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Pillars of Peace of Pillars Pillars of Peace International Peacebuilding Alliance Alliance Internationale pour la Consolidation de la Paix The Center for Research and Dialogue Alianza Internacional para la Consolidación de la Paz Phone: (+252) 59 32 497, (+252) 18 58 666 Fax: (+252) 699 32355 Interpeace Regional Office for Eastern and Central Africa Email: [email protected] • [email protected] P.O.Box 14520 – Nairobi, Kenya 00800 T +254(0) 20 3862 840/ 2 • F +254(0) 20 3862 845 www.crdsomalia.org www.interpeace.org Pillars of Peace In partnership SOMALI PROGRAMME with the United Nations In Pursuit of Peace: Challenges and Opportunties in the Central Regions This publication was made possible through the generous contributions and support from: • In Pursuit of Peace July 2012 Challenges and Opportunities in the Central Regions Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft Confederation suisse Confédérazione Svizzera Confederaziun svizra July 2012 Swiss Confederation European Commission In Pursuit of Peace Challenges and Opportunities in the Central Regions July 2012 Pillars of Peace: In Pursuit of Peace i SOMALIA The Center for Research and Dialogue Phone: (+252) 59 32 497, (+252) 18 58 666 Fax: (+252) 699 32355 Email: [email protected] / [email protected] www.crdsomalia.org “This report was produced by the Center for Research and Development and Interpeace and represents their own views. These views have not been adopted or in any way approved by the contributing donors and should not be relied upon as a statement of the contributing donors or their services. The contributing donors do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report, nor do they accept responsibility for any use made thereof.” ii Pillars of Peace: In Pursuit of Peace Acknowledgement This Report was prepared by the Center for Research and Dialogue and Interpeace Regional Office for Eastern and Central Africa. Programme Coordinator : Abdihaye Osman Garad Researchers : Fatima Abdallahi Abdi Farah Abdi Hassan Hassan Qadi Ahmed Mowlid Ali Osman Mariam Mohamed Assistant Researchers : Su’ad Yusuf Salad Editors : Jabril Ibrahim Abdulle and Sabhita Raju Senior Research Advisor : Abdirahman Osman Raghe Photographs : Yassin Salad Elmi and Mohamed Ahmed Hassan Design and Layout : The Regal Press (K) Ltd. Front cover photo : Elders from Sa’ad and Suleiman sub-clans meet at El-hur village as a part of a Peace Caravan, ©CRD Back cover photo : Women’s groups celebrating a CRD facilitated ceasefire between communities in Galmudug and Himin and Xeeb, ©CRD All photos appearing within this report are provided by and property of the Center for Reserach and Dialogue (CRD). No reproduction of the same may be undertaken without prior permission from said organization. In the event of any reproduction, the source of photo must be mentioned. Pillars of Peace: In Pursuit of Peace iii iv Pillars of Peace: In Pursuit of Peace Table of Contents Acknowledgement iii List of Acronyms ix Preface xi Methodology of the Pillars Mapping Exercise xii Executive Summary xv Introduction 1 Chapter One: Laying the Foundations for Peace – Implementing Social and Political Reconciliation 5 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 5 1.2 Summary of the Obstacles Identified by Communities ........................................ 11 1.3 Challenges to the Sustainability of Social Reconciliation Processes ...................... 16 1.4 Political Reconciliation Processes ........................................................................ 28 1.5 Next Steps in the Reconciliation Process: Building Local Governance ................. 43 Chapter Two: Reconstructing Peace – The Challenge of Creating Legitimate Local Governance 47 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 47 2.2 Governance Structures in South-Central Somalia ................................................ 50 2.3 The Emergence of New Governance Structures in Central Regions ..................... 54 2.4 Key Actors and their Role in Local Governance and In/Stability .......................... 66 2.5 The impacts of Piracy in Emerging Local Governance ......................................... 70 2.6 Major Challenges of Emerging Local Governance in Central Regions .................. 72 2.7 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 79 Chapter Three: Making Peace happen –The Role of Civic Actors in Promoting Peace and Local Governance 81 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 81 Pillars of Peace: In Pursuit of Peace v 3.2 Emergence and Influence of Civil Society in Central Regions .............................. 89 3.3 Role of Somali Business Community ................................................................... 96 3.4 Somali Diaspora ................................................................................................. 99 3.5 Challenges/ Obstacles to Engaging Civic Actors in South-Mudug and Galgaduud Regions ............................................................................................ 101 3.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 120 Chapter Four: In Search of Peace – Preliminary Mapping of Hiraan Region 123 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 123 4.2 Historical Background ........................................................................................ 125 4.3 Present Crisis and Instability ............................................................................... 126 4.4 Key Actors in the Political Transition ................................................................... 129 4.5 Reconciliation .................................................................................................... 131 4.6 Education .......................................................................................................... 135 4.7 Heath Services ................................................................................................... 139 4.8 NGOs and Civic Institutions ............................................................................... 141 4.9 Human Rights ..................................................................................................... 144 4.10 Business, Community Participation and Self-Help Schemes ................................. 145 4.11 Agriculture and the Shabelle River ...................................................................... 146 4.12 Challenges and Moving Forward ........................................................................ 147 Chapter Five: In Pursuit of Peace – Challenges and Opportunities 151 Key Success Factors and Remaining Challenges 152 The Way Forward: Opportunities for peace 160 The Way Forward: The new constitution and beyond the transition 161 Annexes Annex 1: Details of CRD’s Focus Group Discussions in Douth Mudug and Galgaduud... 165 Annex 2: List of Civic Actors Killed/ Abducted from November 2009 to May 2010........ 169 Annex 3: Schools in South-Mudug ................................................................................ 171 Annex 4: Hospitals/ OPDs/ MCHs in Galgaduud Region .............................................. 173 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 175 vi Pillars of Peace: In Pursuit of Peace Tables Table 1: South Mudug and Galgaduud Peace Initiatives 1991-20012 ........................ 26 Table 2: Major Regional Networks ............................................................................ 87 Table 3: WOT Analysis of Somali Civil Society .......................................................... 88 Table 4: INGOs in the Central Regions ...................................................................... 90 Table 5: International Organisations based in Abudwaq ............................................ 91 Table 6: International NGOs Operating El-Bur and El-Dher ....................................... 91 Table 7: Hospitals Present in Central Regions ............................................................ 93 Table 8: Local Organisations based in Galkayo .......................................................... 94 Table 9: Local Organisations based in Adaado ........................................................... 94 Table 10: Local Organisations based in Abudwaq ........................................................ 95 Table 11: Local organisations based in Dusamareb ...................................................... 95 Table 12: Local organisations – El-Bur and El-Dher ...................................................... 95 Table 13: Reconciliation Mapping between 1991 and 2012 ........................................ 134 Table 14: Schools in Major Cities ................................................................................. 139 Table 15: Medical Facilities ......................................................................................... 140 Table 16: International NGOs operated in the region .................................................. 142 Table 17: Local active NGOs in Hiraan Region ............................................................ 143 Case Studies Case Study 1: Reconciliation in Mudug:
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