Understanding Building Conservation

Professor John Edwards MA, DipBldgCons, CEnv, FRICS, FCIOB, IHBC

RICS Certified Historic Building Professional

Director: Edwards Hart Consultants ciobacademy.org Welcome

ciobacademy.org Evacuation

Mobile phones

ciobacademy.org Introductions

ciobacademy.org Pre –course work

ciobacademy.org Quiz

ciobacademy.org NOTE

Some slides where there are copyright issues are not in the packs.

Others are absent or have narrative absent for you to write notes

ciobacademy.org Sessions

1. Introduction 2. Significance and Philosophy 3. Technical Analysis 4. Making Decisions – Considering Technical and Significance Issues 5. Interventions 6. Specifying and Managing

ciobacademy.org Programme Day 1

09.00 Session 1 11.00 Break 11.15 Session 1 12.15 Session 2 13.00 Lunch 13.45 Session 2 Continued 14.45 Break 15.00 Session 2 Continued 17.00 Finish

ciobacademy.org Programme Day 2

09.00 Session 3 10.00 Session 4 11.00 Break 11.15 Session 4 Continued 12.00 Session 5 13.00 Lunch 13.45 Session 6 14.45 Break 15.00 Session 6 continued 16.00 Exam ciobacademy.org17.00 Finish Introduction

ciobacademy.org Session One • Chronology of building types and architecture;

• Materials and construction;

• Introduction to building conservation and the competencies required;

• Conservation Accreditation / Certification and the CIOB scheme;

• ICOMOS training and education guidelines

• Roles and responsibilities in building conservation ciobacademy.org British Isles traditional buildings Percentage Built pre 1919

Republic of Ireland 10% Northern Ireland 16% Scotland 20% England 22% Wales 34%

Not just about Listed Buildings and ciobacademy.org Scheduled Monuments Cared for by conservation experts…

•Listed Building /Scheduled Monument Consents •Building Regulation exemptions •More likely to have proper expertise •Financial incentive schemes/ Retrofit– more expert approach

ciobacademy.org Will mainstream properly care for these?

•No planning consents for most measures •Building Regulations – ‘Special Considerations’ – but will they be applied for or granted? •Much less likely to have proper expertise – from ‘mainstream’ •Financial incentive schemes / Retrofit – risks to buildings, paybacks. Unlikely to receive traditional building ‘expertise’

ciobacademy.org We need to understand the BASICS!

These buildings are the different

Modern Traditional

ENGLISH HERITAGE They perform differently AND that there are many variables on the TRADITIONAL! ciobacademy.org History of buildings & style - Basics Relating periods to design & construction 1. SAXON 5th Century – 1066

2. ROMANESQUE Early 11th Century – Mid 12th Century

3. GOTHIC 1184 – 1485

4. MEDIEVAL CASTLE 1066 – died out into large Medieval Houses 16th/17th Centuries

5. TUDOR 1448 – 1558

6. ELIZABETHAN 1558 – 1603

ciobacademy.org7. JACOBEAN 1603 – 1625 History of buildings & style - Basics Relating periods to design & construction 8. BAROQUE 1625 – 1714

9. EARLY GEORGIAN 1714 – 1765

10.LATE GEORGIAN 1765 – 1811

11.REGENCY 1811 – 1837

12.VICTORIAN 1837 – 1901

13.EDWARDIAN 1901 – 1914

14.1920’s and 1930’s ciobacademy.org History of buildings & style - Basics What period is this? Little Moreton Hall, Cheshire

CORK

Nantclwyd House, Denbighshire ciobacademy.org History of buildings & style - Basics

1. Symmetrical architecture, around an ‘E’ or ‘H’ shaped plan 2. Multi-paned, lattice work and casement windows 3. Stained glass with heraldic and ecclesiastical motifs 4. Rich oak panelling, plasterwork and stone hearth surrounds 5. Colours of dark brown, gold, red and green 6. Walls adorned with tapestries and embroideries 7. Velvet, damask and brocade fabrics for bed hangings and drapes 8. Decorative symbols of Tudor rose, thistle and fleur de lys 9. Trestle tables, benches, heavy chests and carved four-poster beds 10.Wooden floors, encaustic tiles and plaited rush matting ciobacademy.org History of buildings & style - Basics

ciobacademy.org History of buildings & style - Basics What period is this?

Llanerchaeron, Wales ciobacademy.org History of buildings & style - Basics

1. Roman-inspired elements such as niches and alcoves 2. Use of the 3 Classical columns – Corinthian, Ionic & Doric. 3. Stonework, ironwork and marble with shield and urn motifs and carved statuary depicting Roman gods and goddesses. 4. Classical figures, shown in profile, and used on plasterwork, vases and urns 5. Motifs such as swags, ribbons, garlands, husks and the Greek key pattern 6. Real and imaginary animal figures such as dolphins, sphinxes, griffins and satyrs, often forming bases or handles of objects. 7. Pastel colour schemes, especially pea-green, mauve & pink ciobacademy.org History of buildings & style - Basics What period is this? 1. Gothic Revival architecture - spires, buttresses, pointed arch door surrounds and windows and decorative ironwork 2. Medieval influences including fleurs de lys, heraldic motifs and quatrefoils 3. Rich dark colours - ruby red, forest green, and dark blue 4. Mass produced wallpapers including flock and damask styles and large bold prints of flowers and foliage 5. Heavily carved, or plump, over-stuffed furniture, including button-back armchairs, sofas and ottomans 6. Patterned, encaustic floor tiles and stained or etched glass 7. Highly patterned fabrics or strongly-coloured velvets, festoon blinds and sumptuous window treatments 8. Ornate marble, slate or cast-iron fireplaces, inset with patterned tiles ciobacademy.org History of buildings & style - Basics What period is this?

Knightshayes Court ciobacademy.org The same or different? Design, construction, performance, treatment ST. COLEMANS ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL CATHEDRAL

CORK

CORK LIVERPOOL ciobacademy.org Beware of the unexpected! Design, construction, performance, treatment

ciobacademy.org Traditionally built! What is traditionally built?

ciobacademy.org When were these built?

Timber Framed

Clom

VERNACULAR BUILDINGS OF WALES Stone ciobacademy.org Traditionally built! What is traditionally built?

Design?

Materials?

Construction?

Performance?

ciobacademy.orgTreatment? Traditionally built! What is traditionally built?

ciobacademy.org Chronology of Change Appearances alter over time

ciobacademy.org History of buildings and style Polite Architecture

•Professionally designed

•‘Avanced’ construction, adventurous sometimes high status but otherwise often standardised

•Aesthetic considerations dominant – follows national or even international style

ciobacademy.org History of buildings and style Vernacular Architecture

•Designed by amateur

•Non-standard & guided by local conventions, eg: re methods & materials

•Non-aesthetic user requirements dominant

ciobacademy.org History of buildings and style Vernacular Architecture

Brunskill’s ‘vernacular zone’ ciobacademy.org Chronology of Change

Classical

Gothick ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Characteristics - Headlines

• Medieval: Characterized by thick rubble walls in most domestic cases • Tudor: Timber framed structures more common and increasing use of brickwork • Georgian: Architecture becomes more defined in terms of style, stone masonry and high quality brick work become more common • Victorian: Technological advances see the increasing use of innovative materials such as iron, glass and later concrete

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction How Masonry Has Changed

• Medieval thick mass rubble walls

• Georgian period saw greater use of ashlar

• Victorian period saw continued use of ashlar but in conjunction with other materials such as terracotta for embellishments

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction How Masonry Has Changed

• Medieval thick mass rubble walls

• Georgian period saw greater use of ashlar

• Victorian period saw continued use of ashlar but in conjunction with other materials such as terracotta for embellishments

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction

Medieval rubble, Georgian ashlar and Victorian ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Roof structures evolved over time • Early roofs had considerably thicker timbers than were required

• These later became thinner and fewer in number as the understanding of timber developed

• By the Victorian period metal has began to be used in roof structures

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Roof structures evolved over time

From thick, heavy timbers to thinner timbers through to structural iron and steel ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Mass production and technological advances

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Timber

Rafters

Trusses which support purlins Purlin ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Slate in varying sizes and thicknesses and single nailing

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Tiles – many types

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Lead and Copper

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Lead Flashings

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Lead

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Cast Iron

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Solid walls, traditional construction…

• A “traditionally constructed” building can be “solid wall” • But a “solid wall” building is not necessarily of “traditional construction” • Buildings of all kinds can be “hard to treat” • “Listed buildings” may be of traditional or non traditional construction...

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Mostly mass masonry – brick or stone or both?

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Lime or clay to bed masonry units

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Centre – small stones bound in mortar

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Mud Walls

Note the layers

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Traditionally covered in lime wash

ciobacademy.org Materials, Design and Construction Traditional brick walls

ciobacademy.org ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY Group Exercise

Wellbrook Manor Grade 1Listed Building Work out and report on: 1. Principal style and age 4. Mark out stages of development on plan 2. Historical development 5. List other information that would 3. Features and elements that are be useful in undertaking this ciobacademy.orgyour evidence analysis Materials Mortars - What they are and what they can do • A workable paste used to bind masonry units (bricks, blocks, stone) together and fill gaps between them.

• Becomes hard or very firm once cured or set. • Can also be used to repair or point when original mortar has perished, eroded or washed away

• Normally named according to the binding material • Required for masonry work, plastering/rendering and repointing • Bind together masonry units to provide strength to structures • Provide homogenous mass of the structure to resist loads ciobacademy.org Materials Mortars - Ideally • Adheres to masonry units completely providing stability • Always workable long enough to use • Stiffens to an adequate degree to allow laying of units to proceed

• Sufficiently resistant to the effects of the environment

• Resistance to rain penetration – allows moisture to ingress but also to evaporate

• Accommodates movement within the structure - flexible

• Contribution to aesthetics

• Cost effective ciobacademy.org Materials

Aggregates for Mortars: •Well graded •Not too many fines •Not too much coarse •Must me workable (with binder) •Take into account size of joint •Particles coated with lime -which binds them together. •This interlocking effect that the mortar its structure and determining its strength. ciobacademy.org Materials Cement in Mortar Binder

•Hydraulic cure – in contact with moisture •Hard, dense and relatively impervious •Rigid •Common to use with softer and rounded aggregates – more reliant on strength of binder ciobacademy.org Materials Cement in Mortar Binder

TYPE OF MIXER

ciobacademy.org Materials Mortar Binder - Natural Hydraulic Lime

•Hydraulic cure – in contact with moisture •Different strengths •Mixed in a conventional mixer or paddle mixer for larger jobs

ciobacademy.org Materials Mortar Binder - Natural Hydraulic Lime

TYPE OF MIXER

ciobacademy.org Materials Mortar Binder - Natural Hydraulic Lime

Moderately Eminently Hydraulic Feebly Hydraulic – Hydraulic – strongest for use in the weakest and exposed and marine close to the strength locations ciobacademy.org of lime putty Materials MIXING MORTAR - Natural Hydraulic Lime

•Start with an empty dry mixer •Properly gauge proportions with buckets – not shovels •Mix dry for 5 minutes before adding water. •Not too much water – will weaken the mortar. Too little will prevent the chemical processes taking place and weaken the material.

ciobacademy.org Materials Lime Putty (air lime)

•Carbonation cure – in contact with the air •Lime burning – different stones •Lime slaking into putty •Kept in sealed containers •Mixed in a conventional mixer or paddle mixer for larger jobs

ciobacademy.org Materials Lime Putty (air lime)

TYPE OF MIXER

ciobacademy.org Materials

ciobacademy.org Materials

Lime Slaking to Make Lime Putty

ciobacademy.org Materials Mortar Mixes

Mixes depends on: 1. Strength of lime 2. Strength and permeability/flexibility requirements 3. Requirements will relate to characteristics of the masonry units, degree of exposure and other special circumstances

ciobacademy.org Controlling the standard of building Code of Hammurabi –Babylon King 1792 / 1750 BC “If a builder build a house for a man and do not make its construction firm, and the house which he has built collapse and cause the death of the owner of the house, that builder shall be put to ciobacademy.orgdeath”. Controlling the standard of building 1189 – formal beginning of building control London's first Mayor – Henry Fitz Ailwyn – first building regulations in the UK. Known as:

“Fitz Ailwyn Assize of Buildings of Allaying Contentions as to Assizes of Buildings”

• Party walls and front walls – fire protection • Rainwater gutters • Cesspits and privies • Rights of views and light

• 1212 – new rules about roof coverings – no thatch - ciobacademy.orgexisting plastered over Controlling the standard of building 1666 – following the Great Fire of London 1667 Act of Parliament for the Rebuilding of London • Uniformity • Brick and stone only • Thickness of external and party walls laid down • Maximum four storeys • Wider streets • Fewer lanes and alleys • Foundations – surveyors from the City to inspect • Timber not too near chimneys • Timber joists not to exceed 12 inches apart • Bearing joists no longer than 10 feet – rafters 9 feet ciobacademy.org• Use oak Controlling the standard of building 1774 – London Building Act • One of the most important for its system and process involving the role of ‘district surveyors’ • Health issues not considered • Issues such as height of buildings, width of streets and size of rooms not considered – event though in 1667 Act • A model on which other acts were based in other places (e.g. Bristol, Liverpool) • A basis for a national Building Act in 1841

ciobacademy.org Controlling the standard of building Public Health Act 1848 • Water supply, sewerage and cleansing of towns • Habitable cellars • Each house with a privy and connected to sewer (if nearby) • Applicable to schools and factories • Administered locally into Bye Laws

ciobacademy.org Controlling the standard of building Public Health Act 1875 • Brought together issues from previous acts • Level and width of new streets and drainage sewerage provision • The structure – fire, structure and health • Space around the building – circulation of air and ventilation • Drainage to buildings • Prohibition of use if buildings or parts are poor • Provision of damp proof courses • Enacted locally through bye laws • London excluded

ciobacademy.org Controlling the standard of building Public Health (Amendment) Act 1890 • Secondary access for refuse removal • Minimum room heights • Controls over hearths • Controls over structural members

ciobacademy.org Controlling the standard of building Modern Building Regulations • Building Regulations 1965 – the first national Building Regulations • Brought about by the Public Health Act 1961 • Building regulations 1972 • Building regulations 1976 • Building Act 1984 – approved documents, approved inspectors • Building regulations 1985

ciobacademy.org Conservation – what is it?

BS 7913: 2013: Guide to the Conservation of Historic Buildings

0 Introduction 0.1 General

(1)….objective - …”protection of built heritage, in the long- term interest of society….”

(2) Requires judgement based on an understanding of principles informed by experience and knowledge….”.

ciobacademy.org Conservation Challenges

Problems • Standards – different standards • Inconsistencies – different process & competence levels • Significance – is it always applied and/or assessed?

How do we deal with them? • Standard processes • Consistent levels of competence at the right level • Significance – assessed and applied consistently

ciobacademy.org Conservation Essentials

SIGNIFICANCE TECHNICAL •Significance •Surveys (Condition, analysis Quinquennial, etc.) •Conservation Plans •Inspections (and Conservation •Targeted Specialist Management Plans) Investigations •Heritage Impact Assessments

ciobacademy.org BS 7913: 2013 Competence! Numerous references to ‘competence’

“Carried out by competent persons with knowledge of traditional materials, construction techniques and decay processes”

6.2 Condition surveys and inspections

ciobacademy.org . BS 7913: 2013 Competence! Numerous references to ‘competence’

“Unbiased advice from competent persons based on best practice should be sought…” Understand significance.

7.1 Maintenance guidance

ciobacademy.org BS 7913: 2013 Competence! Numerous references to ‘competence’

“There are a number of conservation accreditation schemes that identify individuals who have achieved a recognized level of competence in building conservation”

ciobacademy.org What does competence mean?

Appropriate Professional Expertise

Correct/ Appropriate Work Appropriate Craft Skill & Properly Work Expertise Undertaken Specified Deployed b

ciobacademy.org What does competence mean?

Lack of Professional Expertise

Risk of Wrong Craft Wrong incorrect/ Skill & Work ! inappropriate Expertise Work Deployed Specified

ciobacademy.org What does competence mean?

Appropriate Professional Expertise

Correct/ Inappropriate Work not Appropriate Craft Skill & Properly Work Expertise Undertaken Specified Deployed b

ciobacademy.org Conservation Accreditation Why its important

“Conservation accreditation allows professionals to demonstrate to grant-funding bodies, clients and employers that they have been independently assessed and are considered to have a high level of skill and experience in building conservation, within their own professional discipline”. Historic England

NOTE: RICS and CIOB use the word CERTIFICATION, ciobacademy.org other schemes call it ACCREDITATION Existing Schemes Conservation Accreditation / Certification

• Chartered Institute of Architectural Technologists (CIAT). • Conservation Accreditation Register for Engineers (CARE). • Register of Architects Accredited in Building Conservation (AABC). • Royal Institute of British Architects, which incorporates the Royal Society of Architects in Wales and the Royal Society of Ulster Architects (RIBA, RSAW, RSUA). • Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). • Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland (RIAS). • The Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland (RIAI). ciobacademy.org Its about understanding….

These buildings are different

Modern Traditional

PUBLISHED BY ENGLISH HERITAGE

They perform differently

ciobacademy.org Its about understanding…. Treated the same – when it should be different

Treated differently – when it should be the same

ciobacademy.org What is an historic building? DOES IT MATTER? Un-designated Grade 1 Listed • Similar design~ • Similar Construction ~ • Similar performance • Requires Similar Repairs

• Same Common Victorian Castell Coch understanding! Terraced House Victorian Significance •ciobacademy.org Existing Schemes Conservation Accreditation /Certification – scheme issues! • Individuals on their competence, knowledge and expertise • Commenced in the UK in 1992 – RICS. • The professions currently covered: Architects, Building Surveyors and Quantity Surveyors, Chartered Architectural Technologists, Structural Engineers and Civil Engineers. • Conservation accreditation exists partly because - building conservation is almost non-existent in mainstream education. • Most have no formal conservation training to do so. • Currently demanded by: Historic Scotland, Historic ciobacademy.orgEngland, English Heritage, NIEA, HLF (partly) – CADW 2017 Existing Schemes Ongoing Training Requirements

• All require CPD • RIBA/ RSAW/ RSUA – introductory training course over 4 days – no test or exam • RIAI – introductory training course over 4 days – with an end test.

ciobacademy.org Certification/ Accreditation Schemes Assessment Criteria ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites) Guidelines for Education and Training in the Conservation of Monuments, Ensembles and Sites (1993).

ciobacademy.org Assessment Criteria - All Schemes ICOMOS Education and Training Guidelines (1) PHILOSOPHICAL 1. Know, understand and apply UNESCO conventions & recommendations, & ICOMOS and other recognized Charters, regulations & guidelines 2. Balanced judgements - shared ethical principles – taking responsibility - long-term welfare of cultural heritage 3. Recognize when advice must be sought & define the areas of need of study by different specialists. 4. Give expert advice on maintenance strategies, management policies & the policy framework for environmental protection & preservation of monuments ciobacademy.organd their contents, and sites Assessment Criteria - All Schemes ICOMOS Education and Training Guidelines (2) PRACTICAL 1. Read a monument, ensemble or site (sites) & identify its emotional, cultural & use significance 2. Understand the history & technology of sites in order to define their identity, plan for their conservation, & interpret the results of this research 3. Understand setting of sites, their contents & surroundings, in relation to other buildings, gardens…. 4. Find & absorb all available sources of information relevant to the site being studied 5. Analyse the behaviour of sites as complex systems ciobacademy.org6. diagnose causes of decay - basis for appropriate action Assessment Criteria - All Schemes ICOMOS Education and Training Guidelines (3) OPERATIONAL 1. Inspect and make reports intelligible to non-specialist readers of monuments, ensembles or sites, illustrated by graphic means such as sketches and photographs 2. Document works executed and make same accessible 3. Work in multi-disciplinary groups using sound methods 4. Be able to work with inhabitants, administrators and planners to resolve conflicts and to develop conservation strategies appropriate to local needs, abilities and resources

ciobacademy.org CIOB Scheme General Ingredients • CIOB criteria will be the same as other schemes + energy efficiency / sustainability • Three levels – highest equivalent to the highest in other schemes • All entrants to be interviewed apart from the lowest • All members of the scheme will have a qualification • Development of a qualification structure • Re-certification • CPD 20 hours per year ciobacademy.org CIOB Scheme Disciplines

• Building Surveyor • Quantity Surveyor • Project Manager • Facilities/ Estates Managers • Construction Manager • Site Manager • Design Co-ordinator • Works Supervisor

Level reached commensurate to breadth of ciobacademy.org experience gained in each role CIOB Scheme Disciplines

• Building Surveyor • Quantity Surveyor • PRACTITIONER • Project Manager • ACADEMIC • Facilities/ Estates Managers • MANAGEMENT • Construction Manager • REGULATOR /ADVISOR • Site Manager • Design Co-ordinator • Works Supervisor

Applicants – Note the definition of roles in ciobacademy.org appendices to the GUIDANCE NOTE CIOB Scheme CIOB Training / Education Courses • CIOB Understanding Building Conservation (2 days) • CIOB Project Management and Supervision to Historic Buildings (1 day) • CIOB Survey and Inspection of Historic Buildings (1 day) • CIOB Management and Maintenance of Historic Buildings (1 day) • CIOB Sustainability and Energy Efficiency of Historic Buildings (1 day) (all courses set around ICOMOS guidelines and BS 7913: 2013 and developed and taught by Certified Historic Building practitioner) All ‘accredited’ and ‘regulated’ by CIOB and includes ciobacademy.org an end test – certificates awarded CIOB Scheme Process • 3 stage application process

• Stage 1 – eligibility

• Stage 2 – declaration/test of professional discipline + building conservation competency test

• Stage 3 – interview (2 highest levels)

• Some disciplines may not progress to the highest level

• Projects / Work portfolios over a time period – combined with qualifications ciobacademy.org CIOB Scheme Process

ciobacademy.org What does competence mean?

‘Certified’ Managed / supervised Professional by ‘Certified’ Expertise Professional Expertise

Correct/ Appropriate Work Appropriate Craft Skill & Properly Work Expertise Undertaken Specified Deployed b

Carded CSCS Heritage Skills ciobacademy.org What does competence mean?

‘Certified’ Managed / supervised Professional by ‘Certified’ Expertise Professional Expertise

Correct/ Appropriate Work Appropriate Craft Skill & Properly Work Expertise Undertaken Specified Deployed b

Carded CSCS Heritage Skills ciobacademy.org Conservation Essentials

SIGNIFICANCE TECHNICAL •Significance analysis •Surveys (Condition, Quinquennial, etc.) •Conservation Plans (and Conservation •Inspections Management Plans) •Targeted Specialist •Heritage Impact Investigations Assessments

PROCESS • Project management, Heritage Management & Supervision • Maintenance management & FM ciobacademy.org Conservation – what it is and requires… BS 7913: 2013: Section 0 Introduction 0.1 General

(3) …”decisions justified on social, cultural, economic and/or environmental grounds, and usually a combination of these”.

(4) …”conflicting pressures need to be balanced”.

(5) …”sound research evidence base and the use of competent advisors and contractors…”

ciobacademy.org BS 7913 – who's it for BS 7913: 2013: Section 1 Scope (1) …. “best practice in the management and treatment of historic buildings. It is applicable to historic buildings with and without statutory protection. It is not applicable to below ground archaeology or any other type of heritage asset such as movable objects or vehicles”.

ciobacademy.org Roles and Responsibilities • Conservation Officer • Conservation Architect/ Building Surveyor • Quantity Surveyor • Project Manager • Facilities / Estates Manager • Construction Manager • Site Manager • Design Co-ordinator / Manager • Works Supervisor

Applicants – Note the definition of roles in ciobacademy.org appendices to the GUIDANCE NOTE