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Research Article Otolith Shape Analyses of Squalius Cephalus

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Research Article Otolith Shape Analyses of Squalius Cephalus Iran. J. Ichthyol. (December 2018), 5(4): 293-302 Received: September 26, 2018 © 2018 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: November 10, 2018 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.22034/iji.v5i4.311 http://www.ijichthyol.org Research Article Otolith shape analyses of Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) inhabiting four inland water bodies of the middle Black Sea region, Turkey Melek OZPICAK*, Semra SAYGIN, Aykut AYDIN, Enes HANCER, Savaş YILMAZ, Nazmi POLAT Biology Department, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey. *Email: [email protected]. Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the intra- and inter- population variations of chub, Squalius cephalus, utricular and lagenar otolith shapes sampled from four localities in the Black Sea region. Otolith shape indices, including Form Factor (FF), Circularity (C), Roundness (RO), Rectangularity (RE), Aspect Ratio (AR) and Ellipticity (E) were used for otolith shape analyses and multivariate analyzes (Canonical Discriminant Analysis) were used to assess interspecies variations. The FF and C were found statistically significant for lapillus, but not for asteriscus otoliths in the four habitats. Furthermore, RO was similar for all localities for both asteriscus and lapillus. CDA results showed that 66.5% of the chub individuals were correctly classified. The results indicated otolith shape can be used as a suitable tool to discriminate chub populations. Keywords: Otolith shape analysis, Lapillus, Asteriscus, Chub, Population. Citation: Ozpicak, M.; Saygin, S.; Aydin, A.; Hancer, E.; Yilmaz S. & Polat, N. 2018. Otolith shape analyses of Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) inhabiting four inland water bodies of the middle Black Sea region, Turkey. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 5(4): 293-302. Introduction (Campana & Casselman 1993; Reichenbacher & Morphological based inter-population variations are Cappetta 1999; Wakefield et al. 2014; Bostancı et al. especially important for understanding the 2015; Gierl & Reichenbacher 2015; Mapp et al. evolutionary interpretation of ancient life. For this 2017), and thus partially are subjected to genetics reason, new methods are always required to support (Vignon & Morat 2010). Otolith morphology varies this information (Teimori & Eslami 2017). One of the also within the populations of the same species this methods is otolith analysis which can be used as (Tuset et al. 2003, Bourehail et al. 2015; Zengin et al. an important indicator in the studies of fish 2015; Renán et al. 2016; Avigliano et al. 2017; Ibáñez populations (Begg & Brown 2000; Tuset et al. 2003) et al. 2017; Teimori & Eslami 2017). Also, otolith and systematics (Tuset et al. 2008). The otoliths shape analysis for stock differentiation is a useful, accumulate the environment perception elements in cheap, practice and time-efficient method. In recent fish, record the life history features of the individuals years, with the developing technology, the realization (age, chemical elements, reproduction, etc.) and have of otolith shape analysis using various programs been described as a “flight recorder” of fish together reduces the errors in the studies (Ponton (Lecomte-Finiger 1992). Morever, they are 2006; Tuset et al. 2006; Boudinar et al. 2016; Hussy considered as valuable markers for distinguishing et al. 2016; Avigliano et al. 2017). different fish populations (Begg et al. 2001; Devries Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) is found in et al. 2002; Watkınson & Gillis 2005; Galley et al. Europe and Asia Minor inhabiting fresh and brackish 2006; Petursdottir et al. 2006). Otolith shape is waters (Kottelat 1997). The chub is an opportunistic species specific both in extant and extinct fish species and mobile species and common in almost all 293 Iran. J. Ichthyol. (December 2018), 5(4): 293-302 Fig.1. Otolith characteristics of asteriscus and lapillus (OL: Otolith Length, OB: Otolith Breadth/width, A: Otolith Area (Yellow colour), P: Otolith Perimeter (Red colour around the yellow). running waters in Turkey (Geldiay & Balık 2007). waters of middle Black Sea region including Abdal According to investigated literature, there are no Stream (N=44), Akçay Stream (N=58), Terme studies about otolith shape indices of chub between Stream (N=55) and Yedikır Dam Lake (N=62) by different regions. However, there are some studies using SAMUS 725 MP electrofishing device during about otolith biometry of the chub (Tarkan et al. October 2015-April 2017. Specimens were measured 2007; Bostancı et al. 2009; Kurucu & Bostancı to the nearest 0.1cm for total length (TL) and 2018). The aim of this study is to determine the shape weighted to the nearest 0.01g. The sex was index values of S. cephalus, sampled from Akçay determined by macroscopic examination of the Stream, Abdal Stream, Terme Stream and Yedikır gonads. Dam Lake in the Middle Black Sea region and detect Otolith Preparation and Statistica Analysis. Utricular the regional differences between the localities in (lapillus) and lagenar (asteriscus) otoliths were terms of otolith features. removed by making head dissection. Otoliths were weighted using precision scales (OW) (± 0.0001g). Materials and Methods All lapillus and asteriscus otolith pairs were Study Area and Sampling. Squalius cephalus photographed on the distal side with a Leica DFC295 individuals were sampled from different inland digital camera. Otolith breadth/width (OB), otolith 294 ozpicak et al.- Otolith shape analyses of Squalius cephalus Table 1. Descriptive of asteriscus otolith pairs (Min: Minimum, Max: Maximum, OB: Otolith breadth, OL: Otolith Length, P: Perimeter, A: Area, FF: Form factor, R: Roundness, C: Circularity, REC: Rectangularity, E: Ellipticity, AR: Aspect Ratio). Abdal Stream Akçay Stream Terme Stream Yedikır Dam Lake Locality/ Right Ast. Left Ast. Right Ast. Left Ast. Right Ast. Left Ast. Right Ast. Left Ast. Variable Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max OB 0.816-2.909 0.828-2.866 0.745-2.272 0.787-2.272 0.884-2.141 0.869-2.096 0.891-2.578 0.876-2.278 OL 0.828-3.431 0.840-3.431 0.872-2.667 0.804-2.739 0.928-2.321 0.966-2.321 0.943-2.673 0.951-2.685 OW 0.0004-0.0108 0.0003-0.0108 0.0002-0.0048 0.0003-0.0048 0.0004-0.004 0.0004-0.004 0.0003-0.0054 0.0003-0.0055 P 2.862-15.228 2.292-16.226 2.578-10.103 2.609-10.956 1.081-9.288 0.756-8.727 3.130-9.464 3.227-10.089 A 0.545-6.051 0.545-6.193 0.440-3.579 0.417-3.583 0.610-3.301 0.616-3.124 0.576-3.991 0.603-3.887 length (OL), area (A) and perimeter (P) (± 0.001mm) test. Differences between sexes were also examined were determined by Leica Application Suit Ver. 3.8 by independent t-test. ANOVA was used to compare Imaging Software (Fig. 1). lapillus and asteriscus otoliths shape indices of chub Form Factor (FF), Circularity (C), Roundness among localities of the Black Sea. Canonical (RO), Rectangularity (RE), Aspect Ratio (AR) and Discriminant Analysis (CDA) were performed to Ellipticity (E) were used for otolith shape analyses. detect differences in otolith shape variations among Otolith shape can be described in some ways, and the the sampling sites. The Wilks’ Lambda assessed the simplest and useful method is distance measurement. performance of the discriminant analyses. The Such measurements can be used in a series of classification success of the discriminant analysis mathematical equations that calculate shape indices was checked using jackknifed cross validation. SPSS (Russ 1990). These shape indices were calculated for 21, Minitab 17.0 and the Excel software were utilized the right and left utricular and lagenar otolith pairs of in the evaluation of data. S. cephalus. FF is used to estimate the surface area irregularity, taking values of 1.0 when it is a perfect Results circle and <1.0 when it is irregular. RO and C give A total of 218 chub individuals were sampled from information on the similarity of various features to a Abdal Stream (N=44; 29.4±0.972cm TL; perfect circle. RE describes the variations of length 328.10±9.70g) Akçay Stream (N=57; 18.00±0.518 and width with respect to the area (Tuset et al. 2003), cm TL; 67.57±2.57g), Terme Stream (N=55; while E indicates if the changes in the axes are 15.60±0.289cm TL; 46.99±1.16g) and Yedikır Dam proportional (Russ 1990). All the variables were Lake (N=62; 17.70±0.327cm TL; 71.30±2.13g). tested for normality and homogeneity of variance Descriptive statistics of asteriscus and lapillus using the Shapiro and Levene’s test respectively. otoliths are given in Tables 1 and 2. There was no Different tests were implemented in statistical statistically differences between sex in terms of OB, analysis if the variables were normally distributed or OL and OW in different localities (P>0.05) and right not (Paired t-test, Wilcoxon test, Independent Two and left asteriscus otoliths (P>0.05). But when right Sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and ANOVA- and left lapillus otoliths were compared, there were Tukey test). Left and right otolith measurements (OL, significant differences in terms of OL of Abdal, OB, OW, A and P) were tested by normality test. If Akçay and Terme Streams and OB and OW of the data are normally distributed, the comparisons of Yedikır Dam Lake Samples(P<0.05). right-left otoliths measurements were tested by Shape indices of both right and left otolith pairs of paired t-test. If the any of the comparative data are utricular and lagenar otoliths are given in Table 3.
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