director of Public Works and Utilities do something about these, intercepting the have agreed to phase out the use of these Griffin, GA debris in catch basin inserts or larger trash- micro-beads in their products. 5 Gyres, in G. Fred Lee, Ph.D., P.E., capturing devices. But the plastics come partnership with similar organizations, has B.C.E.E., F.ASCE from other sources as well; for example, the also developed an international mobile app President, G. Fred Lee & Associates small plastic pellets, or “nurdles,” used in the that allows consumers to scan barcodes of El Macero, CA manufacture of plastic goods are sometimes personal care and beauty products to see mishandled or improperly disposed of, whether they contain micro-beads, as well Gary R. Minton, Ph.D., P.E. escaping from factories, trucks, and railroad as whether the manufacturer has agreed to Stormwater Consultant Seattle, WA cars. Even more insidiously, it now appears phase them out. tiny plastic beads used in personal care prod- An increasing number of cities have Betty Rushton, Ph.D. ucts like exfl oliants are not being captured enacted bans on plastic bags, and trash Environmental Scientist by sewage treatment plants and are making TMDLs are becoming more common, but Gainesville, FL their way to surface waters. source-reduction efforts like this one still Elizabeth Treadway Two recent publications highlight the seem to be rare. Is plastic a focus of your Senior Consultant problems plastic litter causes, and more stormwater program, or are you aware of AMEC Earth & Environmental Greensboro, NC

importantly they offer speciﬁ c suggestions other types of efforts to control it? Illustration: iStock/Big_Ryan

6 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com

GUEST EDITORIAL

Online SWPPP Management BY RYAN DICKSON here is your water documents, inspections, map program and make it compliant. As SWPPP? Is it acces- updating, and communication. And it long as the electronic accessibility sible to anyone appears that the federal government of the SWPPP and documents are who wants to is ready to require states and local posted with the permit, the SWPPP view it? Does it municipalities to manage their SWPPP is always accessible. This includes Wcontain the current permit or proper oversight programs electronically. This current, up-to-date certifi cations, certifications? Is your SWPPP being would encourage anyone wanting to inspections, action logs, amendments, properly amended and updated comply to utilize technology. Storm- and active site maps. The benefi ts of when you perform required ongoing water personnel have been trying to electronic management are obvious. inspections? fi gure out the best way to manage Electronic management will change These are questions that your operational process. construction professionals Hard copies of the SWPPP, and MS4s are presently EPA inspections, signatures, considering as a growing and action logs, along with emphasis is placed on map updating onsite, are water quality and enforce- a thing of the past. Elec- ment in our communities tronic inspections, signa- nationwide. A SWPPP, or tures, action logs, and map stormwater pollution pre- updating are an improved vention plan, is required by management method the federal Clean Water Act allowing professionals to on most construction sites, use better tools for compli- including industrial facili- ance, increasing profi tability, ties, that have exposures to providing more fl exibility, rain or snowmelt. Federal, and driving improved state, and local regulations compliance. Company and are very specifi c when it MS4 interests are better comes to how these plans protected with electronic must be properly man- management as well. It is aged. After all, the SWPPP one thing to say, “These document itself is the things are important”; but “court document,” derived where SWPPP manage- from self-monitoring documentation SWPPP documents onsite for updat- ment is tied to a consistent electronic that is required by their complicated ing and accessibility for quite some process with tools and resources, regulations. As these regulations grow time. Mailboxes, lockboxes, and other compliance documents will fi nally be more complex, companies and MS4s methods have been used to try and compliant, and everyone wins if that are trying to solve how to best meet meet the regulations. However, as is the case. them to stay compliant and to avoid you can imagine, the documents are negative publicity and costly fi nes and often lost, vandalized, stolen, misman- Ryan Dickson is a partner with penalties that are on the rise. aged, weathered, and ultimately not complianceGO, a cloud-based system What is the best way to legally compliant. Company management to assist with stormwater compliance manage SWPPPs on projects and personnel and MS4s struggle when monitoring and tracking. facilities? emphasizing the need for continual While many environmental regu- upkeep and management of SWPPPs. lations can seem burdensome, the This is especially true if the only way regulations also allow some common- to manage them is to actually drive to For related articles: sense methods for achieving compli- the sites and fi nd them. www.stormh2o.com/regulatory-issues ance. One such method is allowing Electronic management provides electronic management of all storm- a better way to manage a SWPPP

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Trends in Stormwater Monitoring

BY CAROL BRZOZOWSKI oday’s trends in storm- integrated systems designed to help “We used to do quite a bit of water monitoring and end users achieve their many goals. performance evaluations of stormwa- sampling are focusing on ter BMPs, but we moved away from research as well as how to Monitoring in Portland that recently and are now doing more better manage stormwater In Portland, OR, the Bureau of Envi- investigations,” says Matt Sullivan, Tonsite, industry observers say. Meeting ronmental Services engages in many environmental specialist. National Pollutant Discharge Elimina- stormwater monitoring programs, One such investigation centers on tion System (NPDES) permit require- including those for industrial customers a Superfund site created 10 years ago, ments continues to be a focus of many that discharge to the treatment plant, where the Bureau of Environmental stormwater monitoring efforts. Instru- as well as surface water monitoring for Services is doing source tracing. ment manufacturers are rolling out compliance with NPDES permits. “We also do biological monitor-

10 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com ing of the streams and water bodies outfalls that the city owns.” says Sullivan. throughout the city of Portland,” adds Bureau staff has seen contamina- PCBs are one of the main con- Sullivan. tion in the sediment. stituents for which the Bureau staff is The overall focus of the stormwater “We’re trying to see if the current looking; metals are another. monitoring is getting inputs for a con- stormwater is clean enough that the “We’ve been having trouble achiev- tamination loading evaluation model associated sediment will cover over ing detection limits,” says Sullivan of for the Columbia Slough, which is one and provide natural attenuation of the the PCBs. “The detection limits are so of the more contaminated water bod- contaminated sediment and provide a low that we’ve had to be innovative ies in the city of Portland, he says. The layer of cleaner sediment on top of it, in our sample collection to be able to Columbia Slough is 12 miles long and or if it’s still actively contributing con- achieve those detection limits. We’ve a very slow-moving water body. taminants of concern,” says Sullivan. done modifi ed approaches to look at “Water takes up to a week to exit Portland does continuous monitor- really low levels to achieve that.” from the system,” says Sullivan. “Even ing. “We try to capture over the course Sullivan says he fi nds the low detec- though we’re pretty far inland, it’s still of an entire storm or as much of a tion limits the most interesting part of highly affected. Because it’s a slow- storm as we can,” he says. The staff the stormwater monitoring project. moving water body, a lot of sediment visits the site to retrieve the data. “We did a lot of high-volume sam- stays within the system.” Additionally, the bureau has a sedi- pling as well, where we would pump a Portland has used In-Situ’s Troll ment trap installed inside a stormwater large amount of water and fi lter it to 9500 equipment to collect data at line to continuously capture sediment retain the solid components in order a few different points within the over an entire wet season. It is hooked to achieve the low detection limits, Columbia Slough. “Over the course of up to fl ow meters; positive fl ows trig- and then with that calculate the actual time, we collected enough data to be ger the trap to start collecting samples. concentration in the water,” he says. able to get a good model of the water The city also has an in-house lab. “PCB levels are too low to be seen in quality in the slough,” says Sullivan. “At the conclusion of a storm event, a water sample, but if we can extract “We have a good grasp of the whole we’ll go out there, retrieve the data off the sediment from the stormwater system, and now we’re focusing our the fl ow meter, pull the samples, and with the lab analytical methods, we attention on individual stormwater then submit them to our laboratory,” can detect in the sediment that’s left

November/December 2013 11 www.stormh2o.com behind and then calculate the concen- immediate results are produced. The tag GPS locations for a site to make it tration in the stormwater.” In-Situ application guides its user easy to come back and confi rm that The program has been in effect for through spot checks, calibrations, and you are in the right location. One of two years. data management. The device mea- the best features is the ability to e-mail “We did a lot of sediment coring sures up to 14 parameters. Chemical this instantly back to colleagues or to look at the sedimentation rate of parameters include dissolved oxygen others on your team.” the receiving water of the Columbia (DO), pH, oxygen-reduction potential All work can be done from the Slough and went through several (ORP), conductivity (actual or specifi c), fi eld. Links are provided to an online approaches until we ended up with salinity, total dissolved solids, resistiv- store for those who need to order a some equipment that would work,” ity, and density. Physical parameters new calibration solution. says Sullivan. “The sediment is really include air and water temperature, End users also fi nd the company’s fi ne material, and some of the coring barometric pressure, water level, and Rugged Dissolved Oxygen Pro Probe approaches we had tried to use didn’t water pressure. helpful, Firooz says, adding that it is work initially, so we had to refi ne “It can be used for spot-checking approved by EPA for Clean Water Act those techniques.” or profi ling,” says Firooz, adding it monitoring requirements. The Troll 9500 is one of many requires no training. “We’ve also When the probe initiates a read- stormwater sampling and monitoring designed it to take advantage of a lot ing, an LED emits blue light, exciting tools offered by In-Situ. The portable of features that are native to smart- lumiphore molecules in the sensing water quality instrument is a “set and phone platforms. For instance, you can element. Excited lumiphore molecules forget” system used for groundwater and surface water monitoring and houses up to nine water quality sensors, internal power, and optional data logging capabilities. Jon Firooz, vice president with In-Situ, says the top issues his company hears about from its customers is a lack of time and cost and budget restrictions. “Additionally, they also have to deal with human resources, so there’s a lot of turnover that takes place,” he says. “Every time you have a new person on staff, you have to deal with training and getting them up to speed, making sure they’re doing things properly.” He says users also are concerned about regulatory requirements. “They also require fl exibility because they never know exactly what monitoring is going to be needed at any given site, so they want fl exibility in terms of the types of equipment they use,” points out Firooz. In-Situ approaches those problems from a perspective of both technology and service. The company recently released its smarTroll Multiparameter (MP) Handheld, combining water- quality sensors with smartphone mobility. The intuitive In-Situ application runs on an iPhone, iPod Touch, or iPad device. The smarTroll MP Handheld is connected PCBs and to a battery pack, metals are among the the In-Situ applica- pollutants of tion is launched, and concern.

12 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com emit red light, which is detected by a addressed in many of the company’s In response, the company has pro- photodiode. Oxygen molecules quench products, including the relatively vided telemetry solutions that enable the excited lumiphore molecules new multiparameter Aqua Troll 400, customers to use a cellular network and prevent the emission of red light which offers support for standard or a satellite telemetry system in through the “dynamic luminescence open protocols so that end users can extremely remote areas. The solutions quenching” process. Determination of connect the instrument with differ- are designed for customers who want DO concentration by luminescence ent loggers or automated sampling to get data any time, eliminating the quenching has a need for labor costs linear response associated with over a range of “If we can reduce the number grab samples and concentrations. other manual data The technology of trips they have to take, retrieval techniques. was designed to “Budgets are be more durable that can help end users stay being squeezed; the and maintenance biggest costs tend free than some within their budget constraints.” to be labor,” says of the legacy Firooz. “If we can electro-chemical reduce the number technologies, helping “signifi cantly” in systems on the market. of trips they have to take, that can give handling some of the abrasion and the “We have a number of customers end users a lot more time at staying harshness of the environments with who will connect our instruments to within their budget constraints.” which those who monitor stormwater a Campbell Scientifi c data logger or deal on a regular basis. EPA approval a Teledyne Isco automated sampling Comparing Farming Techniques allows use without the need for special system,” says Firooz, adding that users At The Ohio State University, regulatory approval or alternative test appreciate the fl exibility. researchers are engaged in a multidis- procedure clearance, Firooz says. The need for real-time data access ciplinary project that combines physi- The desire for fl exibility is is another trend noted by In-Situ. cal science data collection to study

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November/December 2013 13 www.stormh2o.com water quality and social science survey work. The study focuses on the differences in farming practices between Amish and non-Amish farmers. “We’re doing a comparison of the water quality to support the work that the social scientists are doing at the sites,” says Deana Hudgins, a research associate. “We’re looking at farming practices and how decisions are made, as well as water quality, because these areas are heavily farmed.” The comparisons are within the East Branch–South Fork Sugar Creek watershed in north central Ohio, one of the most polluted watersheds in the state from nonpoint-source pollution. East Branch Sugar Creek is the non-Amish site; the South Fork Sugar Creek is the Amish site. Both are part of the Sugar Creek watershed, which is part of the Muskingum River watershed. “In the Amish watershed, their prac- seeding by hand,” says Hudgins. “The Amish farmers are doing what tices are different. They’re not using comparison was driven much more by many mainstream, non-Amish farms mechanized systems. They often are the social science aspect rather than are doing, she adds. farming smaller areas. They do a lot of the water sampling aspect.” “They are using similar crops. You Fool Mother Nature with the latest in pond outlet technology

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14 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com Monitoring for sediment and contaminants in Portland

tinuous fl ow monitoring as well. “The Isco is gathering approximately 250 millili- will keep you in the ters every eight hours. We collect the samples every two and a half to three black weeks and do the analyses on those. They are acid- fi xed samples; the unit is not refrigerated. We have ongoing remote access to our fl ow data.” The research team also has alarms set up for the rare fl ooding situation. “There are very deep channels from drawdown in erosion, but we are able SAVING MONEYNEY to set up alarm systems in today’s challenging development see GMO [genetically modifi ed crops] because it’s roughly an hour away environment is what Triton on occasion; it depends on whether from where any of us lives. If we Stormwater Solutions is all about. it’s approved in their church district. did have a fl ooding situation, we’d You see fertilizers, pesticides. There need a lot of notice to be able to pull From shipping to site preparation, is manure application in both water- equipment in a timely manner,” says to installation and maintenance, sheds. There is a large dairy in the Hudgins. “We have it set up so we can Triton’s unique underground non-Amish watershed that is down- get the data anywhere we have an chamber design saves time and stream of where the sample site is Internet connection.” money. Lighter, stronger and located. Some farmers in both water- Data are collected every 15 min- easier to work with, Triton is the sheds are doing organic farming. It’s a utes. A rising water level triggers the most cost-effective stormwater mixture in the area,” says Hudgins. fl ow monitor to collect data every min- solution available. Most watersheds in the area tend to ute, with a set threshold of 3 feet. Going green means savings you look very similar, she says. The next step in the project will be can bank on! “They are very fl at areas with very for researchers to submit the fi ndings eroded stream banks, a lot of straight- to a hydrologist affi liated with the ening of streams,” says Hudgins. National Research Institute in Agricul- Learn how Triton Stormwater The instrumentation was installed ture in France—a counterpart to the Solutions cost-efficient in late spring 2013. Researchers are United States Department of Agricul- chambers can make a using two SonTek-IQ Plus fl ow meters ture—who will analyze the data and difference on your with standard mounts and Teledyne collaborate with social scientists. next project at Isco 24-bottle samplers. Xylem and its many brands—which tritonsws.com. The SonTek-IQ is designed with a includes SonTek/YSI—offers a range of custom fl ow algorithm. Four velocity instrumentation that focuses on water beams profi le water velocity in 3D quality and quantity, notes the com- vertically and horizontally. A built-in pany’s Chris Heyer. He says Xylem pressure sensor and vertical acoustic is noticing more concerns within the beam operate in tandem to measure industry about what is contained in water level. stormwater. The Isco bottle samplers col- “They want to know when there LIFETIME SYSTEM WARRANTY lect 1-liter samples every 24 hours. is a storm event how is it increasing Researchers take those samples back turbidity levels, total suspended solids, 810-222-7652 | tritonsws.com to a lab for analyses for phosphorous, and nutrient loading into whatever the nitrate, ammonia, total nitrogen, and subsequent waterways are beyond the total phosphorous. stream, the river, the pond—whatever Power over Water TM The research team is doing con- they might be monitoring,” he says.

November/December 2013 15 www.stormh2o.com The BMP SNOUT® “We are seeing a large growing trend around increased loadings to waterways and what the impacts of those load- and Bio-Skirt® ings are in terms of low-dissolved oxygen and potential fi sh kill—any number of things.” Reduce Floatables and Oil That ties into both urban and agricultural environments, although the components those monitoring stormwater are monitoring are vastly different, Heyer says. The company offers sensors that focus on basic ambient water-quality parameters such as temperature, conductivity, SNOUT turbidity, pH levels, and DO. Instruments for water quantity measure both standard water level as well as velocity. Integrated Systems and Solutions is a full custom solutions division offering options for stormwater monitoring. One multi-parameter water-quality instrument is typi- Bio-Skirt cally used alongside a rain gauge and has an autosampler for water samples, says Heyer. “The autosampler will draw a water sample from the stream, river, or stormwater drain and store it in different compartments of the sampler,” he says. “Some of the samples might be 24 samples over a 24-hour period. Those are often event-triggered either by fl ow or by rainfall and can Separating a Dirty World from be picked up later by a technician.” Clean Water since 1999 Telemetry also is incorporated into the system, allowing technicians to see in real time that an event occurred as Best Management Products, Inc. well as the ambient water-quality parameters, rainfall, water level, or water fl ow for that event. BMPINCCOM s End users receive notifi cation that their sampler is MADE IN U.S.A. US Patent 6126817, 7857966, 7951294 and Canada Patent 2285146 actively triggering it so they can retrieve the water samples for further analysis in a laboratory for such factors as total suspended solids. Xylem’s brand companies build solutions such as a turnkey system with solar power, which might include an EXO water-quality multiparameter sonde, a rain gauge sensor, an autosampler, telemetry, a water level sensor, and a water velocity sensor, Heyer says. The YSI EXO system is designed to offer calibration and redeploy in the time span of a typical sample interval; it features wireless commu- nications, onboard diagnostics, cop- per alloy parts, and anti-fouling wipers. YSI also provides fl ood alert monitoring to the industry through standard system and custom-built systems. These systems include components that

16 ÊÊNovember/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com monitor water levels, log precipitation, calculate water discharge, and transmit information.

Studying Temperature Representatives from St. Anthony Falls Laboratory at the University of Minnesota have conducted fi eld studies for the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency to collect the data necessary to support the formulation and validation of a temperature simulation model for urban stormwater detention ponds. Researchers indicate that although the hydrology of stormwater detention ponds “is fairly well understood, many water-quality effects are presently unquantifi able, under investigation, or unknown.” In May 2011, the University of Minnesota prepared a report for the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), authored by Michael P. Weiss, William R. Herb, and Heinz G. Stefan of the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, regarding the stormwater detention pond water temperature data collection and interpretation. The researchers indicated the purpose of the data collection effort was to determine the impact wet detention ponds have on runoff water temperature, especially if the outfl ow drains into a cold, class A trout stream. The data were used to develop and to validate a model for predicting outfl ow temperature and to offer recom- mendations for the reduction of stormwater pond outfl ow temperatures. Detailed fi eld data were collected on 17 ponds in the metropolitan area. The study was considered important Be Mobile. | Be Smart. | Be In-Situ. because there are several cold-water trout streams in the periphery of the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area and in the city of Duluth. Researchers also collected additional data to document salinity profi les in stormwater detention ponds in connection with the Your Smartphone Just Got Smarter use of road salt in Your job takes you everywhere. the Twin Your team wants information instantly. Cities area. ™ Land use was The new SMARTROLL Handheld Family important in with the revolutionary iSitu™ App will transform the fi eld study. the way you monitor water quality. Researchers sought U Instantly email results or log data to a smartphone. a stormwater ÊU Tag sites with GPS coordinates and photo. detention pond in ÊU Choose either a multiparameter probe or a dissolved an industrial or oxygen probe. commercial development or residential area with Online contact form: high percentage of tinyurl.com/c8bb6vx impervious area. www.in-situ.com Other desirable pond attributes included ponds Innovations in used in previous Water Monitoring studies, unshaded

November/December 2013 17 www.stormh2o.com pond surfaces, one inlet as Staff members retrieve site data. opposed to multiple inlets, a single outlet, a pond surface area of 1 to 5 acres, a of 43.5 acres is 52% impervi- continually fl ooded wet pond ous. It is nearly completely with an open water area 3 to unshaded. The permanent 10 feet deep, no deterioration pool depth is 2.4 meters. or silt, and a drainage area The installed instrumenta- easy to determine. tion measured and recorded The urban stormwater weather data, temperature detention pond simulation stratifi cation data in the pond, model is included in the surface infl ow and outfl ow MINUHET (MINnesota data, pavement temperature, Urban Heat Expert Tool) and pavement runoff tem- model that computes runoff perature data during and after temperatures for typical resi- rainfall events. The instru- dential and commercial watersheds, In 2005 and 2006, researchers mentation in the pond was operated simulating single rainfall events or studied a pond for detailed instru- from June 3 to August 25, 2005. continuous periods of several months. mentation and data collection on the The pond has a clay liner to The simulated runoff temperatures former site of the State Farm Insur- prevent water loss by infi ltration. An and volumes are used to estimate the ance Company Headquarters, near outlet structure stops the outfl ow from heat loading from urban surface runoff I-94 and Radio Drive in Woodbury, the pond when the maximum pond to cold-water streams. To support the MN. The manmade wet pond featured water depth has dropped to about simulations, weather data and urban an outfl ow structure and one major 2.43 meters. When it is not overfl ow- runoff temperature data were col- storm sewer infl ow from two parking ing, the pond’s surface area is about lected to serve as model inputs and to lots and the roof. Its surface area is 1.2 acres. validate model outputs. 1.32 acres. Its drainage collection area Surface water infl ow is from the

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Our stormwater management systems reduce overall footprint, accommodate any site restraints, and lower overall costs. Whether you former State Farm Insurance Company Instrumentation Northwest model based on basic principles of hydraulics offi ce complex, including an upper and 9805 pressure sensor. and heat transfer, driven by hourly lower asphalt parking lot. Onset Hobo temperature loggers climate and weather data. A weather station comprising an were used to record water tempera- At the former State Farm site, the anemometer, a wind direction vane, tures in Celsius at one-minute intervals pond model fi eld data were calibrated and a tipping bucket rain gauge was at the pond inlet and outlet structures and validated. The relationship placed in the middle of the pond. and at one minute initially, then between pond infl ow and outfl ow A thermistor chain consisting of six two-minute intervals at two storm- rates to precipitation was effec- temperature sensors attached to the water catchments in the parking lots. tively calibrated using continuously pole and a pressure sensor was placed Onset Hobo miniloggers were used to recorded pond level. below the water surface to record replace loggers of another manufac- Algorithms developed for surface pond water level. All instruments were turer that had an upper recording limit heat transfer in lakes were found to connected to a Campbell Scientifi c less than what Onset could provide. be applicable to the pond with some data logger CR-10 that was attached Two additional temperature log- modifi cation, according to the report. to the pole above the water. gers were buried in the surface of the A signifi cant diurnal thermal stratifi - The weather parameters and asphalt parking lot to record pave- cation was simulated and measured the water temperatures in the pond ment temperature in Celsius at two- in the pond. Temperature differences were measured every minute, with minute intervals initially, and then from top to bottom were as high as averages recorded on the Campbell fi ve-minute intervals. 13°C (55°F) during daytime hours. data logger every 10 minutes. Water Water transparency in the pond The outfl owing water temperature temperatures were measured with YSI was measured manually using a was essentially equal to the pond sur- Model 55032 thermistors with a time Secchi disk. face temperature because the outlet constant of about 10 seconds. The report indicates that a numeri- was located near the pond surface, Wind speed was measured by an cal simulation model was developed to researchers pointed out. Outfl ow R.M. Young model 03001 anemom- simulate the hydraulic and heat trans- water temperatures were calculated eter and wind direction instrument. fer properties of a stormwater deten- with a RMSE of 1.40°C (55.40°F). Water level was measured with an tion pond. The model is dynamic and Water clarity had little effect on the

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Copyright © 2011 StormTrap. StormTrap, SingleTrap and DoubleTrap are registered trademarks of StormTrap. U.S. Patent Numbers: 6,991,402 B2; 7,160,058 B2; 7,344,335 pond outfl ow temperatures; however, Green roofs are a prime example. that rainfall—not just the amount of the pond bottom temperature was “You have a green roof that absorbs rainfall, but when it fell and how found to be highly sensitive to water the water, allows it to dissipate it behaves is sometimes part of the clarity. through evapotranspiration or maybe study. You want that time record of Researchers concluded that for collects it for use somewhere, so the rainfall. On the other side, you pond designs want to mea- with outlet sure how much structures that water runs off take subsurface “You have a green roof that absorbs from that.” water, water There are clarity will intro- the water, allows it to dissipate three ways to duce uncertainty measure it, to simulations through evapotranspiration, or Gannett says. of the pond One is temperature maybe collects it for use somewhere, through runoff profi le and the gauges, which pond outlet so the result is less runoff.” can be rainfall temperature. gauges in them- Onset’s data loggers are primarily the result is less runoff,” says Gan- selves. “A lot of times, they’ll take the used in research for those trying to nett. Permeable pavement is another runoff, run it through a rain gauge or develop new ways of managing storm- example. some sort of runoff gauge using rain water, notes the company’s Paul Gan- Data loggers are used to measure gauges and event loggers,” he says. nett. “I’m hearing of a lot of efforts the amount of rainfall. One of the most used tools for that going on relative to handling the “The areas being studied are the purpose is the HOBO Data Logging stormwater at the site better rather amount of rain falling onto the roof Rain Gauge-RG3. The rain gauge than just having it run off and dealing and into the parking lots,” Gannett records up to 160 inches of rainfall with it somewhere else,” he says. says. “The data loggers monitor at rates up to 5 inches per hour. The battery-powered system includes a HOBO Pendant Event data logger with a tipping-bucket rain gauge to collect rainfall, time, and duration Faircloth Skimmer® data as well as temperature when Surface Drains for Sediment Basins used with an optional solar radiation shield. A base station or shuttle is required. x PVC skimmer floats on the surface, releasing the cleanest water x Drains from the basin’s SURFACE instead Another technique uses water-level of the bottom loggers that are deployed in collection x Improves basin performance tanks that collect the rainwater for x Simple, automatic, gravity operation another use or until it can dissipate x Works in basins with risers or sediment traps with spillway into the ground. The water loggers deal with quantity information—the amount of rainfall coming in and the fl ow out of the system or collected within the system. The 13-foot HOBO Water Level Data Logger is used to monitor water levels and tem- Patent #5,820,751 peratures in wells, streams, lakes, and wetlands. For saltwater use such as x Replaces perforated risers and stone outlets as the basin’s drain brackish wetlands and tidal areas, the x Convenient for using a detention basin as a temporary sediment basin during construction HOBO U20 Water Level Titanium is x 8 sizes available used. The system features lightning x Inlet orifice easily adjusted for drawdown requirements protection. HOBOware Pro software provides conversion to accurate water Sizes, flow rates, prices, illustrations, instructions and level reading, fully compensated for SIZING CALCULATOR online at www.FairclothSkimmer.com barometric pressure, temperature, and water density. Multiple-rate sampling J W Faircloth & Son Inc. Hillsborough, NC 27278 allows faster sampling at critical times (919) 732-1244 (919) 732-1266 Fax such as when pumping starts or stops.

20 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com A third common technique is have the right amount of soil mois- tem is a web-enabled system that can examining stormwater inundation ture,” he adds. tie into a building’s WiFi; users can from storm surges along coastal In some cases, it’s used to manage post the data from the green roof on areas. Case in point: Hurricane Sandy. irrigation systems on the green roofs, the Internet. Examining the inundation helps in says Gannett. “Sometimes you get too “That’s very popular because a lot mapping out rebuilding strategies. much rain, and there are other times of the green roofs have a double bene- “There are areas where you when you’re not getting enough rain. ﬁ t,” says Gannett. “You’re reducing the shouldn’t rebuild at all, areas where You need to do some sort of irrigation amount of runoff. Also, a lot of compa- you can rebuild but you should plan to keep a healthy, well-functioning nies want to show how they’re taking on inundation for this amount of green roof to keep those plants alive steps to be more green. When you can time, or build on stilts—those kind up there,” he points out. “Sometimes publish that information, show that of strategies,” points out Gannett. there’s a lot of experimentation with on a website and provide some real “There are a lot of deployments of collecting the rainwater on the rooftop tangible data, it sets a positive corpo- water-level loggers in those coastal and using that to irrigate the rooftop rate message for what they’re doing to areas by organizations like the US during periods of low rainfall. Or in be green, reduce runoff, and create a Geological Survey.” some cases, they’ll just have an irriga- better environment.” For green roofs, the U30 remote tion system that’s tied into the water monitoring systems are especially supply that can be used to irrigate the Carol Brzozowski specializes in topics important because they can monitor roof in times of low rainfall.” related to stormwater and technology. incoming rainfall and accept a range In the past year, Onset has started of sensors, says Gannett. to bundle its existing products that “They’ll accept soil moisture, which had been available for the U30 is important for a lot of these stud- remote monitoring system to make ies. You want to monitor how much it more convenient to put together a For related articles: water is being absorbed into the soil system for an application such as a www.stormh2o.com/water-quality-monitoring and available for plants, because it’s green roof, Gannett says. important for the plant’s health to The U30 remote monitoring sys-

November/December 2013 21 www.stormh2o.com Atlanta’s Green Investment Southface Energy Institute Southface Energy

Leveraging grant money to manage stormwater, curb ﬂ ooding, and reduce CSOs

BY MARGARET BURANEN wo developments guarantee that Atlanta, GA, Mechanicsville, and Summerhill. will see more examples of green infrastruc- These short-term green measures were fi nished by the ture. The first push comes from Atlanta’s summer of 2012 to give residents some immediate relief share of a $950 million grant from EPA to from fl ooded, contaminated basements and backyards. encourage green infrastructure in 17 cities. More longer-term green projects are in the pipeline. TPriority was given to areas of heavy fl ooding, in neigh- The second stimulus for green infrastructure happened borhoods with combined sewer systems. Six pilot green in February 2013, when the Atlanta City Council approved infrastructure projects have been completed in Peoplestown changes to the city’s stormwater ordinance. These changes (site of frequent combined sewer overfl ows, or CSOs), affect stormwater management on both residential and

22 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com commercial properties. had to cope with both extremes of stormwater: drought In most cases, property owners or developers are and fl ooding. As in many other cities, the fl ooding has required to explain their plans for stormwater manage- caused CSOs, and Atlanta had to meet EPA consent ment in meetings with the Site Development Staff in the decree requirements. Department of Watershed Management (DWM). The focus Stormwater offi cials in Atlanta are realizing more and is on infi ltrating the fi rst inch of runoff onsite via green more often that they can install dual-purpose projects infrastructure. that will help with both problems. Getting stormwater to New commercial projects that add impervious surface or infi ltrate onsite lessens or prevents fl ooding and CSOs. disturb more than 1 acre of land are now governed by this Capturing the runoff onsite also means that it will be law. So are commercial redevelopment projects that add or available for irrigation. replace more than 500 square feet of impervious surface or disturb the same amount of land. Fourth Ward Park Builders of new homes on individual lots must manage CSOs and fl ooding were persistent problems in the Fourth the fi rst inch of runoff onsite through green infrastructure. Ward and Poncey-Highland, one of Atlanta’s oldest neigh- However, they are not required to meet with DWM staff borhoods. The blighted, heavily urbanized area atop low- members before their permits are approved. lying land provided the ideal conditions for runoff to make The new stormwater ordinance is “a great opportunity things miserable for residents. for Atlanta. It’s a great move forward,” says Robert Bryant, Stormwater offi cials at the DWM fi rst planned to install a registered landscape architect with HDR, Inc. more grey, or traditional, infrastructure: sewer tunnels. “The ordinance will set up projects for success in the Feedback from neighborhood residents made them rethink future,” says Joy Hinkle, sustainable communities associate their plans. and water specialist with Southface Energy Institute’s Eco The result is an award-winning park with multiple ame- Offi ce. “Builders of single family homes on individual lots nities that also manages stormwater through green infra- will have a little more work to do, but commercial devel- structure and alleviates the CSOs. Completed in 2010, the opers have already been doing stormwater analysis on project cost just about $25 million with land, or just under their properties.” $20 million for construction costs alone. In recent years, the city of Atlanta and its suburbs have The green infrastructure project cost about $15 million

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November/December 2013 23 www.stormh2o.com less than a tunnel would have and delivers much more to the neighborhood. It also eases the load on aging grey infrastructure and mini- mizes downstream ﬂ ooding. The use of native grasses and plants means lower maintenance costs for Atlanta’s Depart- ment of Parks, Recreation, and Cultural Affairs.

These plants soak up runoff and need much Management Atlanta Dept. of Watershed less irrigation, an important consideration in light of recent regional droughts. Historic Fourth Ward Park is also the fi rst component of a 22-mile BeltLine Greenway. This overall greenway project, which will take years to fi nish, is the most comprehensive economic development program ever in Atlanta. Fourth Ward Park includes sculptural elements and recreational features. Bryant notes that the park and the Beltline have spurred $400 million of private development adjacent elements, a step-down channel (a reminder of Clear to the park, once an eyesore. “This is one of the nodes on Creek, once part of the site), and subsurface water that the trail,” he says. goes into a dry streambed. Fourth Ward Park is an impressive fi rst step. Stormwater “The whole thing was a challenge,” says Bryant. “We from four directions fl ows into a 2-acre lake at the center of had to create 22 acre-feet of storage on a fi ve-acre site, to the park, which acts as a stormwater detention pond. It was provide for relief for combined sewers, basically enough to designed to be large enough to prevent the fl ooding that handle a 100-year storm—and do it in an aesthetic setting.” caused the CSOs. Bryant calls Historic Fourth Ward Park “the most fun Each side of the park is different, but they all empha- project I’ve ever worked on in my career.” He recalls “how size the fl owing quality of water. Visitors see a tunnel to well everybody worked together. The Department of Water- convey water into the pond, a water wall with sculptural shed Management, the Atlanta BeltLine, the citizens—all had

24 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com a common goal from day one of a three-year period.” Collaborating with a local Others Don’t artist enriched the work of the engineers and landscape architects. That intertwining of art and science pervaded the Stack Up project Bryant says. “From the beginning, we made it a goal that every functional engineering feature—a culvert, drain fl ume, porous pavement—we wanted it to be an aesthetic feature, too. We said, ‘It doesn’t have to be just a pipe. It can be a spillover waterfall or a recirculating feature,’” explains Bryant. “We never settled on just an engineering solution. We wanted an engineering aesthetic solution.” Various natural and recreational features make up the 15 acres that surround the lake/detention pond. They include walking paths, an athletic fi eld, playgrounds, a splash pad, a skate park, an amphitheater, and a wildfl ower meadow. The American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) chose Historic Fourth Ward Park as a useful Case Study for Green Infrastructure and Stormwater Management. The project has won several awards, including state and national awards from the American Council of Engineering. The Atlanta Regional Commission gave its 2012 Devel- opment of Excellence Award as well, because the park “encompasses a large, complex civil engineering and infrastructure project on par with many high-quality developments in metro Atlanta and around the United States.” Funding for the project came from the Atlanta BeltLine Partnership Capital Campaign, the Department of Envi- ronmental Protection, park improvement bonds, and the Atlanta BeltLine Tax Allocation District. Land was donated by several fi nancial institutions. As with many successful large projects, Historic Fourth Ward Park was a joint public and private endeavor. The Trust for Public Land began building parcels needed for unbroken green space, as other municipal and private groups have been doing in Los Angeles, Milwaukee, and other cities. Residents and local business owners formed an inter- stormwater retention/detenion system est group that became the Historic Fourth Ward Park Conservancy. modular & stackable Rock Mill Park strong - H-20 Located in the Atlanta suburb of Alpharetta, Rock Mill Park efÄ cient - 94% void/no stone needed is another fi ne example of a multiuse park that also func- tions as municipal stormwater management. It is part of a 40-acre site owned by the city of Alpharetta. Completed in 2007, Rock Mill Park lies within the 100- year fl oodplain of Big Creek. Stormwater quality treatment facilities within the park include green roofs, two enhanced swales, constructed wetlands, three bioretention cells, two sand fi lters, and two dropout forebays. invisiblestructures.com | 800-233-1510 The most challenging part of the $2 million project was

November/December 2013 25 www.stormh2o.com “working in and around the fl ood plain,” says J. Scott Talbot, registered Even if they have heard of green roofs, landscape architect and principal many people don’t know exactly what with Breedlove Land Planning. “The park’s right next to Big Creek, which is they are, much less how they work. known for fl ooding.” He notes that the project’s few buildings all had to be located above the fl oodplain. Some of the land was considered making detention areas a few feet away to learn about them. built up a bit, but the earthwork had larger, but after measuring down- Ground-level tabletop working to be balanced with the fl oodplain. stream conditions they realized that models demonstrate how green roofs The combination of green infra- doing so would actually increase the function in stormwater manage- structure features and their successful peak fl ows at the property line. A large ment and benefi t the environment. integration has proven to be highly upstream basin and staggering of peak These models are set up to monitor effective in achieving the project’s times caused this effect. If Rock Mill various types of data, such as plant goal of better water quality. Projects Park’s peak fl ows were detained, they types, system types, growing media, often aim for 80% removal of total would reach the discharge point just and stormwater quality and quantity suspended solids. Rock Mill Park has a when the remainder of the basin was performance. 97% removal rate. near its peak fl ow. That much runoff A 6-foot by 3-foot model contains “Stormwater from the highest point at once would be far from the goal of a section with the plants from differ- wraps around one side, comes below predevelopment hydrology. ent parts of the green roof atop the through bioretention cells, goes under Even if they have heard of green pavilion. Its second section is a non- the parking lot, and terminates down roofs, many people don’t know exactly green control to test runoff rates and in the wetlands,” explains Talbot. “It’s what they are, much less how they pollutants compared to the green roof. like a creek system that leads every- work. But after visitors at Rock Mill The third panel shows the American where to the wetlands.” Park enjoy a picnic lunch in the pavil- Hydrotech system used above. The Breedlove Land Planning staff ion beneath a green roof, they can step Two other 6-foot by 3-foot models

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26 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com R are of conventional green roofs, one library and meeting place. All storm- with native plants and one with non- water that falls on the site is managed native. The fourth tabletop (8 feet, 5 within its borders. inches by 4 feet, 5 inches) contains Runoff ﬂ ows through light-colored four different modular green roof sec- pervious concrete paving in the park- tions for comparison. ing lot and drains into an underground As visitors encounter other storm- retention chamber. From there the water features in the park, they also runoff is slowly released, allowing it to see detailed educational signage. inﬁ ltrate into the soil.

They learn about natural history and The Eco Offi ce is a three-story wildlife of the area, the history of their commercial building in downtown city, the Big Creek watershed, water Atlanta. It serves as an offi ce, training, quality, and how various stormwater and demonstration facility for green features work. building and sustainable design for The signs parallel the way the the Southface Energy Institute. The park’s design emphasizes how storm- 10,100-square-foot building is a work- water quality treatment features are ing example of effi cient use of energy, integrated for maximum effectiveness. water, and resource management. It 800.662.6465 Members of the public can read- is one of the most sustainable offi ce www.centripipe.com www.centripipe.com Call for a Free Estimate ily see why sustainable stormwater buildings anywhere, using 84% less solution by Another trenchless AP/M PERMAFORM management can not only work, but water and 53.3% less energy than a also enhance the environment for comparable, code-built facility would. everyone. The Eco Offi ce is constructed An access point to the Greenway entirely from off-the-shelf materials Trail, Rock Mill Park has an open and ordinary technologies—nothing pavilion, an amphitheater, a friendship that couldn’t be duplicated elsewhere. path with seating, walkways, a wet- Its energy cost averages less than $25 lands observation deck, and a mainte- per day. nance building for Alpharetta’s Parks Atlanta lacks proximity to a major Department. Parking is available for body of water. Over 98% of the city’s

both trail and park users. water supply comes from surface and larger s 36” arched or elliptical s round, s no dig - disruption s centrifugally compacted s precise thickness s environmentally safe s fully structural This astute use of green infrastruc- water sources, so effective stormwater ture also merited an ASLA Case Study management for water quality is criti- designation. The ASLA described cal for all the city’s residents. Rock Mill Park as “a model of cost The Southface Institute’s Eco Offi ce effective, sustainable design.” The sets a good example. All of its onsite project “provides a sensible alternative stormwater either infi ltrates into the to traditional (and unsightly) detention ground or is collected and put to good ponds and shows how multiple best use within a fl exible system. management practices can be used in “We love our rain catching and succession to form a comprehensive stormwater management system,” stormwater solution.” says Hinkle. The Rock Mill Park project also The property has two cisterns received a Merit Award from the Geor- for collecting rainwater. The rooftop gia Chapter of ASLA. Other awards cistern collects runoff from the solar include Water Resources Project of photovoltaic array through a gutter Excellence from the American Water system. The runoff drains through a Resources Association and Outstand- fi lter to remove particulates before it ing Achievement from the Georgia fl ows into the 1,750-gallon wood-clad Chapter of the American Society of plastic cistern. Civil Engineers. This rainwater has several uses besides toilet fl ushing. It is used in the Reclaiming Brownfi elds, condenser unit evaporative cooling Catching Rain system spray, the solar PV array spray Built on a brownfi eld site, the system, the compost tank spray, and East Atlanta (Public) Library is an the dedicated outdoor air system. STRUCTURAL CONCRETE LINING 8,000-square-foot building that “The most interesting thing about serves as a neighborhood branch our system is how small our collection

November/December 2013 27 www.stormh2o.com area is, but how well it meets our needs. It’s only a small area of a solar panel on the roof, but it supplies our inside

water,” says Hinkle. Land Planning Breedlove Runoff fl ows from the Eco Offi ce campus and the green roof downhill through a vegetated swale, which removes pollutants. It is maintained with erosion prevention tubes fi lled with compost and gabions fi lled with reused concrete riprap. At the property’s lowest point, the runoff fl ows into a 14,500-gallon underground cistern via the cistern’s vegetated, permeable top. This cistern is made of plastic box forms surrounded by an impermeable membrane. Rock Mill Park features a pavilion with a green roof. Rainwater collected in the underground cistern is used to irrigate the landscaping on the Eco summers. Having a system that would Eco Offi ce’s rainwater collection Offi ce campus. During extended times make stormwater an asset instead of system is “how easy it is, how you without rain, this water is also used to a problem was an integral part of Eco don’t notice it. There’s certainly some replenish the rooftop cistern. Offi ce from the fi rst design stage. maintenance to this truly sustainable “The two systems can be intercon- “We defi nitely see an uptick in system, but it does not change the nected,” explains Hinkle. “We can interest in harvesting stormwater, way we’re operating our plumbing or switch on a pump. This interconnected particularly on irrigation use,” says operating our building.” arrangement has served our needs Hinkle. “Our water rates are high and She notes that the most challenging well. We have had to do that a few our sewer rates are high, so there’s part of installing the rainwater harvest- times during hot, dry weather.” an interest in reducing potable water ing systems was “a little bit of a learn- Not having to rely on municipal for fi nancial as well as environmental ing curve and a little bit of admin- water reduces costs and increases reasons.” istrative hurdles with the building peace of mind during Atlanta’s hot, dry What surprised Hinkle about the inspector, because we use harvested water inside as well as for irrigation.” The health department was also cautious at fi rst because the Eco Offi ce is a building open to the public, with many people coming and going. For-

Breedlove Land Planning Breedlove tunately, Atlanta plumbing codes were being changed at about the same time to be more ﬂ exible. Real-time and historical data on a number of energy and water con- sumption metrics at the Eco Ofﬁ ce are online through a Lucid Design Group Building Dashboard. The information is useful not only for building professionals, but also for homeowners wanting to make their houses more sustainable. Knowing the daily gallons of rainwater captured, consumed, and saved, current rainwater levels in the cisterns, and local weather conditions The 40-acre park has enhanced swales, constructed wetlands, and other water-quality features. is useful comparative information for

28 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com anyone interested in capturing storm- reduce water use by 27 million gal- teaches the public about stormwater. water for onsite use elsewhere. lons per day over the next fi ve years. Atlanta’s most infl uential corporate The Southface Eco Offi ce has a Rainwater harvesting fi rms show past entity is Coca-Cola. One of its many LEED Platinum certifi cation from the projects installed at both residential sustainability projects is donating US Green Building Council. It also and commercial locations, in diverse used 60-gallon syrup containers meets the 2030 Challenge launched applications. to the Chattahoochee Riverkeeper. by the nonprofi t group Architecture “There are some good conversations The environmental group turns 2030 and has earned EarthCraft going on between builders and the the containers into rain barrels for Light Commercial and Energy Star rainwater harvesting companies based homeowners. certifi cations. in our state,” says Hinkle. “The compa- It is obvious from these innovative Through its weekly Wednesday nies manufacture their systems in the stormwater projects and others that tours, which are open to anyone, the state, so that’s a good economic driver.” Atlanta recognizes the value, both Eco Offi ce staff is educating the public Rainwater is harvested for irriga- fi nancial and aesthetic, of investing and construction employees about tion at Turner Field, the home of the in green infrastructure. Seeing rain stormwater issues and green infra- Atlanta Braves Major League Baseball harvesting as an asset—especially with structure. About 40,000 people take team. The system at Oliver House, a droughts to come—increases the value classes and workshops there annually. Senior Living Center with 88 apart- of that investment. Rainwater catchment systems are ments, supplies all the water for toilet getting more attention in Atlanta fl ushing and irrigation. Margaret Buranen writes on the because of the droughts of recent In the Atlanta suburb of Sandy environment and business. years. The Regional Business Coalition Springs, stormwater runoff from the of Metropolitan Atlanta and South- 17,000-square-foot recreation center east Rainwater Harvesting Systems at Hammond Park was eroding a hill Association (SERHSA) have created beside the sports fi eld. The solution For related articles: a campaign to increase their use in was to collect the runoff in a 9,200-gal- www.stormh2o.com/program-management metropolitan Atlanta. lon tank that irrigates the groundcover The associations’ joint goal is to on the hill. The aboveground tank

November/December 2013 29 www.stormh2o.com Resilience: Communities Connect the Dots to Dodge Disaster

BY DAVID C. RICHARDSON ebecca Joyce told the manmade disaster. Planning for story during a telephone resilience can give residents and interview of a neighbor in businesses in areas prone to the Central Shenandoah fl ooding not just the tools to deal Valley who had become with crises, but also the tools Rso accustomed to flood waters over- needed to recover quickly and to taking her home that her emergency bounce back toward prosperity. preparation plan was to keep the fam- Being resilient can mean dif- ily photo album on a table near the ferent things in different situa- front door in case she’d need to make tions, Joyce says, but she also a quick escape. notes that preparing a pathway But acting alone, it’s hard to dodge to recover from the worst should such an all-encompassing disaster. begin long before disaster “People who go through repetitive strikes; it should begin by taking fl ooding have had to rebuild their a close look at the risks that a lives so many times they’re worn community faces. And according down,” says Joyce. But being prepared to Joyce, fl ooding is not the only to lose everything is not sustainable; natural hazard facing residents it is resignation, and Joyce, who is of the Central Shenandoah Val- senior planner for the Central Shenan- ley. The CSPDC All Hazards Mitiga- and development. Joyce strives to doah Planning District Commission tion Plan notes that residents also encourage communities in the region (CSPDC), says there is a much better might have occasion to deal with high to include resilience in their plans for alternative than giving up. winds from tornadoes and derechos; future development as well as in cur- The CSPDC serves close to two wildfi res have set off the alarm in the rent operations. dozen jurisdictions in fi ve counties vast expanses of forests and public of the Shenandoah Valley region, land in the region in the summer; and Storm Track including the cities of Staunton and at the other extreme, epic snowstorms, The Shenandoah Valley in Virginia Harrisonburg, providing consultation ice storms, and sudden snowmelts might not be the fi rst place that covering land-use planning, transporta- in recent winters have proved that it comes to mind when the subject of tion, water and wastewater utilities, would be wise for residents of Shenan- hurricanes comes up, but when they natural resource management, afford- doah communities to be ready for do show up they cause havoc. Hur- able housing, economic and commu- almost anything. ricane Camille in 1969 marked a nity development, disaster mitigation Helping share that awareness and turning point in the way people in and preparedness, agritourism, and to share ideas on what to do about it the area thought about fl ooding. It human services. is part of Joyce’s business. hit the Gulf Coast as a Category 5 Joyce advocates building resilience The CSPDC is funded through storm and weakened to a tropical into every aspect of a community’s grants and assessments to operate as depression before reaching Virginia. planning as one of the best ways a go-between and advisor to state and According to a historical entry in the to reduce damage, hardship, and local government and the communities All Hazards Mitigation Plan, precipita- loss, during and after a natural or they serve on issues related to growth tion fell over many hours, dropping

30 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com 6 feet of water fl ooded homes and businesses. Hurricane Fran, in 1996, broke almost all fl ood records along the Shenandoah River with 8 to 14 inches of rainfall, and in 2003 during Hurricane Isabel, as much as 20.6 inches of rainfall was recorded by the upper Shenandoah monitoring station in Augusta County. “Our cities have issues with fl ooding because they have creeks or streams that run through them,” says Joyce. In addition, she says that due to the peculiar feature of karst topog- raphy that honeycombs the region, the precise locations of fl oodplains are sometimes diffi cult to nail down. “A good portion of the fl oodplain is actually underground, so you don’t even realize that the water is rising, and it has to have somewhere to go, Flooding in Rockingham County so it seeps through.” Which, she says, during Hurricane Fran in 1996 means fl oodwaters sometimes invade homes from the inside out. But she notes that in most cases the fl ooding in the area “is the result of more than 27 inches of rain in Nelson graphic lifting makes rivers swelling over longer periods of County and over 10 inches in the area things even worse for this largely agri- time” until they overfl ow their banks. from Lynchburg to Charlottesville. cultural district, with the winds wring- Flooding and landslides, triggered by ing precipitation from moist tropical Moving Up saturated soils, resulted in catastrophic air forced up and over the Appala- The fi rst resilience efforts in the region damage. More than 150 people died chian and Blue Ridge Mountains. The were fl ood mitigation projects such as and another 100 were injured. At the result, Joyce says, is “pockets of fl ood- the one in Glasgow, VA, at the confl u- time, damage was estimated at more ing” that can occur almost anywhere ence of the Maury River and the James than $113 million. In the Central after intense and rapid rainfall. River. “Half of the town is in the fl ood- Shenandoah region, as a result of “We have had big trouble from hur- plain, so they had issues with repetitive Camille, signifi cant fl ooding occurred ricanes, because after they have made fl ooding of houses,” explains Joyce. in Rockbridge County, the cities of landfall and they are crossing the state With a grant from the Federal Buena Vista and Waynesboro, and the and moving from the Gulf, they just Emergency Management Agency town of Glasgow. Twenty-three people stall out here and drop tons of rain,” (FEMA), Joyce says, CSDPC proj- died in Rockbridge County, with dam- she says. ects “either elevated, relocated, or ages exceeding $30 million (in 1969 And, since the time of Camille, the acquired” 53 houses in the fl ood- dollars). The results were plain to see, storms have continued, with Agnes in plain. “Now those houses are either Joyce says: “Some of the houses had 1972 bringing 15 inches of rain. In protected because they are higher, or water up to the second fl oor.” 1985, Juan brought record fl ood levels we’ve put them on the back of a truck

Photos: Central Shenandoah Planning District Commission During tropical storms, ortho- to Waynesboro. In Buena Vista, 3 to and moved them out of the ﬂ oodplain.

November/December 2013 31 www.stormh2o.com The land was acquired, and the house hazardous materials; and that debris for itself the best way to prepare facili- was demolished, and the land will be from vegetation and manmade struc- ties for the possible hazards of fl ooding. kept as an open space so that no one tures may also be hazardous following By 2004, the CSPDC had spon- can build on it again.” the occurrence of a fl ood. In addition, sored almost 100 mitigation projects in fl oods may threaten water supplies eight localities to keep people and their Stabilizing Triage and water quality, as well as initiate homes safer in potential fl ood situa- To determine where to begin the pro- power outages. tions. Almost $9 million in grant fund- cess of acquiring or mitigating fl ood- With this in mind, CSPDC takes a ing was used to fl ood-proof, elevate, plain properties, the CSPDC evaluated how deep each of the at-risk homes were in the fl oodplain. It then used a prioritization process dividing the fl oodplain houses into three categories based on fl ood depth and frequency. CSPDC used that information to triage its approach to mitigation. “The fi rst houses we dealt with were the ones that got the most repetitive fl ooding and the deepest fl ooding, then the second phases received the next tier of funding, and the third phase received the least. But all of them were signifi - cant, because when you receive the grants from FEMA you have to do a benefi t-cost analysis and prove that the mitigation projects you implement are cost effi cient based on the type of house and what you’re going to do.” Relocating a house in Glasgow, VA According to Joyce, establishing the triage process based on the severity of holistic view of dealing with disaster. relocate, or acquire homes. While a the risk for each property was a better For instance, recognizing that damage big part of promoting fl ood resilience approach than just having a list “where to critical facilities can signifi cantly is encouraging people not to reside or everyone was thinking: ‘I know I’m increase the overall effect of a fl ood build their businesses in the fl oodplain, number one, or I know I’m number event on a community, The Hazard its bigger role is keeping people safe; two.’” It not only served to reduce the Mitigation Workgroup implemented a for that reason, CSPDC projects have potential for confl ict but also provided survey of key facilities in the region. also included outreach efforts to special fl exibility for managing the program. Using a geographic information populations such as the disabled, “Sometimes during mitigation projects, system (GIS), the critical facility points elderly, and non-English-speaking com- personal issues or other things would were intersected with the FEMA fl ood munities. One such effort resulted in come up where a person might be zones. The CSPDC used a 30-foot buf- a successful evacuation adjacent to a having surgery, or they couldn’t be fer on the facilities to provide a radial fl ood-prone river in Waynesboro, VA, out of the house for one reason or distance from the center of the build- on the eve of Hurricane Isabel. another. We had a group of houses we ing to determine the proximity to the were working with, so if that one per- fl oodplain. Although the initial study Can Money Buy Resilience? son had to be delayed we were able to indicated that 52 critical facilities were The federal government pours a lot keep going with the project.” located near or in the fl oodplain, the of money into disaster relief, and the study also revealed “great diversity in unfortunate reality is that disasters Compound Disaster the type of facility located within or in keep happening anyway. According to The Central Shenandoah Valley’s Haz- close proximity to the fl oodplain.” The Center for American Progress, the ard Mitigation Plan considers fl ooding The report, however, cautions federal government spent $136 billion itself a multifaceted hazard. The plan that GIS determination of fl oodplain total from fi scal year 2011 to fi scal notes that as a result of fl oods, homes vulnerability should be used only as a year 2013 on disaster relief. and business may suffer damage and planning tool. The plan notes, “In order “Nearly all of this disaster spending be susceptible to collapse; that fl oods to accurately determine if a structure is was for relief and recovery from major pick up chemicals, sewage, and toxins actually in the fl oodplain, site-specifi c storms and other smaller natural disas- from roads, factories, and farms and information must be available.” CSPDC ters. Most of these disasters are symp- therefore any property affected by says it is then up to each jurisdiction, tomatic of manmade climate change,” the fl ood may be contaminated with armed with this information, to decide the authors write. And you don’t have

32 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com to look far for predictions of more and descendants of FEMA’s Project Impact, connected—know your neighbor.” worse to come. says he’s not arguing with NOAA’s and He says, “Community connections The big question is how much can the National Weather Service’s predic- between local communities, as well a federal government do in the face of tions of increasing “severe weather as local communities to state regional compounding risks? FEMA itself has and severe weather impacts”; he just and national and even community- begun trying to encourage communi- wants to be ready. to-community across the country, can ties to be more resilient as an alter- The inspiration for programs pro- provide mechanisms for communities native to relying on the emergency moting resilience, he says, “Seems to to foster resilience to learn from one management agencies to respond to be coming from a number of perspec- another, to fi nd models where they try to rebuild post-disaster. tives. There is some effort from FEMA might be able to apply something that Joyce gives a good deal of credit for with their whole community approach has been done in another commu- CSPDC’s success in implementing its to foster resilience at the local level. nity. The more connections you have hazard mitigation initiative to FEMA’s One of the things at the federal level within the community and also outside Project Impact program, which oper- is the awareness of the limitations that the community—that seems to make ated at the federal level from 1997 come with working at the federal level a difference with resilience. After a until 2001. It helped hundreds of or the national level.” disaster, a more interconnected com- cities and local jurisdictions, including But overall, he says, there is a munity is able to bounce back faster.” those in the Central Shenandoah Val- dawning realization that “there are This is a lesson Tulsa has learned ley, with disaster readiness initiatives certain actions that promote resilience over hard years of experience. Lovell based on local needs and priorities. that can only be done locally by the says that during the 1970s and 1980s Although that program no longer communities involved.” the city had nine federal disaster dec- exists, its spirit continues in the form According to Lovell, there are two larations, primarily due to fl ooding. of Tulsa Partners in Tulsa, OK, one of steps to becoming resilient. “One is The most devastating shock came the communities that had participated to be informed of the issues and the in the midnight hours of Memorial while the program was in full swing. kinds of things you can do to minimize Day 1984. A killer fl ash fl ood hit the Tim Lovell, executive director the impact of disasters before they city during a heavy rainstorm and of Tulsa Partners, one of the direct happen. And the second is to become took 14 lives, injured 288 people,

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November/December 2013 33 www.stormh2o.com damaged or destroyed nearly 7,000 Bill Robinson, Tulsa’s lead storm- were out of power for up to 10 days,” buildings, and left $180 million in dam- water engineer, says the city has he says. “That put a big strain on the ages ($257 million in 1994 dollars). implemented regulations requiring all Fire Department, because they were City offi cials responded immedi- new storm sewer systems be designed charged with evacuating all these peo- ately and before the night was over for the 100-year fl ood event and has ple on life support from nursing homes had assembled the city’s fi rst Flood upgraded Tulsa’s fl oodplain regula- that didn’t have backup generators.” Hazard Mitigation Team to develop tions to employ a signifi cantly tougher the city’s strategy by crafting a unifi ed standard than that required by FEMA. Every Little Bit Helps program to curb fl ood losses. In addition, Robinson says, Tulsa’s Tulsa is constantly looking for new, Lovell says during the 1980s, “a participation in the community ratings cutting-edge solutions to stormwater coalition of the people who were system has achieved a Class 2 rating quality issues, and under the right condi- impacted by the fl ooding, professional for the city, which helps the residents tions, Robinson says, some of these mea- hydrologists and engineers who knew save money on fl ood insurance policies. sures can have the desirable side effect some of the ways that you could fi x According to the Tulsa website, since of addressing water quantity as well. this, and public offi cials got together the city adopted comprehensive drain- For instance, in conjunction with the and worked on the stormwater prob- age regulations 15 years ago, none of Oklahoma Ready Mix Concrete Associa- lem.” During that process, he says, the the structures built in accord with those tion, Oklahoma State University, and the group “made sure to inform the com- regulations has fl ooded. Nevertheless, National Ready Mix Concrete Associa- munity about what needed to be done.” says Robinson, Tulsa’s resiliency efforts tion (NRMCA), Tulsa recently sponsored Ultimately, the program they put are just at their beginning. a pervious concrete demonstration pour in motion included relocation of 300 Robinson, who is also chair of on city property, in the parking lot of fl ooded homes and a 228-pad mobile Oklahoma Floodplain Management Street Maintenance Division. Five differ- home park, $10.5 million in fl ood con- Association, says the city “has a pretty ent concrete manufacturing companies poured their pervious concrete into test Tulsa is constantly looking for new, forms for monitoring to determine if pervious concrete will hold up under cutting-edge solutions to stormwater Tulsa’s weather and soil conditions. Although pervious concrete might quality issues, and some of these be considered a stormwater quality measure, small things add up when you measures can have the desirable side are talking about low-impact develop- effect of addressing water quantity. ment, or LID. “We’ve been seeing an increased trend in short-duration, 10-year storms,” says Robinson. Not trol works, and $2.1 million for master active hazard mitigation program, many structural measures short of a drainage plans. The total capital pro- but there is more to resilience than levees, conveyance, or a huge basin gram topped $30 million, mostly from just hazard mitigation.” He gives the can handle the runoff from a 100-year local capital sources, fl ood insurance example of Tulsa’s Stormwater Drain- storm event; however, on the lower claim checks, and federal funds. But age and Hazard Mitigation Advisory end of the scale, Robinson says, LID it went further than that, giving birth Board, made up of citizens from public techniques, in addition to addressing to an ongoing collaboration in Tulsa sector, private business, and non-profi t water-quality issues for which they are of those impacted and concerned organizations, whose mission is to designed, could have some potential for members of the community, focused provide input to the mayor and city alleviating localized fl ooding that can on disaster preparedness. council on things that can be done to occur as a result of high-intensity but During the late 1990s when FEMA further the city’s stormwater manage- short-lived downpours. was looking for communities to pilot ment and hazard mitigation. With the trend continuing toward its Project Impact, emphasizing public In addition to addressing stormwa- more intense storms, life-saving mea- private partnership in disaster pre- ter management issues, he says, the sures have become a central focus of paredness and recovery, Tulsa became advisory board has become active in Tulsa Partners’ approach. Although one of the fi rst communities invited to meeting a broad scope of emergency Tulsa Partners does not have an emer- participate, in part, Lovell says, because challenges. To address concerns over gency response role in disaster recovery “the city already had a network of power outages that might occur as a work, Lovell traveled to meet with com- partners, and they had actually started result of fl oods or other disasters, the munity leaders in the aftermath of the working on multiple hazards.” board has begun supporting legislation Moore, OK, tornado earlier this year. “I The effort has snowballed, and the to require emergency generators or did actually see the damage myself. I city has since bought out 1,000 at-risk transfer switches on all nursing home talked to the emergency manager there structures through FEMA repetitive facilities as well. “Back in 2007 we had along with some other people from fl ood loss grant programs. a bad ice storm where parts of the city Tulsa Partners and the NHMA as well

34 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com as the stormwater drainage advisory Looking at the broad view of resil- have people moving into the area who board,” he says. “At the city of Tulsa, ience in a community where disaster are not educated about the kinds of much of what we’re trying to look at risks include not just fl oods but also things may happen, you have children is what we can learn and what we severe thunderstorms, hailstorms, and that grow, and the people who are here can promote in the future in terms of devastating tornadoes, Robinson says, now may not be here in 20 years.” disaster-resistant construction.” “We’re looking into fortifi ed building In a fast-changing world, Lovell He says he learned a major lesson codes through the Institute for Busi- says, “you always will have to continue —not precisely in the realm of storm- ness and Home Safety. They’ve got education, to continue looking at how water management, but one he hopes relatively inexpensive construction things are and seeing what you need to share not just in his hometown but methods, so that for less than 5% of to do in order to continue to make the also more widely: “Safe rooms proved the cost of the structure, it can be hard- community a resilient one.” themselves there. There is no evidence ened so that it can withstand 135-mile- He adds, “To me, the resilience of the of a safe room failure in Moore, and in an-hour winds.” community was really formed in a cru- fact they saved lives. We’re having a lot Lovell says becoming resilient is an cible of those nine federal disaster dec- of discussion about the need for safe ongoing process, not a one-time project. larations and the fl ooding that occurred rooms in schools.” “And there’s a reason for that; any time there, and it is still apparent today.” Robinson says Tulsa is also consider- you create anything or build anything, ing a strategy to build back better in there’s going to be maintenance. Just David C. Richardson is a frequent case disaster does return. “Typically, if a like if you move into a new house you contributor to Forester publications. community is not ready in advance and may expect not to have much mainte- they lack something in their building nance at fi rst, but over time there will code to encourage building back better, be. It’s the same with an effort to make after the disaster the focus is ‘Let’s get a resilient community. Even if you everything up and running again as reach the point where your community For related articles: soon as possible.’ You build back to the is 100% resilient, you’re still going to www.stormh2o.com/flood-control status quo—you don’t build it any better have some things you have to do to that it was before.” keep things up—you’re still going to

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November/December 2013 35 www.stormh2o.com The Principles of Gravity Separation Part 2. Laminar settling, swirl concentration, and ﬂ otation BY GARY R. MINTON

PRINCIPLES GRAVITY SEPARATION Settling types Stokes Law Sedimentation Floatation Settling velocities Hydrodynamic and Vortex Dynamic and quiescent settling separation Laminar settling UNIT PROCESSES

SYSTEM PERFORMANCE Figure 1. Wetlands Wet ponds Elements of Swales and strips Filters gravity separation Wet vaults Swirl Concentrators UNIT OPERATIONS

his is the second of a three-part series on Gravity separation consists of several unit processes, shown gravity separation. Part 1 ( www.stormh2o.com/ in Figure 1. This series of articles discusses sedimentation, SW/articles/22950.aspx ) appeared in our the downward removal of stormwater particles. October 2013 issue. Gravity separation is a unit process in which Laminar settling gravityT removes settleable solids and associated pollut- The principle that hydraulic loading rate is the dominant ants, fl oatables, and dispersed petroleum products. Gravity factor with discrete sedimentation is exploited in the use of separation is the primary mechanism of pollutant removal laminar settlers. Laminar settlers are constructed in vari- in stormwater treatment systems. Figure 1 conceptually ous confi gurations, two of which are illustrated in Figure 2. displays gravity separation. Removal occurs downward for Laminar settlers equate to a stack of very shallow basins. solids denser than water like sediment: upward for solids The concept is illustrated in Figure 3, lighter than water such as dispersed droplets of petroleum which shows countercurrent settling: oil and paper. The former is sedimentation; the latter is solids slide down the plate opposite fl otation. The fundamental engineering principle of gravity the direction of the fl ow. Con- separation is the settling velocities of particles, and rec- current settling (water fl ow ognition of two types of settling in stormwater treatment: from the top) as well as dynamic and quiescent. Settling velocity is affected by par- cross-fl ow settling (water ticle size, shape, and specifi c gravity, and water temperature. entering from the

Figure 2. Laminar settlers Figure 3. Laminar settling

36 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com side) are also employed. Laminar settling devices have been in use in water treatment for over three decades and are now employed in stormwater treatment. Plates are typically placed at an angle to facilitate self-cleaning. Laminar settlers provide a signifi cant increase in surface area per unit volume of basin, leading to a decrease in the size of the basin for the same design event. The effect is to achieve equivalent sediment removal effi ciency during the dynamic period but with a much smaller basin. The cost of the settlers is offset by the savings from a reduction in the size of the basin. Care must be taken with the use of laminar settlers in stormwater treatment because of the importance of the quiescent period and basin volume rather than surface area. The volume of the basin may be so reduced that an insuffi cient volume of each storm is retained, with the consequence that the contribution of the quiescent period to removal effi ciency is compromised. The mathematics of horizontal plate projection are presented later in this article. Figure 4. Vortex separation

Swirl Concentration The size of a settling basin may be reduced by swirl concen- a continuous withdrawal of the collected sediment, which tration, also known as vortex, accelerated gravity, or teacup is not practiced with stormwater treatment. The graphic is separation. The collective name is hydrodynamic separation. of a separator that takes sand out of wastewater. The water The concept was developed for combined sewer overﬂ ows enters tangentially into the basin as shown typically at an (CSOs) intended to remove coarse organic and inorganic elevation lower than the primary outlet, imparting a circular solids. An example is presented in Figure 4. Figure 4 shows motion to the ﬂ uid in the system.

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November/December 2013 37 www.stormh2o.com Terminology. What is the defi nition Figure 5. of hydrodynamic separation? There are Vortex motion two defi nitions used in settling theory. One is the separation of particles from moving fl uid. The second relates to air pollution equipment. When air is diverted in a turn of 180 degrees, the particles, due to inertia, continue on their direct path, hitting the wall and settling to the bottom of the device. The fi rst defi nition is very generic, applying essentially to all of the stormwater treatment devices. It is therefore a defi nition without uniqueness or merit. The term hydrodynamic separator is useless because it also applies to wet ponds, wetlands, grass swales, etc. The second defi nition applies to a process that does not exist in swirl concentrators. Consequently, the uses of the term hydrodynamic separators is misleading, implying some special Plan View attribute of these systems that does not exist. Although it has been in use for two decades, the term hydrodynamic separation should be dropped. It will also be shown, in the next section, that vortex separation plays a minor role in so-called vortex separators. The original name for vortex separators was swirl concentrators. The term vortex separator came into vogue in the 1990s. The older terminology of swirl concentration (or separation) and swirl concentrators (or separators) appears to be more applicable. As an aside, the older terminology was originally applied to a separator with internal design elements signifi cantly different from what are called today Cross Section View vortex separators. However, this confi guration was found to be less effi cient ity. Systems with weak vortex forces pressure difference between the water because of excessive turbulence and improve settling only by 0.1 g, 1/10th surface and the bottom at the perim- was abandoned. Regardless, it is not of normal gravity: a minor increase. eter of the separator. The difference unreasonable to apply this terminology The minor addition is due to the fact causes downward movement at the to today’s “vortex” separators. that the infl uent velocities in stormwa- perimeter, the secondary fl ow. Sedi- Process. A vortex is the rotating ter separators are modest. ment, denser than water, settles in the motion of a fl uid around a common Another aspect of the process is center of the separator. Particles lighter center. As shown in Figure 5, the what is called secondary fl ow. Illus- than water, litter, collect on the surface water enters tangentially into the basin, trated in Figure 5, secondary fl ow is at the perimeter. The combined effect sometimes at an elevation lower than the movement of water toward the of primary rotation about the axis and the primary outlet, which is the most center axis as it swirls gently around secondary fl ow increases the path effective method, imparting a circular the vault. One explanation for its length of the particle, increasing the motion to the fl uid in the system. The presence is that friction at the separa- opportunity to settle. swirl motion initiates at a fl ow rate of tor bottom slows the movement of Because of the dominance of small about 10% of the separator’s capac- fl uid relative to the surface, causing a storms, sediment tends to accumulate

38 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com around the inlet during the small to other factors must account for the medium storms, which are the most remaining difference between two common storms, but is scoured and curves in Figure 6. It is not centrifugal moved inward via secondary fl ow to force, as noted previously. The water the center where the radial velocity velocities are insuffi cient. is zero. At high fl ows, velocities at the One reason commonly given is that center of the vortex exceed the settling with swirl motion the particles move rates of many of the particles, causing along a longer fl ow path before reach- upward movement and loss from the ing the bottom than if settling directly ™, a INFRASTEEL

vault. Solid particles migrate toward to the bottom, giving the particle at us today Visit [email protected] www.infrasteel.com [email protected] 877-327-8171 the center and accumulate as long as more time to settle. This view ignores they are heavy enough to withstand fundamental settling theory, in which the updraft. discrete settling is function of hydraulic Figure 6 compares a laboratory loading rate rather than residence time. study of a swirl concentrator to a Consider the following thought experi- simulation of Stokes Law. Comparison ment. Two circulars basins are the indicates that the concentrator did same in all respects. In one, a particle much better, apparently contradicting is released into the center of the basin statements just made. The immediate at the surface. It falls directly to the observation to be drawn from Figure bottom in accordance with Stokes Law. 6 is that the centrifugal forces play no In the second basin, the particle enters role in stormwater separators. If they via a horizontal inlet pipe, tangentially Precision Pipe & Products, Inc. introduces introduces Inc. & Products, Pipe Precision did, the performance would increase as with a common swirl concentrator. cost give designed to system, culvert rehabilitation permanent to culvert friendly solutions environmentally and effective rehabilitation. and preservation rather than decrease with increasing As it enters, the particle has only hori- fl ow rate. Note that the performance zontal velocity. But as soon as it enters, goes down with rising fl ow rate, an it begins to experience a downward indication that centrifugal motion is velocity due to gravity. Its fl ow path not present. Vortex separation and the is longer than the particle in the fi rst other factors herein likely play a sig- basin given its forward motion, but its nifi cant role at higher fl ow rates, which downward velocity is the same as the is apparent from Figure 6. particle in the fi rst basin. Consequently, The immediate thought as to the both particles in the two basins arrive cause of the spread of the two curves at the bottom at the same time. is added acceleration to the normal A factor to consider is the bound- gravitational force, which occurs due ary. A vortex in open water has no to the radial velocity of the water: the distinct boundary. But vaults have a greater the velocity, the greater the distinct hard boundary, the outer wall added force to gravity. However, as and the bottom. The presence of a noted previously, the radial velocities distinct boundary has two effects. Bar- in stormwater vortex separators are ring boundary turbulence, the fi rst is modest, on the order of a few feet per that the water velocity and shear stress second at the entrance and less in the at the boundary are zero, resulting in vessel. At these velocities the effect is particle settling. The second effect is less than 0.1 g at high fl ows for all but the striking of particles against the wall. one swirl vault. The fl ow rate into a swirl concentra- The line labeled “USEPA SWM” tor is substantial in proportion to its in Figure 6 is the simulated settling volume, much greater than in sedi- expected by Stokes Law, which was mentation basins. Boundary conditions placed in the SWMM mode by the are irrelevant with large sedimentation author of the study. However, SWMM basins; not so with swirl separators or contains an adjustment factor that rec- direct-entry vaults. In effect, there is a REHABILITATE FAILING CULVERTS WITHOUT PIPE REMOVAL CULVERTS FAILING REHABILITATE ognizes that vaults do not have 100% large fl ow rate entering a basin with hydraulic effi ciency. Thus, the line does a small diameter, which results in a not truly represent settling expected substantial rate of particles hitting the by Stokes Law, whose calculations wall. Many of these particles succeed in presume 100% hydraulic effi ciency. As settling to the bottom. only about half the difference is likely The long fl ow path may also be s#OSTEFFECTIVEAND ENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLY s3UPERIORHYDRAULICSAND LOADCAPACITY s#USTOMDESIGNEDTO SPECIlCSHAPEANDSIZE s$ESIGNEDLIFEEXPECTANCY YEARS due to improved hydraulic effi ciency, a factor, not because it increases the

November/December 2013 39 www.stormh2o.com detention time per se, but because it to particles near the increases the opportunity for particles wall of the separa- to strike the wall. Also, eddy motions tor. Regardless, the in the vicinity of the wall “push” full answer as to particles toward the wall. There is also the processes in a tendency of particles to be drawn swirl concentrators to the wall, specifi cally those particles and their respec- that move ahead in the water as they tive roles is not fully enter the vessel. Particles that move understood. It has faster than the fl uid migrate toward the been stated that no wall, whereas particles that move more theory explains all slowly migrate toward the center. Lift is of the experimental the principal cause of radial migration. results regarding the As particles approach the wall they radial migration of are drawn toward the wall particularly particles. under laminar conditions. As a fi nal note, A fi nal consideration is the phenom- the difference Figure 6. Laboratory vs. simulation results enon of two ships moving in parallel between the two close together such as a naval supply curves in Figure 6 is a function of the 6. However, inasmuch as vortices in ship supplying an aircraft carrier. The particle size distribution. The effect nature do not pose a boundary effect, ships tend to move together, which the is less as the percentage of coarser it seems reasonable to identify it as a helmsmen on both ships must care- material increases. One could include separate removal process. fully avoid. This phenomenon occurs boundary effects as a component of The above observations raise the because the pressure of the water on vortex separation. If so, vortex removal reasonable question as to why those the outboard side of each ship is less would be the primary factor for all of vaults not employing swirl motion do than on the inboard side. A similar the products with respect to the differ- not benefi t from the striking of par- phenomenon could occur with respect ence between the two curves in Figure ticles against the vault wall. It is likely STAYSTAY CURRENTCURRENT Start your essential reference library at www.ForesterPress.com.

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SW_WebPrint10_1p that they do, but not as well because to satisfactorily predict performance is more likely due to several factors of greater turbulence than found in as well as the appropriate equations to other than vortex separation. The swirl concentrators. The swirl motion scale the results from a small labora- fi rst is improved hydraulic effi ciency. in swirl concentrator separators likely tory unit to larger fi eld units. With few It is possible that a swirling motion is results in a better “management” of the exceptions, the studies have been of more hydraulically effi cient than that stormwater with respect to the bound- systems with bottom discharge and of in direct-entry vaults. Better hydraulic ary condition; that is, less turbulence a particular confi guration. Computa- effi ciency results in a condition closer with the outcome being a higher tional fl uid dynamics (CFD) appears to the theoretical hydraulic loading percentage of particle strikes resulting to satisfactorily simulate fl ow paths. rate. The second is particles striking in particle removal. However, simulation of particle settling the wall. The third is the increased Oddly it has been observed that a is sensitive to the assumed boundary fl ow path, which increases the oppor- true vortex motion should be avoided condition as to its effect on the reten- tunity for strikes. at high fl ows. A strong vortex results tion of particles upon contact with the in upward velocities at the center, bottom or wall. Mathematical modeling Flotation which exceed the settling velocities of may be limited to comparing the effect Material lighter than water includes previously captured particles, resulting of design changes or differences in petroleum hydrocarbons, paper, ciga- in their resuspension and loss from the design elements on the relative rather rette butts, and plastic bags. Although system. Removal occurs in the vortex than absolute performance. fl otation can remove litter, a common eddy. Performance is increased by Laboratory tests are typically con- practice is screening. The focus of this about 25% over an empty tank and ducted at steady fl ow rates. It should section is oil/water separators. Petro- about 15% over tube (lamella) settlers. be recognized that the non-steady leum is present in fi ve forms, three of These differences may increase with fl ow characteristics of stormwater which are removable: free, dispersed, increasing fl ow. This phenomenon may may decrease the effi ciency from and sorbed oil. Dispersed hydrocar- exist in wetlands and swales, with the what may be estimated or determined bons are small droplets, 10 to 100 vegetation serving as the plates. But from testing under constant fl ow. The microns. Most sorb to suspended solids this is unlikely. examination of one product found that and settle rather than fl oat. Performance. Swirl vaults vary it had low separation capacity for 1 to Free and dispersed oil concentra- considerably with respect to separa- 25 microns, but this result is certainly tions are typically less than a few mil- tor geometry, sediment storage, and applicable to all the small vault prod- ligrams per liter. Nonetheless, this small elements to moderate fl ows to avoid ucts. It was also determined that the amount produces a sheen, which many resuspension and loss of collected fl oat- particle size distribution had a greater regulatory agencies dissallow. The two ables. Thus, swirl vaults of the same infl uence on performance than fl ow remaining forms are not removable by size will differ in performance. The rate. This suggests that non-steady fl ow fl otation. Oil chemically stabilized by presumed enhancement of small vaults is of less concern. a surfactant such as detergent is not is the result of a combination of effects: For CSOs the practical lower limit removable with standard separators. improved hydraulic effi ciency, particles of vortex separation is a particle with Dissolved oil is removable only by striking the wall, longer particle shear a settling velocity of 12 to 16.5 feet sorptive fi ltration but is a very small zones where there is an abrupt redirec- per hour (0.10 to 0.14 centimeter fraction in stormwater. tion of water fl ow, and vortex motion. per second). As such, the focus with Sizing separators is based on Stokes The relative role of each is in turn CSOs has been with settleable solids Law. As the specifi c gravity is less than dependent on many factors, including generally 200 microns and larger, one, the settling velocity is negative particle settling velocity and density, given the presence of organic solids. and is called the rise rate. The rise rate inlet velocity, system confi guration, For inorganic solids, the above settling is analogous to the hydraulic loading and internal elements such as baffl es. velocity range represents a particle rate. To size a separator, the droplet As such, it is essentially impossible diameter of 50 to 100 microns. Swirl size is selected such that removing it to identify the relative role of each concentrators are therefore generally and all larger droplets provides the effect and the contribution of each perceived to be limited to the removal desired removal effi ciency. Other factor. Performance equations must be of sand and silt down to about 50 criteria are the specifi c gravity of the empirical, developed for each type of microns. Some clay and smaller silt is petroleum product and the operating vault. The relationships typically take also removed, but only to the extent temperature. The specifi c gravity of the form of simple ratios such as the of the volume of fresh dirty water fresh motor oil is 0.88 at 20˚C (68˚F), hydraulic loading rate to the settling captured during each storm, which although weathering alters this value. velocity of the particle, the settling is small relative to the total storm It should be higher when it washes velocity to the inlet velocity, and the volume that enters the unit over time. from pavement, because the oil would chamber to inlet diameters. These very small particles will be lost have weatherized to some extent. The Mathematical modeling of perfor- from the vault at higher fl ow rates. mean January temperature is selected mance has taken several forms with The improved performance of swirl in northern latitudes as it represents differing observations as to its ability concentrators over direct-entry vaults the time of year when the rise rate is

42 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com the lowest—typically January in wet wet vault with laminar plates, using the represents inorganic particles of 20 to climates. Given the presence of snow same concept as previously described. 35 microns. The angle to the horizon- throughout the winter, April may be Cost of the plate system is offset by the tal, q, is generally between 45 and 60 the best for these cold climatic areas. lower cost of a smaller vault. Given degrees. Plate separation is one-half to The mean July temperature would be their very large size, API separators are three-quarters of an inch. The effec- used in the southern hemisphere. not generally used. API separators are tive area is the horizontal projection of

To illustrate: droplet size of 80 ineffective with droplets smaller than each plate. The total plate area, Ap, is microns, temperature of 10˚C (50˚F), 150 microns, whereas CP separators determined by Equation 2. and specifi c gravity of 0.88 give a remove much smaller droplets. Ap = A/Cosine(q) (Equation 2) rise rate, Vp, of 3.6 feet per minute Coalescing refers to the aggregation Litter must be removed to prevent (1.2 meters per minute). The rise rate of oil droplets as they rise, induced by clogging of the plates. While pretreat- is determined using Stokes Law. All contact with the plates. There are other ment with a wet pool may adequately droplets equal to or greater than 80 forms than plates that serve the same remove litter, more sophisticated microns are removed, or about 90%. function. The third concept found in devices may be needed for adequate For the design fl ow, Q, the required newer products is sorptive fi lter media. protection. surface area, A, of the separator is Some products use CP and sorptive shown in Equation 1. media. As a CP separator is essen- Gary R. Minton, Ph.D., P.E., is a consultant on stormwater treatment and the author of A = Q/Vp (Equation 1) tially a stack of shallow basins, the The types of oil/water separators most effi cient confi guration is a stack the book Stormwater Treatment: Biological, include API, CP, and sorptive. The API of horizontal plates. However, plates Chemical, and Engineering Principles. (American Petroleum Institute) sepa- are sloped to promote self-cleaning rater is a wet vault with baffl es at the of sediment. An oil/water separator entrance and exit. Because of generally removes suspended solids as well as poorer performance and large space oil. A separator designed for a rise rate For related articles: requirements of the API separator, of 3.6 feet per hour also removes all www.stormh2o.com/BMP-post-construction the coalescing plate (CP) separator is particles with the same and greater commonly used. A CP separator is a settling rate. This settling velocity

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New! Ethics 101: Workplace Strategies for Ethical Challenges 1 PDH / 0.1 CEU David T. Williams, Ph.D., P.E., PH, CFM, CPESC, D.WRE, DTW and Associates New! Preparing for Natural Disasters: What to Do Before, During, and After 1 PDH / 0.1 CEU Armand Lembo, Jr., LEMCOR, Inc. Free! Quality Control with UV CIPP Pipe and Culvert Liners 1 PDH / 0.1 CEU Grant Whittle, Reline America, Inc. New! Rainwater Harvesting and Wastewater Reuse at the Community Scale 1 PDH / 0.1 CEU Paul Crabtree, P.E., CNU-A, Crabtree Group Inc. New! Street Dirt: A Better Way to Measure BMP Effectiveness 1 PDH / 0.1 CEU Roger C. Sutherland, P.E., AMEC Environment and Infrastructure Like us @ Forester.University New! Urban Erosion and Sediment Control 1 PDH / 0.1 CEU Follow us @ ForesterU Brian McLane, P.E., CPESC, City of Cambridge Add us @ Forester.University

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November/December 2013 43 www.stormh2o.com PROJECT PROFILE

Achieving Silver at Brown Hall

he Colorado School of Mines located in Golden, CO, was established in the 1870s and reflects the importance of the Tarea’s abundant natural resources in its curriculum, with courses in mining engineering, geology, chemistry, min- eralogy, metallurgy, botany, math, and drawing. With this history in mind and scape and landscape to meet LEED departments, the school wanted an ingrained respect for the natural Silver certification. to create a beautiful yet functional environment, the institution’s Cam- In conjunction with the construc- pedestrian environment, where pus Facilities Master Plan called for tion of the new Brown Hall addi- asphalt streets had previously been the renovation and new addition of tion, which was built to house the at the heart of the Colorado School Brown Hall and the surrounding hard- engineering and mining engineering of Mines campus. Mathew Evans,

Colorado School of Mines Maple Street pedestrian mall

44 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com RLA, ASLA, LEED-AP, of the land- to the use of a permeable pavement where the slopes were under 5%, a scape architecture fi rm Lime Green that had to be overcome. Techni- typical paver cross-section featuring Design in Denver, CO, was the project cal challenges included slopes in partial infi ltration and 4-inch-diameter designer for this aspect of the project. excess of 8% and concerns regard- perforated pipe was used. Where the “The area around the new addition ing traffi c loading from fi re trucks, slopes exceeded 5%, site-specifi c to Brown Hall had to accommodate a service vehicles, and the occasional detailing was required, including high volume of pedestrian traffi c, and 18-wheelers delivering to the site. subsurface check dams and subdrains. as part of the campus master plan, an A portion of the site has no avail- In areas adjacent to the building, an adjacent street was to be vacated and able stormwater infrastructure, so impermeable PVC liner was included pedestrianized,” he notes. any system used had to be designed to protect the building foundation The pavement solution not only to infi ltrate the area design storms, from surface water infi ltration. needed to accommodate the loading and water could not migrate into the of emergency and service vehicles, but subgrade within 10 feet of the face also to avoid exceeding historic offsite of the building. Moreover, with an stormwater fl ows on the site. In addi- average snowfall of over 5 feet per tion, the pavement had to meet the year, the Eco-Priora pavement had campus maintenance requirements to be durable enough to withstand for a long-lasting, durable surface. snow plowing and the use of deicers. Evans adds, “An unanticipated second phase of the project became possible, which led to the pedestri- anization of another section of street. The success of the fi rst phase resulted in an extension of the use of the pavers in this new area. As part of the master plan, a preliminary study has identifi ed another two blocks of city street extending out from the original Brown Hall project, which will eventually be vacated, and the plan Aggregate materials used in the pave- currently shows the continued use of Site plan ment cross-section were specifi ed permeable pavers in this new pedes- as ASTM #8 or #9 for the joint and trian spine.” bedding materials, ASTM #57 for the Landscape designer Evans worked base, and CDOT #3 or #4 for the with installer JC Coniff of Rocky Moun- sub-base, which is equivalent to ASTM tain Hardscapes LLP and Colorado #2 or #3. Subgrade soils at the site School of Mining facilities manager consisted of mostly clayey sands. In Bob Slavik on the selection and In addition, the construction schedule addition, an electric snowmelt system installation of 35,000 square feet of was dictated by the school year so was incorporated into the pavement Eco-Priora permeable interlocking pav- as not to interfere with students and design at building entrances. ers manufactured by Pavestone LLC, vehicles crossing the campus. Evans worked in collaboration a Uni-Group USA paver producer. The Evans notes, “The provision of with the building architect, Anderson pavers complement the natural beauty product data, other project references, Mason Dale of Denver, CO, to design of the site and met the necessary and site visits, along with meetings a pavement pattern with charcoal criteria for durability, with patented with the design team and paver reps, bands in a tan fi eld laid in a her- interlocking spacers that provide supe- provided the assurances the school ringbone pattern on most of the site. rior structural stability under loads, as needed to proceed with permeable A former traffi c circle became the well as permeability to help manage pavers. Selection of a contractor with main intersection of walkways, where stormwater fl ows. The designer and suffi cient experience and credentials lighter-colored pavers were used for contractor worked together on details was critical to the project success, some of the bands in the radial pat- such as integration of the pavers and since a number of installation chal- tern to meet the LEED Heat Island concrete collars around utility man- lenges had to be addressed in the Effect credit. holes and valve covers. fi eld for a satisfactory outcome.” Originally a LEED Silver certifi ca- The permeable pavement aspect Once the school was convinced of tion was the goal; however, with the of the project presented a number the viability of the permeable pave- inclusion of the Eco-Priora permeable of challenges for the designer. There ment system, design and construction paver system, Brown Hall achieved was an initial institutional resistance of the project got underway. In areas LEED Gold certifi cation.

November/December 2013 45 www.stormh2o.com “The building addition and site was LEED registered,” says Evans, “and the paving system helped obtain the Heat Island Effect and Stormwater credits. Ideally the selected pavement system would also contribute to the LEED Regional Materials and Content credits.” The paver colors were speciﬁ cally selected to meet the solar reﬂ ec- tance values, allowing the project to achieve the LEED credit SSc7.1 Heat Island Effect—Non-roof. The permeable paver system also contributed to Stormwater Management Quantity Control Credit 6.1; Stormwater Man- agement Quality Control Credit 6.2; and Regional Materials Credit 5. The project also was the recent winner of an HNA Hardscape Award for the Concrete Paver—Commercial/ Industrial Permeable category. The HNA Hardscape Project Awards are produced by the Interlocking Concrete Above: The original asphalt street before conversion to a pedestrian plaza Pavement Institute and supported Below: Lighter-colored pavers helped the project with the LEED heat island credit.

46 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com For related articles: www.stormh2o.com/project-design

scape projects by contractors building residential walkways, patios, driveways, commercial plazas, parking lots, and streets. Entries are judged on project intent, design, quality of construction and craftsmanship, compatibility with related construction materials and systems, construction innovation, detailing, and overall design excellence. The Colorado School of Mines Brown Hall project is intended to create a precedent for future projects on campus. By converting asphalt streets to beautiful permeable paver pedestrian-oriented areas that are Workers screed bedding aggregate and install pavers in a 90-degree herringbone pattern. also capable of supporting trafﬁ c loads, the school is embracing low- by the National Concrete Masonry Association. The Hardscape Project impact, sustainable, environmentally Association and the Brick Industry Awards recognize outstanding hard- beneﬁ cial design.

Register today @ Learn & Earn with Forester U ForesterUniversity.net! Designing Effective Sediment Containment Systems for Roadways Projects Jerald S. Fifield, Ph.D., CISEC, CPESC & Tina R. Wills, PE, CISEC, HydroDynamics Inc. Wednesday, December 4 1 PDH / 0.1 CEU Join Jerry Fifield and Tina Wills to explore a scientific and engineering assessment of parameters necessary to capture suspended particles while flood flows are discharging from a containment system.

Limitations of Commonly Found Roadway Construction Site Sediment Control BMP Jerald S. Fiﬁeld, Ph.D., CISEC, CPESC & Tina R. Wills, PE, CISEC, HydroDynamics Inc. Wednesday, December 11 1 PDH / 0.1 CEU Join Jerry Fiﬁeld and Tina Wills to explore temporary BMPs, their limitations (e.g., barrier BMPs), and the principles and practice in assessing and evaluating the effectiveness of barrier BMPs.

Making Erosion Control BMPs Work on Roadway Projects

Like us @ Forester.University Jerald S. Fiﬁeld, Ph.D., CISEC, CPESC & Tina R. Wills, PE, CISEC, HydroDynamics Inc. Wednesday, December 18 Follow us @ ForesterU 1 PDH / 0.1 CEU Add us @ Forester.University Join Jerry Fiﬁeld and Tina Wills to explore the available erosion control methods and diversion structures, as well Subscribeibe @ ForesterUniversity as how to develop seed mixtures, calculate fertilizer rates, and evaluate TRMs in drainage channels.

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November/December 2013 47 www.stormh2o.com SHOWCASE

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FORESIGHT PRODUCTS Labor and time-saving drive-type DUCKBILL earth anchors are composed of corrosion resistant aluminum alloy to give the ultimate mechanical strength and extreme durability for a variety of soil stabilization applications. The anchors offer a wide range of solutions for light to medium applications. Each solution can be customized to meet specific needs, and the installation process involves three simple steps: drive, load, and set. www.earthanchor.com/duckbill

FILTREXX INTERNATIONAL LLC Filtrexx Trinity LivingWall combines innovative engineering from The Living Wall Company with the proven performance of Tricon wire forms and Filtrexx Bank Stabilization technology. It can be used to stabilize extreme inclines while providing a broad range of design and planting options. Tricon wire has been used for years in areas where an MSE wall is required. Filtrexx uses a high-quality Filtrexx GrowingMedia inside a tubular mesh to quickly establish permanent vegetation, whether established from seeds, sprigs, plugs, or bare root plants. The Filtrexx system delivers a measured, quality controlled, proven growth medium not available in other systems. www.filtrexx.com

48 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com MODULAR WETLAND SYSTEMS INC. The Modular Wetland System Linear is the only stormwater system to utilize Horizontal Flow Biofiltra- tion. The MWS Linear replicates natural processes to remove a variety of pollutants from stormwater runoff including fine TSS, bacteria, oils and grease, heavy metals, and harmful nutrients like nitrate and phos- phorus. While most systems utilize a single treatment method, the MWS Linear incorporates screening, hydrodynamic separation, sorbtive media filtration, and bioretention into a single system. Completely modular, the MWS Linear can either replace standard stormwater inlets or function perfectly in an online or offline design to replace downward flow systems. www.modularwetlands.com

ARCADIS ARCADIS is a leading international company providing consultancy, design, engineering, and management services in infrastructure, water, environment, and buildings. The company enhances mobility, sustainability, and quality of life by creating balance in the built and natural environments. ARCADIS develops, designs, implements, maintains, and operates projects for companies and governments. With 22,000 employees and more than $3.3 billion in revenues, the company has an extensive global network supported by strong local market positions. www.arcadis-us.com

Jennifer Hildebrand 10 Simple Strategies for Achieving Environmental Compliance and Big Proﬁts at the Same Time Hildebrand’s refreshing and crystal-clear approach merits serious attention and STRAIGHT TALK has already won support across the regulatory and construction spectrum. STRATEGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE “Jennifer has always had the practical, hands-on experience and communicative ability to wade through complex issues to help others arrive at a clearer under- standing through her teaching and, now, in her new book, Straight Talk.” – Mike Harding, CPESC, Geosyntec Consultants

“This book is a must read for the construction site manager, the SWPPP developer, and the site inspector.” – John McCullah, President, Salix Applied Earthcare and host of Dirt Time Straight Talk: Strategies for Environmental Compliance by Jennifer Hildebrand

FP_StraightTalk12_1p Order at www.ForesterPress.com

FORESTER REFERENCE RESOURCES FOR INFRASTRUCTURE PROFESSIONALS

November/December 2013 49 www.stormh2o.com SHOWCASE

THIRSTY DUCK LTD. Thirsty Duck Buoyant Flow Control Devices (BFDs) function as floating outlets capable of delivering a constant flow rate by gravity, regardless of water surface elevation. When sized for the optimum discharge rate, detention volume can be minimized by as much as 50%! Thirsty Duck BFDs are university-tested, self-skimming, easily pass common debris, and are made from materials specially selected for the stormwater system environment. They are also approved for use by the Florida, Washing- ton, Massachusetts, and New York Departments of Transportation. www.thirsty-duck.com

LANE ENTERPRISES The Lane Reverse Q Pond Outlet represents a significant advance in pond outlet technology. It improves downstream water quality by managing both pond discharge quality and quantity. Because the RQ suspends the outlet orifice a few inches below the surface, it discharges from the highest quality water in the pond. In addition, by automatically varying the depth of the orifice according to the inverse of pond depth, peak discharges are delayed until after halfway through the specified drawdown period. This reduces downstream flooding potential at times when downstream flows are at their highest levels. A sizing calculator is available. www.lane-enterprises.com

TIDEFLEX TECHNOLOGIES Many potable water tanks or reservoirs depend on a typical common inlet/outlet to maintain drinking water quality. This system often proves inadequate when water outside the common inlet/outlet area of influence becomes stagnant, creating dead spots where bacteria are likely to multiply. Tideflex Technologies’ Tideflex Mixing System (TMS) greatly improves the quality of drinking water in finished water storage reservoirs. The TMS is a combination of patented Tideflex Check Valve technology and a piping manifold that separates the inlet and outlet. BARRIER SYSTEMS INC. The TMS can be installed in new The SandMaster is an attachment that quickly fills, transports, or existing water storage tanks of all securely closes, and places multiple sandbags where they are shapes and sizes to eliminate stagnation needed. It’s capable of creating and placing 15,000–18,000 and short-circuiting. sandbags in a 24-hour period, and is the ideal system for erosion www.tideflex.com control, flood control, spill containment, or any use where the bagging of materials is needed. It works great with most materials, wet or dry, allowing the use of what’s available onsite and reducing labor while saving both time and money. www.barriersystemsllc.com

50 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com TECHNICAL ABSORBENTS PermeatecDS is a new acrylate-based polymer system. It can be applied as an aqueous surface spray to dust and loose, granular materials as a means of suppression or to provide a hard, durable surface. PermeatecDS is specifically designed to be dispersed in water, aiding application and improving safety and handling. It is able to coat and bind loose materials, forming a complex web of interlocking particles and polymer, which when dried, forms a hard, durable material. The ability to change application rates provides the user with precise control and allows stabilization levels, strength, and durability to be tailored as required. www.techabsorbents.com

US SAWS US Saws recently announced the addition of the Robotron Manhole removal tool to their Break ’N Take line of magnetic lifting products. This newest model incorporates a patent-pending fulcrum that provides a mechanical advantage over other magnetic lifters and provides for easier lifting and removal of most manhole covers. In addition to the pivoting base, the Robotron’s floating magnet design provides more secure contact with uneven surfaces. The Robotron uses three magnets with a 400 maximum pound lifting capacity. US Saws Break ’N Take Lifters are light-weight, compact, and convenient to use. www.ussaws.com

SEEKING BOOK PROPOSALS

ForesterPress is seeking book proposals and manuscript submissions on current topics of high interest to civil engineers; municipal infrastructure professionals; consultants; industry professionals responsible for meeting soil, water, and energy compliance standards; academics; and other environmental-quality professionals.

We publish practical, progressive, reference, and professional development books in the following subject areas:

Stormwater Management • Soil Erosion and Sediment Control • Construction-Site Compliance and Best Management Practices • Solid Waste Management • Water Efficiency and Conservation • Onsite Energy Management

We offer generous royalties, high production quality, and effective marketing campaigns that target your book’s intended audience.

To submit your book proposal: Include a detailed description of the content, an annotated table of contents and a comprehensive outline, a sample chapter on the book’s topic, your curriculum vitae, and the names of recommended reviewers to: Designing and Reviewing Effective Sediment and Acquisitions Editor Edition 3rd Erosion Control Plans ForesterPress PO Box 3100 Santa Barbara, CA 93130 Phone: 805-682-1300 Fax: 805-682-0200 [email protected] JJERALDERALD S. FIFIELD,FIFIELD, PH.D,PH.D, CPESC, CISECCISEC FORESTER REFERENCE RESOURCES FOR INFRASTRUCTURE PROFESSIONALS www.forester.net FP_Publish_11_.5p FP_Publish_5p

November/December 2013 51 www.stormh2o.com SHOWCASE

SOLINST CANADA LTD. The Model 101 P7 Water Level Meter features extremely durable PVDF flat tape, with high tensile strength and electrical efficiency. Laser tape markings are every 1/100 ft or mm, certified traceable to national standards. The P7 Probe is submersible to 1,000 ft. (300 m). The sensor at the tip of the probe provides consistent measurements in wells, tanks, surface water, and even cascading water, with almost zero displacement. The sturdy reel is made for water level measurement in rugged environments. www.solinst.com

OLDCASTLE PRECAST To detain stormwater runoff at the Metro Fire Station #21, the Met- ropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County elected to remove an aboveground detention pond and construct an underground stormwater detention system to gain back valuable land for parking during the recent replacement of the facility. In the final design, Oldcastle Precast’s Storm Capture stormwater management system was chosen and subsequently constructed under the entrance road, since it reduced the detention system width and overall footprint by over 40%, and easily fit under the fire station roadway. www.oldcastleprecast.com

PAVEDRAIN LLC SEALING SYSTEMS The PaveDrain System is an aesthetically pleasing Permeable Articu- Flex-Seal Utility Sealant is a state-of-the-art plural component lating Concrete Block/Mat (P-ACB/M) that provides installation ease aromatic urethane with an incredible 800% elongation and a tensile and design flexibility for owners, engineers, and contractors. The strength of 3,200 psi. Flex-Seal is designed to prevent inflow/infiltra- PaveDrain System infiltrates more stormwater per 1 foot diameter tion and to provide corrosion protection at the grade adjustment ring than any other hardscape permeable surface. The joints between the section or joint section. Flex-Seal Utility Sealant provides an excellent blocks are left open for little to no maintenance. It is available in col- seal, and it will pass a vacuum test according to ASTM standards. ors and is ADA compliant and AASHTO HS-20 and H-20 load tested. www.ssisealingsystems.com www.pavedrain.com

Showcase is based on information supplied by manufacturers. Some manufacturers did not respond to requests for information. Publication of materials received is subject to editing and availability.

52 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com Spotlight Get Stormwater anytime, anywhere.

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Comparing Paver Performance at the University of Minnesota

ase studies often examine The University of Minnesota Duluth ous surfaces around the building; the the potential problem- (UMD) had selected AZEK permeable campus is located on a designated solving nature of products pavers for a project six years ago. The trout stream that drains into Lake such as speed of instal- difference of these recycled-content Superior. The university’s stormwa- lation, labor savings, and alternatives compared to traditional con- ter pollution prevention program Cthe like. But when it comes to perfor- crete pavers is clearly visible: no signs required stormwater treatment, and mance, it is often expressed by con- of cracks and minimal wear and tear, the designer suggested AZEK perme- tractors or building managers in terms damage, and color change. The con- able pavers for their water inﬁ ltration of expectations for the future, thereby crete pavers installed at the same time, properties (made possible by spacer remaining a mystery as to how the however, had buckled and raised up on lugs on the sides of the pavers) up to product fared months or even years one side, showing cracks and wear. 95% recycled content. The pavers are later. In this case, however, a paver UMD’s need for a permeable solu- composed mostly of scrap auto tires, project was recently revisited six years tion came about when the university along with some plastics, and make after the pavers were installed and was constructing a new civil engineer- it easier to attain LEED points than tested side-by-side with traditional ing building and wrestled with how to traditional pavers. In fact, AZEK pavers’ concrete pavers. manage stormwater runoff on impervi- manufacturing to date has diverted

54 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com more than 10 million pounds of scrap sion of UMD’s plumbing shop where foot triangular area outside UMD’s rubber and plastics from US landfi lls, truck deliveries are made. Erik Larson, Sports and Health Center, where the using recycled material from more than an engineer at UMD, explains that this unloading of sports teams and student 535,000 scrap tires and 16 million plas- was an appropriate test area because it foot traffi c took a toll on the ground. tic food containers and DVD cases. The had poor drainage and was frequently Despite attempts by the Building and manufacturing process also uses 95% muddy after heavy rains; it receives Grounds Division of Facilities Manage- less energy and produces 96% less in vehicle, forklift, and truck traffi c. Set into ment to landscape the space, students carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions than their 16- by 16-inch interlocking grids, kept cutting through it. It provided a conventional pavers. AZEK permeable pavers were installed good proving ground to see how the The big question was how they next to traditional concrete pavers on new permeable pavers handled foot would perform in sub-freezing Min- the same engineered base. traffi c in winter conditions. nesota temperatures, with repeated The second area was a 75-square- After a tough Minnesota winter in freeze-thaw cycles, the scraping of snow plows, the snow itself, and the salt used for deicing. Top it off with New Erosion Control Master Class Series! heavy truck traffi c in a loading dock area and it presented an all-out challenge for a new paver technology versus the Sediment & Erosion Control for Roadway Projects traditional pavers. Another question was how AZEK pavers would manage the Master Class Series rainwater runoff. According to Mindy Granley, UMD’s sustainability coordinator, the area’s Register today @ ForesterUniversity.net! soil has a high clay content and is not Earn a total of conducive to absorbing water. “Rain- 9 PDH/0.9 CEUs water from the campus can get down from the top of the hill to Lake Superior in just 10 to 15 minutes,” she says. She Jerald Fifield, Ph.D., CISEC, CPESC Tina Wills, PE, CISEC Hydrodynamics Inc. Hydrodynamics Inc.

November 26 – December 20 9 PDH/0.9 CEU credits

Join industry experts Jerald Fifield and Tina Wills for a comprehensive, six-part live and on-demand master class and workshop series exploring the ins and outs of effective sediment and erosion control plan design and review for roadway projects. Enjoy six online lectures and Q&A sessions and three interactive workshops presented by Fifield and Wills, delving into Fifield’s best-selling third edition of Designing and Reviewing Effective Sediment and Erosion Control Plans (included in your Master Class Series package) and focusing on the specific sediment and erosion control needs, challenges, and best practices for roadway projects. Sessions include:

sOn-Demand Erosion, Sediment, and Sedimentation in Roadway Projects

sOn-Demand What is Needed for Designing (and Reviewing) Roadway Sediment and Erosion Control Plans

sNov. 26 Determining Performance Goals and Effectiveness of Roadway Sediment and Erosion Control Plans

sDec. 4 Designing Effective Sediment Containment Systems for Roadway Projects

_5i sDec. 11 Limitations of Commonly Found Construction Site Sediment Control BMPs y AZEK and concrete pavers side by side sDec. 18 Making Erosion Control BMPs Work on Roadway Projects points out that impervious surfaces can Miss a session? Not a problem! All sessions are recorded for on-demand viewing. affect water quality and that by control- Register today and on the series! ling the volume and speed of the water save 20%

fl ow, pollution and erosion are reduced. Follow us @ ForesterU Like us @ Forester.University Subscribe @ ForesterUniversity Add us @ Forester.University The AZEK paver versus concrete FU_SW1311_Master_Roadwa paver test was set up in two high- BRINGING YOU CUTTING-EDGE TECHNOLOGY AND TOOLS–ANYTIME, ANYWHERE traffi c areas. The fi rst was a 600-square- foot loading and storage area, an expan-

November/December 2013 55 www.stormh2o.com spring 2008, UMD deemed the test to be favorable for the permeable pavers. Unlike concrete in the same areas, AZEK pavers showed no cracks or color fading. Facilities Management went on to add 990 square feet of pavers in the Civil Engineering building’s loading dock area. UMD also kept the test installation. Six years later, UMD is still encour- aged by the new pavers’ performance in all three locations. Whereas the concrete pavers took more of a beating from trafﬁ c and snow and ice control, AZEK permeable pavers look more like the day they were installed. According to Granley, they have ing up to extreme winter conditions— with AZEK Building Products, known for proven to be an effective solution to both natural and manmade. Larson its low-maintenance line of premium UMD’s soil conditions as well as stand- agrees, adding, “We do intend to use exterior building products. In December the pavers on future projects.” 2012, AZEK bought out the company, In the fall of 2007, when UMD and AZEK pavers are now available tested the new paver technology nationally through lumber dealers that against traditional concrete pavers, carry AZEK products, greatly expanding For related articles: the product was a recent invention, the market for the pavers. www.stormh2o.com/project-design available only regionally and through architect speciﬁ cation. In fall 2011, VAST

Enterprises entered a strategic alliance STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION 1. Publication Title: Stormwater. 2. Publication No.: 1531-0574. 3. Filing Date: October 1, 2013. 4. Issue Frequency: Bimonthly with extra issues in May and October. 5. No. of Issues Published Annually: Eight. 6. Annual Subscription Price: $76. 7. Complete Mailing Address of Known Offi ce of Publication: 2946 De la Vina Street, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, CA 93105. Contact Person: Daniel Waldman, 805-682-1300. 8. Complete Mailing Address of Headquarters or General Business Offi ce of Publisher: 2946 De la Vina Street, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, CA 93105. 9. Full Names and Complete Mailing Addresses of Publisher, Editor, and Group Editor: Publisher, Daniel Waldman, 2946 De la Vina Street, Santa Barbara, WANTED CA 93105; Editor, Janice Kaspersen, 2946 De la Vina Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93105; Group Editor: John Trotti, 2946 De la Vina Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93105. 10. Owner: Forester Media Inc., 2946 De la Vina Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93105; Stormwater Experts Daniel Waldman, 2946 De la Vina Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93105. 11. Known Bondholders, Mortgagees, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1% or More of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages, or Other Securities: None. 12. Tax Status: The purpose, function, and nonprofi t status of this organization and the exempt status for federal income tax purposes has not changed during preceding 12 months. 13. Publication Title: Stormwater. 14. Issue Date for Circulation Data Below: September 2013. 15. Extent and Nature of Circulation:

Avg. No. No. Copies of Copies Each Single Issue Issue During Published Preceding Nearest to 12 Months Filing Date a. Total No. Copies 22,265 24,242 b. Legitimate Paid/Requested Distribution: (1) Outside County Paid/Requested Mail 21,219 21,011 Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541

(2) In-County Paid/Requested Mail 0 0 Subscriptions stated on PS Form 3541

(3) Sales Through Dealers and Carriers, 0 0 Street Vendors, Counter Sales, and Other Paid or Requested Distribution Outside USPS

(4) Requested Copies Distributed by Other 16 26 Mail Classes Through the USPS c. Total Paid/Requested Circulation 21,235 21,037 d. Nonrequested Distribution: FU_SW1311_Recruit_kids_33s (1) Outside County Nonrequested Copies 362 465 as Stated on PS Form 3541 Consider yourself the Einstein of stormwater? (2) In-County Nonrequested Copies as 0 0 Bring expertise and entertainment to the table? Stated on PS Form 3541

(3) Nonrequested Copies Distributed Through 0 0 Apply today to join our faculty of stormwater experts! the USPS by Other Classes of Mail (4) Nonrequested Copies Distributed Outside Become a speaker at the Mail 341 2,300 e. Total Nonrequested Distribution 703 2,765 FORESTERUNIVERSITY.NET f. Total Distribution 21,938 23,802 g. Copies Not Distributed 327 440 h. Total 21,265 24,242 i. Percent Paid/Requested Circulation 96.8% 88.3% I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete. Dan Waldman, Publisher 9/4/2013 56 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com MARKETPLACE

Have you been featuredtured Lowest maintenance in this magazine? STAY CURRENT and highest infiltration Order high-quality REPRINTS and E-PRINTS customized to your specifications for print and web. rate of any hardscape Email [email protected] Start your or call 717-505-9701, ext. 100. permeable system. essential reference

The Difference Between Preservation library at Visit us at www.pavedrain.com and Devastation www.ForesterPress.comwww.ForesterPress.com is the Quantity of Designing and Reviewing Effective Sediment and Sandbags in Placeace Edition 3rd Erosion Control Plans Capable of creating SEEKING BOOK PROPOSALS and placing 4,800-6,240 JJERALDERALD S. FIFIFIELD,FIELD, PH.PH.D,D, CPESC, CCISECISEC sandbags with only Acquisitions Editor 3 people in eight hours. FORESTER [email protected] www.barriersystemsllc.com Reference Resources for FORESTER Infrastructure Professionals 360-217-8215 CAGE CODE: 6CVS2

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ADVERTISER’S INDEX COMPANY URL PAGE American Peat Technology LLC...... www.americanpeattech.com ...... 23 AP/M Permaform ...... www.permaform.net ...... 27 Best Management Products ...... www.bmpinc.com...... 16 Crumpler Plastic Pipe Inc...... www.cpp-pipe.com ...... 17 DOGIPOT ...... www.dogipot.com...... 16 Filterra Bioretention Systems ...... www.filterra.com ...... Cover 2 Filtrexx International LLC ...... www.filtrexx.com ...... Cover 4 Five Star Products Inc...... www.fivestarproducts.com ...... 13 IN-SITU Inc...... www.in-situ.com ...... 17 Invisible Structures Inc...... www.invisiblestructures.com ...... 25 IPEX Inc...... www.ipexinc.com ...... 3 J.W. Faircloth & Son ...... www.fairclothskimmer.com ...... 20 Lane Enterprises...... www.lane-enterprises.com ...... 14 Modular Wetlands ...... www.modularwetlands.com ...... 11 North American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT) ...... www.nodigshow.com ...... 26 Oldcastle Precast- Specialty Products ...... www.oldcastleprecast.com ...... 37 Plastic Solutions Inc ...... www.plastic-solution.com ...... 29 Precision Pipe & Products Inc...... www.precisionpipe.com...... 39 Stewart-Amos ...... www.stewart-amos.com ...... 53 StormTrap LLC...... www.stormtrap.com ...... 18 Stormwater Equipment Manufacturers Association (SWEMA) ...... www.stormwaterassociation.com ...... 33 Taipei Economic & Cultural Office in Los Angeles - Press Division . . . . . www.taiwanembassy.org/US/LAX/mp.asp?mp=52 ...... 7 Thirsty Duck LP ...... www.thirstyduckinc.com ...... 21 Triton Stormwater Solutions ...... www.tritonsws.com ...... 15 Tymco...... www.tymco.com ...... 5 UF Edge ...... www.ufedge.ufl.edu...... 24

November/December 2013 57 www.stormh2o.com READER PROFILE

Alexandra Dunn BY CAROL BRZOZOWSKI

s a young girl growing up in Westchester County, NY, Alexandra Dapolito Dunn would cross the Hudson ARiver almost daily in a school bus. “I have strong memories of looking at that body of water,” she recalls.

She left the area at nine years old, and returned at 40. “I had the Law Review’s editor-in-chief. During an internship at a my own family and was able to expose them to that watershed, Washington DC law fi rm, she worked with the environmental and as an adult I had the chance to interact with dozens of practice group, meeting people doing what she wanted to do: passionate advocates for the ecosystem,” says Dunn. “I was part combine the power of words and persuasion with a passion for of an academic institution and collaborated with many other col- the outdoors to enact change. leges and universities to protect, restore, and bring the Hudson back to a healthy status.” What She Likes Best About This Work Today, Dunn is executive director and general counsel of the “It’s very results-oriented,” says Dunn of her job. “Although Association of Clean Water Administrators—a national, nonpar- achieving the goal of the Clean Water Act is a multi-decade goal, tisan organization of state, I see small steps daily along interstate, and territorial that journey, whether it’s offi cials responsible for a letter to Congress asking implementing surface for greater funding for clean water protection programs, water, a meeting with EPA facilitating communication where a diffi cult issue is with the federal govern- massaged, or providing ment, and promoting public someone some information. education. In the past 11 We are making progress to years of Dunn’s 18 years clean up water in the US.” of experience in environmental law and policy, Her Greatest Challenge she’s focused her efforts on Keeping her organization’s water quality, water treat- head above water with a ment, and implementation staff of fi ve and providing of the Clean Water Act. She the best service possible writes and speaks about is Dunn’s greatest chal- water policy, sustainability, lenge. “I don’t get a lot of and environmental justice; sympathy for that, because lectures about law at the my member state direc- Columbus School of Law and Catholic University of America; and tors are also trying to do their jobs with not enough resources to is an advisor to the Environmental Law Society. She chairs the maximize results in the near term,” she says. American Bar Association’s Section of Environment, Energy, and Dunn is heartened by activities such as EPA’s integrated plan- Resources; serves on the Environmental Law Institute’s board of ning initiative sequencing stormwater, clean water, and regula- directors; and serves as secretary of the US Water Alliance. tory obligations in a way that allows investments to be made at a reasonable pace; water quality trading programs; and green What She Does Day to Day infrastructure innovations. “These small changes are designed A typical day for Dunn may involve a meeting at EPA head- to give our investment in clean water the greatest return,” she quarters, calls to individuals running clean water programs in a says. “That creativity was not as evident six years ago.” She’s also half-dozen states, as well as interacting with her staff and interest seen an exponential increase in collaboration among groups. “I groups in Washington DC devoted to the cause of clean water. see agricultural groups with different resources and tools working closely with clean water groups and watersheds to improve What Led Her to This Work the quality of rivers and streams. So much has happened in It was her involvement in Girl Scouts—which gave her many the years since I was crossing the Hudson River as a kid in the opportunities to be out in the ecosystem—that instilled in Dunn 1970s to when I came back in the mid-2000s. That period of a love for the outdoors and a desire to pursue a career to my lifetime was one of incredible revitalization for that water- protect it. She earned her B.A., cum laude, in political science shed. I can say I’ve seen the Clean Water Act work.” and French at James Madison University and her J.D., magna cum laude, at Catholic University of America, where she was Carol Brzozowski specializes in topics related to stormwater and technology.

58 November/December 2013 www.stormh2o.com Need 2013 CEU/PDH Credits? We Bring the Experts to You. Live and On-Demand Training Register today at ForesterUniversity.net!

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