Conservation of the Selangor River Population of Pteroptyx Tener in Malaysia: Results of Seven Years of Monitoring
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Conservation of the Selangor River Population of Pteroptyx tener in Malaysia: Results of Seven Years of Monitoring Veronica Khoo, Nada Badruddin & Laurence Kirton ISO 9001 : 2008 www.frim.gov.my Background Previously there has been no data to assess the firefly population along the Selangor River FRIM developed a method to monitor the firefly population under the Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) project, funded by the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia Subsequent funding was provided under FRIM’s internal funding before being continued by Selangor Waters Management Authority (SWMA) The project commenced from May 2006 until present time www.frim.gov.my Method Digital night photography Monitored monthly 1.6 km (~ 1mile) of the stretch of Selangor River www.frim.gov.my The area monitored www.frim.gov.my RESULTS www.frim.gov.my 5000 Executive Summary Average 4500 Min Max 4000 Linear (Average) Yearly average of 3500 the index of abundance of the 3000 adult firefly 2500 population along the Indexof abundance 2000 Selangor River y = -109.82x + 1832.2 1500 R2 = 0.441 Recorded a 38% 1000 drop 500 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) (2013) www.frim.gov.my Relationship with environmental parameters www.frim.gov.my Relationship with water quality 100.0 5000 Data for WQI and Average 80.0 4500 Min salinity were y = -2.7x + 80.013 R2 = 0.7708 Max obtained for years Linear (Average) 4000 60.0 2007 – 2011 from 3500 40.0 Water Quality Index (WQI) Index Quality Water Department of Environment, 3000 20.0 Year 1 (2007) Year 2 (2008) Year 3 (2009) Year 4 (2010) Year 5 (2011) Malaysia Average Min Max Linear (Average) 2500 Indexof abundance 0.22 WQI showed an 0.20 2000 0.18 improvement 0.16 y = -228.02x + 2131 through the years 1500 R2 = 0.7764 0.14 0.12 Salinity (ppt) Salinity (although still 0.10 y = 0.0142x + 0.0032 1000 R2 = 0.863 0.08 categorised as 0.06 0.04 slightly polluted) 500 0.02 0.00 0 Year 1 (2007) Year 2 (2008) Year 3 (2009) Year 4 (2010) Year 5 (2011) Salinity: Increase of Year 1 (2007) Year 2 (2008) Year 3 (2009) Year 4 (2010) Year 5 (2011) Average Min Max Linear (Average) almost three-fold www.frim.gov.my Water quality for years 2012 - 2013 Data provided by SWMA (data was obtained only from October 2012) Data obtained twice in a month; upstream and downstream during high tide and low tide The firefly index of abundance were analysed differently – Sites were grouped according to upstream and downstream for comparison with water quality www.frim.gov.my WQI 1800 100 1600 1400 80 1200 1000 60 800 600 Water Index (WQI) Quality 40 400 Index of abundance (Downstream) abundance Index of 200 0 20 Jul-12 Jul-13 Jan-12 Jun-12 Jan-13 Jun-13 Feb-12 Apr-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Feb-13 Apr-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Aug-12 Dec-12 Aug-13 Dec-13 Nov-12 Nov-13 Mar-12 Mar-13 May-12 May-13 Index of abundance High tide Low tide Sampling period 700 100 600 80 500 400 60 www.frim.gov.my 300 Water Index (WQI) Quality 200 40 Index of abundance (Upstream) abundance Index of 100 0 20 Jul-12 Jul-13 Jan-12 Jun-12 Jan-13 Jun-13 Feb-12 Apr-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Feb-13 Apr-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Aug-12 Dec-12 Aug-13 Dec-13 Nov-12 Nov-13 Mar-12 Mar-13 May-12 May-13 Index of abundance High tide Low tide Sampling period Salinity 1800 6 1600 5 1400 1200 4 1000 3 800 Salinity (ppt) Salinity 600 2 400 Index of abundance (Downstream) abundance Index of 1 200 0 0 Jul-12 Jul-13 Jan-12 Jun-12 Jan-13 Jun-13 Feb-12 Apr-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Feb-13 Apr-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Aug-12 Dec-12 Aug-13 Dec-13 Nov-12 Nov-13 Mar-12 Mar-13 May-12 May-13 Index of abundance High tide Low tide Sampling period 700 5 600 4 500 3 400 www.frim.gov.my 300 2 (ppt) Salinity 200 Index of abundance (Upstream) abundance Index of 1 100 0 0 Jul-12 Jul-13 Jan-12 Jun-12 Jan-13 Jun-13 Feb-12 Apr-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Feb-13 Apr-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Aug-12 Dec-12 Aug-13 Dec-13 Nov-12 Nov-13 Mar-12 Mar-13 May-12 May-13 Index of abundance High tide Low tide Sampling period Changes in rainfall pattern? Habitat loss? 2010 Years 2009: End of the year 2006 Years Index ofabundance - - 2013: Beginning of the year 2008: Middle of the year 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 Index of abundance (counts) abundance Index of 500 0 Jul-06 Jul-07 Jul-08 Jul-12 Jul-13 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jun-09 Jun-10 Jun-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Sep-06 Sep-07 Oct-08 Feb-09 Apr-09 Oct-09 Feb-10 Apr-10 Oct-10 Feb-11 Apr-11 Sep-11 Sep-12 Sep-13 Aug-08 Dec-08 Aug-09 Dec-09 Aug-10 Dec-10 Aug-11 Nov-06 Nov-07 Nov-11 Nov-12 Nov-13 Mar-06 Mar-07 Mar-08 Mar-12 Mar-13 May-06 May-07 May-08 May-12 May-13 Sampling period www.frim.gov.my peak? the firefly abundance shift in Could cause this be theof the Rainfall trend between years showed the variation December and to November MarchMay, High to rainfall periods: Index of abundance vs. RainfallIndex ofabundance 2013 (Nov) 2013 2008 Years & Oct), (Aug 2007 (Nov), 2006 population larva the for habitat a suitable provide May 5000 12.0 4500 10.0 4000 3500 8.0 3000 2500 6.0 2000 Rinfall (mm) Rinfall 4.0 1500 Index of abundance (counts) abundance Index of 1000 2.0 500 0 0.0 Jul-06 Jul-07 Jul-08 Jul-12 Jul-13 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jun-09 Jun-10 Jun-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Sep-06 Sep-07 Oct-08 Feb-09 Apr-09 Oct-09 Feb-10 Apr-10 Oct-10 Feb-11 Apr-11 Sep-11 Sep-12 Sep-13 Aug-08 Dec-08 Aug-09 Dec-09 Aug-10 Dec-10 Aug-11 Nov-06 Nov-07 Nov-11 Nov-12 Nov-13 Mar-06 Mar-07 Mar-08 Mar-12 Mar-13 May-06 May-07 May-08 May-12 May-13 - 2010 (Mar), Years 2011 Years (Mar), 2010 Index of abundance Rainfall (mm) Sampling period www.frim.gov.my - Discovery of habitat loss May 2009 May 2009 January 2009 2008 November June 2007 May 2007 – – – Sites 1 & 2 1 & Sites 4 Site Site 7 Site 5000 loss Habitat – 4500 Site 5 Site 4000 – 3500 3 Site 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 Index of abundance (counts) abundance Index of 500 0 Jul-06 Jul-07 Jul-08 Jul-12 Jul-13 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jun-09 Jun-10 Jun-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Sep-06 Sep-07 Oct-08 Feb-09 Apr-09 Oct-09 Feb-10 Apr-10 Oct-10 Feb-11 Apr-11 Sep-11 Sep-12 Sep-13 Aug-08 Dec-08 Aug-09 Dec-09 Aug-10 Dec-10 Aug-11 Nov-06 Nov-07 Nov-11 Nov-12 Nov-13 Mar-06 Mar-07 Mar-08 Mar-12 Mar-13 May-06 May-07 May-08 May-12 May-13 Sampling period www.frim.gov.my www.frim.gov.my Outcome Protection Zone under SWMA’s Enactment All parties are not allowed to clear riparian vegetation or carry out any activities without the consent from SWMA A degraded area opposite the Kampung Kuantan Firefly Park had been reacquired by the State for rehabilitation Signage to inform the public regarding the Protection Zone www.frim.gov.my Firefly Sanctuary Zone www.frim.gov.my www.frim.gov.my Destructed area • FRIM has been assigned to “revive” the degraded area to ensure the survival of the firefly population Habitat for the fireflies www.frim.gov.my Firefly larva and snail samplingand snail Firefly larva www.frim.gov.my Signage erected by SWMA by erected Signage www.frim.gov.my Fireflies and….. Egrets! www.frim.gov.my WHAT NEXT? www.frim.gov.my To continue the monitoring project as long as funding permits Other scopes to look into: Food source of the firefly larva Recommendations to the stakeholder To purchase “intact” sites Frequent patrolling by enforcement agencies Hold dialogues with villagers and land owners www.frim.gov.my Conclusion 38% drop in firefly population throughout the seven years The trend of the peak abundance had shifted from mid-year, to year end and eventually to beginning of the year Unintentional findings on the habitat loss Establishment of a Protection Zone under SWMA’s Enactment Reacquisition of a degraded habitat by the state Rehabilitation www.frim.gov.my Acknowledgements Funders: Department of Irrigation and Drainage (2006-2008) and Selangor Waters Management Authority (2010 – present) Colleagues and staff at Entomology Branch, FRIM Organisers of the Firefly Symposium www.frim.gov.my Thank you www.frim.gov.my .