MANGA and ART Zur Entwicklung Eines Mediums Und Dessen Einfluss Auf Die Kunst Yoshitomo Naras

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MANGA and ART Zur Entwicklung Eines Mediums Und Dessen Einfluss Auf Die Kunst Yoshitomo Naras DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit MANGA AND ART Zur Entwicklung eines Mediums und dessen Einfluss auf die Kunst Yoshitomo Naras Verfasserin Elisabeth Pippan angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2008 Studienkennzahl: A 315 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Kunstgeschichte Betreuerin: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Martina Pippal 1 2 DANKSAGUNG Mein Dank gilt meiner Betreuerin Dr. Martina Pippal für ihre Unterstützung, die Annahme eines gewissermaßen fächerübergreifenden, nicht „rein kunsthistorischen“ Themas und für konstruktive Kritik am richtigen Ort. Besonders bedanken möchte ich mich weiters bei meiner Familie: Bei meinem Vater, der mich gelehrt hat, dass man mit einer Kombination aus Willen und Humor viel weiter kommt und dass manche Dinge gar nicht so wichtig sind, bei meiner Mutter, die mit Stärke, Hilfsbereitschaft und positiver Energie irgendwie alles auf die Reihe bekommt und bei meiner Schwester, die meist der Fels in der Brandung ist. Danke auch an Jasmin für jegliche Unterstützung und insbesondere an Thomas, auf den ich immer zählen kann, für überhaupt alles! 3 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. EINLEITUNG.........................................................................................7 2. MANGA – DAS MEDIUM...........................................................................10 2.1. Begriffsdefinition..........................................................................10 2.2. Geschichte...................................................................................10 2.2.1. „Vorformen“ des Manga? .............................................................11 2.2.2. Ukiyo-e und Literatur in der Edo-Zeit..............................................13 2.2.3. Der Einfluss der Printmedien und westlichen Comic-Strips.....................17 2.2.4. Die ersten Fortsetzungs-Manga......................................................19 2.2.5. Entstehung des Story-Manga.........................................................20 2.3. Der Story-Manga — inhaltlich............................................................27 2.3.1. Themen..................................................................................27 2.3.2. Hauptgattungen nach Zielgruppen..................................................28 2.4. Der Story-Manga — formal................................................................31 2.4.1. Bildelemente ...........................................................................31 2.4.2. Figurendesign: Große Augen, westliches Aussehen?..............................34 2.5. Sozialer Kontext: Der Manga in der japanischen Gesellschaft....................36 2.5.1. Rezeption................................................................................36 2.5.2. Kritik ....................................................................................37 2.5.3. Mangaka, Fans & Co...................................................................38 3. MANGA AND ART – YOSHITOMO NARA.........................................................40 3.1. Naras Kunst im Hinblick auf die historischen Entwicklungsstufen des Manga 41 3.1.1. In the Floating World.................................................................41 3.1.2. Karikatur und Satire...................................................................47 3.1.3. Der Manga... ...........................................................................50 ...bei den Superflat-Künstlern...............................................................................50 ...bei Yoshitomo Nara ........................................................................................52 3.2. Naras Figurenkosmos......................................................................55 3.2.1. Childhood and loneliness.............................................................56 3.2.2. Die Kinder ..............................................................................59 3.2.3. Die Hunde...............................................................................61 3.2.4. Der kawaii-Faktor......................................................................64 3.2.5. Punk & Rock ............................................................................68 3.3. Die Bildelemente...........................................................................74 3.3.1. Symbole.................................................................................74 3.3.2. Linie, Fläche, Hintergrund...........................................................76 3.3.3. Text und Bild ...........................................................................79 3.4. Marketing, (Selbst)bild und Positionierung...........................................82 4. RESÜMEE...........................................................................................89 5 ANHANG ..............................................................................................90 Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................90 Abbildungen.......................................................................................97 Abbildungsnachweis..........................................................................149 Glossar............................................................................................151 Zusammenfassung..............................................................................154 6 1. EINLEITUNG Manga sind Comics — und doch viel mehr als das: Der Begriff Manga bedeutet vereinfacht so viel wie „zügellose, spontane Bilder“, wobei er in Japan selbst (unter anderem!) für den Comic als solchen steht, während man hierzulande damit meist den spezifisch japanischen Comic meint. Dieser hat seinen Siegeszug um die Welt schon lange angetreten: Die Manga-Welle in den USA setzte in den 1980er Jahren ein, besonders aufgrund des Erfolges von „Lone Wolf and Cub“1, dem zweiten überhaupt auf dem amerikanischen Markt publizierten Manga (1987), sowie Ōtomo Katsuhiros düsterem Dark-Future-Werk „Akira“2 (1988), welches sowohl in Printform als auch in seiner Verfilmung zu einem Meilenstein der Comic- und Trickfilm-Geschichte wurde. In Europa brachte der Rowohlt-Verlag mit dem Anti-Kriegs-Klassiker „Barfuß durch Hiroshima“ (Hadashi no gen)3 1982 zwar den ersten Manga im deutschsprachigen Raum auf den Markt, die Zeit war aber offensichtlich noch nicht ganz reif dafür: Der Vertrieb musste aufgrund zu niedriger Umsätze bereits nach dem ersten Band wieder eingestellt werden.4 Und das obwohl der Manga in Form von Anime-Serien sich, wenn auch in Verkleidung sozusagen, schon in den 1970er Jahren erfolgreich durch die Hintertür in die europäische Medienwelt geschlichen hatte5. Seit den 90er Jahren verzeichnet aber auch das Printmedium Manga steigende Verkaufszahlen im deutschen Sprachraum. Mittlerweile bringen deutsche Verlage mehr Manga als „hausgemachte“ Comics auf den Markt. Um das Jahr 2000 herum konnte der Markt sich über jährliche Zuwachsraten von 100% und mehr freuen, allein 2005 erbrachte der Verkauf von Manga einen Bruttoumsatz von knapp 70 Millionen Euro.6 1 Geschichte eines herrenlosen Samurai (Rōnin), der einer Intrige zum Opfer fällt und mit seinem Sohn durchs Japan der Edo-Zeit zieht, um sich als Auftragsmörder zu verdingen. Vom Autor Kazuo Koike und dem Zeichner Goseki Kojima. 2 Nach einem Dritten Weltkrieg begegnen im Tokyo der Zukunft zwei jugendliche Motorradfreaks einem greisenhaften kleinen Jungen mit übernatürlichen Fähigkeiten und werden in politische Intrigen rund um die machtvolle Geheimwaffe Akira verwickelt. 3 Der Autor und Zeichner Keiji Nakazawa erzählt mit stark autobiografischen Zügen vom Überleben des sechsjährigen Gen Nakaoka nach dem<Atombombenabwurf auf Hiroshima. 4 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barfu%C3%9F_durch_Hiroshima 5 Beispiele solcher Animeserien: Wickie und die starken Männer (1972-74); Heidi (1974); Biene Maja (1975); Puschel, das Eichhorn (1979); Niklaas, ein Junge aus Flandern (1975); Pinocchio (1976) - alle Zuyio Enterprises/Nippon Animation. 6 http://www.handelsblatt.com/News/printpage.aspx?_p=204491&_t=ftprint&_b=1059640 http://www.jetro.de/d/mangamythen.pdf 7 Anders als in Japan ist es im Westen allerdings (noch?) die jüngere Generation, die hierbei als Hauptzielgruppe in Frage kommt. Besonders unter den 14 bis 19-Jährigen finden sich viele Mangaleser und Animefans – doch es wird nicht nur gelesen: Die Jugendlichen bringen ihre Fertigkeiten im Zeichnen von Mangafiguren zur Perfektion, mit oder ohne Hilfe der zahllosen Anleitungen in Buchform zu diesem Thema7, sie verbreiten ihre Werke teilweise über Internetforen8, die die stetig wachsende Community vernetzen und Gelegenheit zum Austausch bieten und einige von ihnen lernen sogar auf eigene Faust Japanisch mit Hilfe einschlägiger Manga-Lehrbücher9. Besonders die Teenagerkultur der Gegenwart ist also stark beeinflusst von Manga und Anime, was wiederum einen nicht zu leugnenden Effekt auf die Rezeption visueller Medien, aber auch deren Produktion in der Zukunft haben wird (mithin auch der Rezeption und Produktion von Kunst!). Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich jedoch nicht mit dieser zukünftigen Entwicklung, sondern möchte sich mit der Mangarezeption der Vergangenheit und Gegenwart auseinandersetzen und zwar hauptsächlich im Land der Herkunft selbst. Es soll im ersten Teil die geschichtliche Entwicklung des Mediums nachgezeichnet werden, wobei es über die Jahrhunderte zu starken Verschiebungen der Bedeutung des Begriffs Manga gekommen ist — was ist eigentlich Manga, was bedeutet der Manga für Japan, und inwiefern
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