DOCSLIB.ORG

Augusto César Sandino: Hefo Myth of the Nicaraguan Nation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Augusto César Sandino: Hefo Myth of the Nicaraguan Nation Université de Montréal Augusto César Sandino: Hefo Myth of the Nicaraguan Nation par Sophia Koutsoyannis Département d’histoire Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès arts (M.A.) en histoire mai 2004 © Sophia Koutsoyannis, 2004 Ç N) D C’ Université de Montréal Direction des bibliothèques AVIS L’auteur a autorisé ‘Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, it does not represent any loss of content from the document. Université de Montréal faculté des études supérieures Ce mémoire intitulé Augusto César Sandino: Hero Myth ofthe Nicaraguan Nation présenté par Sophia Koutsoyannis a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: Cynthi a Mil ton, prési dent-rapporteur Claude Morin, directeur de recherche François Furstenberg, membre du jury Mémoire accepté le: 22 juillet 2004 Résumé Ce mémoire explore l’apparition et la survie du mythe héroïque le plus puissant de la nation nicaraguayenne, celui d’Augusto César Sandino depuis sa naissance en mai 1927 jusqu’à la défaite électorale du parti Sandiniste en février 1990. L’étude part de l’hypothèse que les héros nationaux et leurs mythes connaissent différentes phases de développement. Ces phases sont largement déterminées par les contextes socio-politiques qui affectent l’utilisation du mythe par les auteurs qui se l’ont approprié pour atteindre leurs propres buts. Les sources des mythes varient selon les moyens d’expression utilisés par les différents types d’acteurs actifs à chaque phase: politiciens, dirigeants révolutionaires, poètes ou journalistes. En conséquence, cette étude explique l’histoire du mythe en le considérant comme une variable dépendante sensible à l’évolution socio-politique du Nicaragua, laquelle constitue l’arrière fond. Les conclusions majeures de cette recherche sont que le mythe de Sandino a survécu parce qu’il incarne une valeur durable de nature anti-impérialiste dans la conscience collective des Nicaraguayens. De plus, l’enquête démontre que la nature du récit n’a pas changé substantiellement au fil des années tandis que ses fonctions ont varié selon le contexte socio-politique et les aspirations des principaux auteurs du mythe. Mots clés: héros, mythe, nation, nationalisme, idéologie, Nicaragua, histoire politique, révolution, dirigeants révolutionaires, rébellion. I Abstract This thesis explores the ernergence and survival of one of the most cogent hero myths of the Nicaraguan nation, that of Augusto César Sandino, from its inception in May 1927 until the electoral defeat of the Sandinista party in february 1990. It argues that national heroes and their myths undergo various phases of development. These phases are affected by the social and political contexts that dictate the mythrnakers’ possibilities in diffusing their aims through the invocation of a hero myth. The mythic sources analyzed vary according to the mediums used by the prime mythmakers of each phase, i.e. politicians, revolutionary leaders, joumalists or poets. As a result, this study traces the mythic history of Sandino by viewing the evolution of the socio-political background as a fundamental factor affecting its course. The major conclusion is that the hero rnyth has persisted because the anti-ïmperialist value it embodies continues to be prevalent in the collective belief-system of Nicaraguan culture. Furthermore, it concludes that the archetypal structure of the myth’s narrative has flot changed substantially in essence, but rather that the hero myth has varied in functions according to the socio-political context and the goals ofthe prime mythrnakers. Keywords: hero, rnyth, nation, nationalisrn, ideology, Nicaragua, political history, revolution, leadership, and rebellïon. II TABLE 0F CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Theoretica] framework 7 Orientation ofPresent Study 8 Definition ofKey Concepts: Hero, Myth, Nation, Hero Myth 9 Some Functions of the Hero Myth 11 Basic Prepositions and Hypotheses 14 Some Archetypal Characteristics ofthe Anti-Imperial Hero Myth 15 Organizational Structure 19 Chapter 2: From Hero to Hero Myth: The Emergence and Diffusion of the Sandino Hero Myth 23 The Socio-Political Context and Revolutionaiy Tradition ofNicaragua 25 Synopsis 33 Determining Factors in the Creation and Survival ofthe Hero Myth 34 I. The Heroic Act: Manifestation ofa Primordial Myth ofDefiance at a forked Road 35 II. The Guenlia Nature ofthe War 38 III. Charismatic Leadership and the Following 40 III. Mythmakers: Latin American Anti-Imperialist Intellectuals and the Media 47 Conclusion 54 Chapter 3: The Hero Myth in Somnolence: Somoza’s Institutionalizafion of the Anti-Heroic Sandino Myth 56 The Socio-Political Context 56 Mythmaker and Speech: Anastasio Somoza and the Anti-Hero Myth ofSandino 64 Mythmaker and Speech: The Persistence ofthe Sandino Hero Myth in Poetry 64 The Death of Somoza, The Birth of a ilero 65 III Conclusion 66 Chapter 4: Recuperation of the Hero Myth in limes of Social Conffict 68 The Socio-Political Context 69 Mythmakers and Speech: Bayo, Lôpez, Castro, Che and Selser 74 Mythmaker and Speech: Carlos Fonseca 77 Discontented Bourgeoisie 82 The “Wily” Raid of 1974: The Sandinista Re-Awakening ofthe Hero Myth 84 Major Events Leading to the Revolution of 1979 86 Conclusion 98 Chanter 5: The Fate of the Hero Myth in Post-Revolutionary Era: Politization, Rupture and Recovery 90 Major Characteristics ofthe Sandinista Party’s Interpretation ofthe Hero Myth 93 The Socio-Political Context: Failures and Success ofthe Hero Myth 104 Phase One 105 Phase Two 107 The Failure ofthe Revolution on the Perception ofthe Hero Myth 111 Sandino in the Post-Sandinista Context 113 Conclusion 116 Conclusion: 11$ New Questions, more Historical Paths 121 Bibliography 122 Iv Acronyms and Abbreviations AMNLAE Luisa Amanda Espinosa Association ofNicaraguan Women AMPRONAC Association of Women Confronting the National Problem ATC Sandinista Children’s Association CDS Sandinista Defense Committee CEB Christian Base Community COSEP Superior Council ofPrivate Enterprise DN National Directorate GPP Prolonged Popular War FARN Nicaragua Revolutionary Armed Forces FDN Nicaraguan Democratic Forces FLSN Sandinista Front of National Liberation JS-19 l9 ofJuly Sandinista Youth lES Instituto de Estudio dcl Sandinismo OA$ Organization ofAmerican States PLI Tndependent Liberal party PSD Social Democratic party TP Proletarian Tendency UNAG National Union of (Small) Farmers and Cattlemen UNESCO United Nation’s Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNO National Opposition Union V ACKNOWLEGMENTS This thesis would neyer have been possible without the full support of my dear parents, Maria and Nick. Their sacrifices have made my life as a student as pleasant as can be. I am etemally grateful. I wouid also like to thank my friends Niki, Azela, Dimitra, Constance and Maya, my brother Billy, cousin Vasil and Dimitri, aunt Georgia and uncle Stathis for their sheer goodness and compassion. 0f course, I am deeply appreciative of my supervisor, Claude Morin, for his patience, constructive criticism, and mostly for believing me three years ago when I came to his office and inquired about studying Central American history under his wing. Also, I thank Gilles for enlightening me on ail aspects of life, and Kyria Maria for adoming my writing space with her Iovely fiowers. Finally, I am terribly grateful to Julius, my most loyal companion, whose his mere presence continues to charm and inspire me to pursue my studies. VI INTRODUCTION “The hero may or appear to szffrr defeat, but “histoiy” wiÏl aiways vindicate him. ‘ Time enfolds revolutionary leaders in layers of myth, rendering the historian’s quest for understanding ever more challenging. Today, Augusto César Sandino is the emblematic father of ail Nicaraguans. His image hangs judiciously in the classrooms of Nicaragua’s youngest Sons and daughters; the sarne picture is printed on t-shirts sold in tourist shops alongside stamps bearing the ineffable expression of what has corne to symbolize a Nicaraguan brand
Load more

Recommended publications
  • De Poesía En Evangelio: La Trayectoria Poética De Ernesto Cardenal Frente a La Teología De La Liberación by Will Derusha, Ph
    De poesía en evangelio: la trayectoria poética de Ernesto Cardenal frente a la teología de la liberación By Will Derusha, Ph. D., Assistant Professor, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Tanto el profeta como el poeta buscan a un público con quien compartir su palabra. El profeta habla con la voz de Dios para revelar su presencia y su voluntad. La meta del poeta es crear un lenguaje revelador. Así es que el nicaragüense Ernesto Cardenal- poeta, sacerdote, marxista-nos afirma sin conflicto ni contradicción inherentes: «Creo que cada uno tiene una misión. La mía es la de poeta y la de profeta» (Santidad 21). Cardenal hace de la poesía y la profecía una sola misión, una manera de integrar el arte y el evangelio. La trayectoria de tal misión literaria y religiosa durante los años 1960-1973, período que voy a estudiar en este trabajo, corresponde al desarrollo de la teología de la liberación en la América Latina. La poesía de Cardenal llegó, en efecto, a expresar un mensaje que se hace eco del evangelio de los teólogos de la liberación en América, como Gustavo Gutiérrez, Leonardo y Clodovis Boff y Pedro Casaldáliga. Para los propósitos de este trabajo me voy a concentrar en cuatro obras claves de Cardenal: los libros de poesía Gethsemani, Kv. (1960) y Oración por Marilyn Monroe (1965), y dos poemas extensos, las «Coplas a la muerte de Merton» (1970) y el «Viaje a Nueva York» (1973). Al mismo tiempo, relacionaré las obras con ciertos hitos en la vida de Cardenal y en el desarrollo de la teología de la liberación.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidad Nacional Agraria. Facultad De Recursos Naturales Y Del Ambiente
    UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA. FACULTAD DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y DEL AMBIENTE. INFORME DE PASANTIA COMO FORMA DE CULMINACION DE ESTUDIOS PARA OPTAR AL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO FORESTAL Experiencias en permisologias en el área de Análisis y Seguimiento en Gestión Ambiental del Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales (MARENA), Masaya, 2017. AUTOR: Br. Moisés Alberto Almanza Hernández. TUTORES MSc. Lucía Romero/UNA Ing. Kenia Pascua González/MARENA Managua, Nicaragua Agosto 2019 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA. FACULTAD DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y DEL AMBIENTE. INFORME DE PASANTIA COMO FORMA DE CULMINACION DE ESTUDIOS PARA OPTAR AL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO FORESTAL Experiencias en permisologias en el área de Análisis y Seguimiento en Gestión Ambiental del Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales (MARENA), Masaya, 2017. AUTOR: Br. Moisés Alberto Almanza Hernández. TUTORES MSc. Lucía Romero/UNA Ing. Kenia Pascua González/MARENA Managua, Nicaragua Agosto 2019 El presente trabajo de graduación fue evaluado y aprobado por el Honorable Tribunal Examinador designado por la decanatura de la Facultad de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente, como requisito parcial para obtener el título de: INGENIERO FORESTAL Miembros del Tribunal Examinador Lic. M. Sc. Cristóbal Medina Ing. M. Sc. Jeannette Gutiérrez Presidente Secretaria Ing. M. Sc. Andrés López. Vocal ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDO INDICE DE FIGURAS…………………………………………………………………………i INDICE DE ANEXOS……………………………………………………………...……….….i LISTA DE ACRONIMOS……………………………………………………………………...ii RESUMEN EJECUTIVO………………………………………………………………………iii
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Nicaraguan Poster Collection, 1979-1989
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt4s202645 No online items Guide to the Nicaraguan poster collection, 1979-1989 Guide written by Lincoln Cushing Funding for creating this guide was provided by The Bancroft Library. The Bancroft Library University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California, 94720-6000 Phone: (510) 642-6481 Fax: (510) 642-7589 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/BANC/ © 2005 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Guide to the Nicaraguan poster BANC PIC 1999.042--C 1 collection, 1979-1989 Guide to the Nicaraguan Poster Collection, 1979-1989 Collection number: BANC PIC 1999.042--C The Bancroft Library University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California Guide Written By: Lincoln Cushing Date Completed: February 2006 Encoded By: Mary W. Elings Funding for creating this guide was provided by The Bancroft Library. © 2006 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Collection Title: Nicaraguan poster collection, Date (inclusive): 1979-1989 Collection number: BANC PIC 1999.042--C Collector: Zamora, Daisy. Extent: 103 prints (posters) Repository: The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California 94720-6000 Abstract: Nicaraguan posters, 1979-1989, representing a wide range of themes, including literacy campaigns, commemorations of revolutionary book releases, land reform, and cultural events. Languages represented: Collection materials are in Spanish. Physical location: Many of the Bancroft Library collections are stored offsite and advance notice may be required for use. For current information on the location of these materials, please consult the library's online catalog. Access Collection is open for research. Publication Rights Copyright status unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • Fernando Cardenal, Nicaraguan Christian Revolutionary– Presente!
    Fernando Cardenal, Nicaraguan Christian Revolutionary– Presente! Fernando Cardenal, the revolutionary Jesuit priest who served as Secretary of Education in the Sandinista government of Nicaragua, died in Managua on February 20 following complications arising from heart surgery. He was 82 years old. Cardenal, joined the Sandinista Front for National Liberation (FSLN) before the Nicaraguan revolution of 1979, having been like his brother the poet Ernesto Cardenal, also a priest, recruited by top Sandinista leaders. Cardenal played a key role in the 1970s, before the revolution, in building the Christian Revolutionary Movement and after the revolution he was the leader and organizer of the National Literacy Campaign. When in 1984 Pope John Paul II insisted that the Cardenal leave the Sandinista government, he refused, writing that he could not believe that God would want him to stop serving the poor. In the early 1990s Cardenal broke with Daniel Ortega’s increasingly authoritarian Sandinista government, returned to the Jesuit order in 1997, and continued his work among the poor. Sandinista Revolutionary At the time Fernando Cardenal joined the Sandinistas, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, a dictator who used torture and murder to maintain his grip on power, ruled Nicaragua, as had his father and brother, with the support of the United States. A few former Communists and admirers of Fidel Castro’s Cuban revolution joined together to create the Sandinista Front for National Liberaton (FSLN) with the goal of creating a guerrilla army and installing a government such as Cuba’s in Nicaragua. The Sandinistas attracted Nicaraguans from all walks of life: workers and peasants, business owners and professionals, and also several Catholic priests.
    [Show full text]
  • Chávez, Daniel. Nicaragua and the Politics of Utopia. Development and Culture in the Modern State. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2015
    Chávez, Daniel. Nicaragua and the Politics of Utopia. Development and Culture in the Modern State. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2015. Print. 363 pp. ________________________________________________ JOSÉ MARÍA MANTERO XAVIER UNIVERSITY The recent work Nicaragua and the Politics of Utopia. Development and Culture in the Modern State by Daniel Chávez offers a timely study of recent Nicaraguan history and the distinct cultural and political manifestations of national utopian projects. As ambitious, grounded, and well-documented as the study is, the work would have benefited from a more Central and Latin American contextualization of utopia, the central theme and theory of the analysis. Essays and poems by Simón Bolívar, José Martí, Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Enrique Rodó, José Carlos Mariátegui, and works such as La raza cósmica (1925) by José Vasconcelos and the poem “Salutación del optimista” from Cantos de vida y esperanza (1905) by Rubén Darío, for example, call for a defense of Latin American identity and for the construction of an America where no one nation was subjugated by another and the influence of the United States in national and international affairs was offset by the strength of a continental consciousness. In all, Nicaragua and the Politics of Utopia. Development and Culture in the Modern State is a valuable contribution to the field of Nicaraguan and Latin American studies that combines the study of lesser-known documents (the inauguration speeches of the Anastasio Somoza García and Violeta Chamorro, for example)
    [Show full text]
  • Sergio Villena Fiengo1 Espectros De Sandino En La Política Nicaragüense
    Sergio Villena Fiengo1 Espectros de Sandino en la política nicaragüense (una interrogación) Universidad de Costa Rica [email protected] ¿qué es el estar-ahí de un espectro? ¿cuál es el modo de estar de un espectro? Jacques Derrida, Espectros de Marx En su libro Espectros de Marx (1993), escrito como una labor de duelo en plena debacle del universo socialista que emerge luego de la revolución rusa de 1917, el filósofo deconstruccionista francés Jacques Derrida plantea dos preguntas fundamentales sobre la vigencia de la obra de Marx: ¿Qué es el estar-ahí de un espectro? ¿Cuál es el modo de estar de un espectro? Esas interrogantes inspiran este ensayo, el cual está dedicado a reflexionar sobre las maneras en que hacen su aparición los “muertos ilustres” del linaje revolucionario en relación con la historia de una revolución triunfante. Nos preguntamos, de esa manera, cuáles han sido los modos de estar-ahí de los espectros de Augusto César Sandino (Niquinohomo 1894- ¿Larreynaga? 1934) en los diversos momentos de la Revolución nicaragüense, la cual inicia en 1 Agradezco a Irene Agudelo su lectura crítica y sus generosas recomendaciones editoriales, lo cual sin duda contribuyó a mejorar este texto. También expreso mi agradecimiento a Fidel de Rooy, que desde hace años me ha aprovisionado de materiales valiosos y me ha ayudado a acercarme émicamente a la realidad “tan violentamente dulce” (Cortázar) de Nicaragua. Desde luego, las falencias que persisten en este ensayo son de mi total responsabilidad. 1927 con las las luchas antiimperialistas de Sandino en 1927 y –pese a sus avatares– se extiende por nueve décadas hasta el presente.
    [Show full text]
  • Field : Gunderson
    Vol. 18, Num. 3 (Spring 2021): 311-337 Exchanges / Intercambios Solentiname’s Utopian Legacies and the Contemporary Comunidades Eclesiales del Base (CEBs) Les W. Field and Lara Gunderson University of New Mexico In this article, Lara Gunderson and I will converse textually about the relationship between the historically utopian character of Nicaragua’s Solentiname commune and the contemporary Comunidades Eclesiales del Base (Ecclesiastical Base Communities; CEBs is the Spanish acronym) that she studies and worked with for her dissertation (Gunderson 2018). The article is part of a book that is currently under construction which explores the manifestations of utopia, dystopia, anti-utopia, and other types of futurism which I and several of my current and former students have encountered in our ethnographic research in Nicaragua, Colombia, Palestine, Native North America, and Greenland. The book does not follow a case-study strategy, in which these examples form part of an overall inductive or deductive argument about utopia, dystopia, anti-utopia and other futurisms. While the ethnographic portraits are not random—they follow the genuine interests I, and my students in dialogue with me, have developed—neither are they curated or crafted toward making a particular set of Field and Gunderson 312 arguments. Yet, I hope that in the end certain conclusions may be drawn—that remains to be seen. We acknowledge that there was and still is clearly a very strong utopian socialist character to both Solentiname and the CEBs as Engels configured that notion, i.e., both Solentiname and the CEBs have been intended by its founders and participants to manifest embryonic forms of a new, egalitarian, and contradiction-free society to serve as a model for what Nicaragua could be in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • “Arqueología En La Zona Sur-Oeste De La Laguna De Masaya”
    UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE NICARAGUA, MANAGUA UNAN-MANAGUA FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS JURIDICAS RECINTO UNIVERSITARIO “RUBEN DARIO” DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA Arqueología en la Zona Sur-Oeste de la Laguna de Masaya, (Departamento de Masaya) Trabajo Monográfico para optar al título de Licenciado en Historia con mención en Arqueología Autor: Br. Enmanuel Antonio Bolaños. Tutor: Lic. Kevin González Hodgson. Managua, agosto de 2015 “Arqueología en la Zona Sur-Oeste de la Laguna de Masaya” “Arqueología en la Zona Sur-Oeste de la Laguna de Masaya” DEDICATORIA A la memoria histórica y cultural del pueblo indígena de Monimbó descendientes directos de los ancestros Mangues (Chorotegas), quienes a lo largo del tiempo han luchado ante los embates del sistema alienante con bravura a como lo hicieron todas las sociedades precolombinas de América ante la imposición del sistema colonial y digno ejemplo de un pueblo trabajador, luchador, y lleno de cultura, razón por la que dedico este humilde esfuerzo. “Un pueblo sin conocimiento de su verdadera historia y cultura, es como un árbol sin raíces” Marcus Garvey. “Arqueología en la Zona Sur-Oeste de la Laguna de Masaya” AGRADECIMIENTOS El desarrollo de este trabajo no hubiese sido posible sin el apoyo incondicional de mi familia, razón por la cual me siento cordialmente agradecidos con cada uno de ellos, en particular a mi madre Ana María Dávila Bolaños, por ser un pilar importantísimo en mi formación, a mi abuelita Gloria Isabel Dávila Bolaños por haberme enseñado tanto y forjarme con mucha convicción. De igual forma a mis primos Jerónimo Duarte, Oscar Duarte y Guillermo Duarte por apoyarme en mi proceder y brindarme los elementos necesarios para afrontar la vida.
    [Show full text]
  • Persistent Degassing at Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua Saskia M Van Manen
    van Manen Journal of Applied Volcanology 2014, 3:9 http://www.appliedvolc.com/content/3/1/9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Perception of a chronic volcanic hazard: persistent degassing at Masaya volcano, Nicaragua Saskia M van Manen Abstract This study takes a combined qualitative and quantitative approach to examining the chronic hazard posed by persistent degassing at Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. The gas is a highly salient threat in communities surrounding Masaya volcano, with the elevated salience level of his invisible hazard deriving from the highly perceptible impacts of the degassing; these include individual and material impacts such as increased prevalence of self-reported respiratory disease and decreased crop diversification and productivity. Qualitative results concur with findings from a quantitative assessment of ambient SO2 exposure using diffusion tubes: the current level of SO2 degassing far exceeds international guideline values, making it a likely cause of adverse health effects for the general population. Conversely contaminant levels of heavy and toxic metals in foodstuffs were found to be below international standards. A community-based integrated hazard mitigation approach identified by this research is the cultivation of crops, particularly pineapple (Ananas comosus) and pitaya (Hylocereus sp.), that are better able to withstand the local environmental conditions (e.g. increased atmospheric SO2 and acid gas deposition). Despite this, little is known regarding disaster response and risk reduction at the community level and the gas hazard is largely overlooked. This shows large scope for increasing resilience in collaboration with the community, through for example the development of community-level risk management committees, improvement and implementation of (gas) mitigation strategies and disaster preparedness approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicaragua Bulletin N. 15 February- March 2020 + Annex Final
    MONITORING THE HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION IN NICARAGUA BULLETIN N. 15 - FEBRUARY- MARCH 2020 Introduction This bulletin covers the period from 1 February to 31 March 2020 and briefly analyzes main patterns of human rights violations that continued to be monitored in Nicaragua. Issued two years after the eruption of massive demonstrations and the ensuing socio-political crisis in Nicaragua, this bulletin also includes an annex that provides information on the implementation status of the recommendations formulated in the OHCHR report published on 29 August 2018 and in the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights’ report presented to the Human Rights Council (HRC) on 10 September 2019. International response to the socio-political crisis On 27 February, during the 43rd session of the HRC, and pursuant to HRC resolution 40/2,1 the High Commissioner presented a second oral update on the human rights situation in Nicaragua.2 The High Commissioner stated that, human rights violations have continued unabated. Victims' organizations demanding justice, truth and reparation, as well as human rights defenders, journalists, members of the Catholic Church and people released from prison under the Amnesty Law, who were deprived of their liberty in the context of the protests, among others, continue to be subjected to threats and acts of intimidation. She also highlighted the situation of more than 98,000 Nicaraguans who, as of 31 December 2019 had left the country, without basic conditions for a safe return, and of those who have returned and also suffered threats and harassment.3 The High Commissioner stressed that the right of peaceful assembly continues to be systematically denied, as is the right to freedom of expression, especially for people who share news or opinions critical of the Government.
    [Show full text]
  • Hotel Bristol” Question in the First Moscow Trial of 1936
    New Evidence Concerning the “Hotel Bristol” Question in the First Moscow Trial of 1936 Sven-Eric Holmström Leon Sedov Leon Trotsky John Dewey 1. Introduction The purpose of this essay is to introduce new evidence regarding the Hotel Bristol in Copenhagen, the existence of which was questioned after the First Moscow Trial of August, 1936. The issue of Hotel Bristol has perhaps been the most used “evidence” for the fraudulence of the Moscow Trials. This essay examines the Hotel Bristol question as it was dealt with in the Dewey Commission hearings of 1937 in Mexico by carefully examining newly uncovered photographs and primary documents. The essay concludes that • There was a Bristol located where the defendant in question said it was. This Bristol was in more than one way closely connected to a hotel. • Leon Trotsky lied deliberately to the Dewey Commission more than once. • Trotsky’s son Leon Sedov and one of Trotsky’s witnesses also lied. • The examination of the Hotel Bristol question made by the Dewey Commission can at the best be described as sloppy. This means that the credibility of the Dewey Commission must be seriously questioned. Copyright © 2008 by Sven-Eric Holmström and Cultural Logic, ISSN 1097-3087 Sven-Eric Holmström 2 • The author Isaac Deutscher and Trotsky’s secretary, Jean Van Heijenoort, covered up Trotsky’s continuing contact with his supporters in the Soviet Union. • It was probably Deutscher and/or Van Heijenoort who purged the Harvard Trotsky Archives of incriminating evidence, a fact discovered by researchers during the early 1980s. • This is the strongest evidence so far that the testimony in the 1936 Moscow Trial was true, rather than a frame up.
    [Show full text]
  • República De Nicaragua 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 3 3
    000 000 000 585 590 595 ¤£24 MAPAS DE LOCALIZACIÓN 500000 700000 900000 580000 600000 REPÚBLICA DE NICARAGUA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 3 3 MINISTERIO DE TRANSPORTE E INFRAESTRUCTURA 0 0 1 1 6 6 Los Velázquez Panamá 1 Honduras 1 DIVISIÓN GENERAL DE PLANIFICACIÓN Los RRAACCCCNN M AA NNAA GG UU AA Los Caleros N ii n d ii rr íí Encuentros JJIINNOOTTEEGGAA o NNUUEEVVAA M A S A Y A MAPA MUNICIPAL DSanE Ig nMaciAo SATEPE SSEEGGOOVVIIAA M A S A Y A Las Laguna MMAADDRRIIZZ RED VIAL INVENTARIADA POR TIPO DE SUPERFICIELos Los Mercados Mercedes de Masaya Encuentros EESSTTEELLII M a ss a tt ee p ee Camilo M A T A G A L P A 0 0 La Cañada 0 M A T A G A L P A 0 0 0 Corazón 0 0 0 0 Ortega 0 C H I N A N D E G A 0 0 0 0 C H I N A N D E G A R A C C S 0 2 2 0 R A C C S 0 de Jesús L E O N 3 3 4 L E O N 4 1 1 Palo Solo 1 BBOOAACCOO 1 Palo Solo El Rodeo La Sabanita MMAANNAAGGUUAA CCHHOONNTTAALLEESS M A S A Y A GG RRAA NN AA DDAA El Rosario 19 de M A S A Y A CCAARRAAZZOO San Juan Los CCAA RR AAZZ OO El Triunfo Julio # 2 Los López Los Venecita GGRRAANNAADDAA de la 19 de Blas Galanes RRIIVVAASS Los Velásque Mar Julio # 3 Océano RRIIOO SSAANN Caribe Los Martinez Concepcion 0 0 0 JJUUAANN 0 0 0 L a C o n c e p c ii ó n Pacífico 0 0 0 0 0 0 Los Mercados 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 19 de San 2 2 Loma 0 0 1 1 Vista 3 3 Negra Julio # 1 Palo Jorge Pikin 1 1 Gracias San Alegre 500000 700000 900000 580000 600000 Alto Guerrero Los a Dios Carlos Los San Jorge Los Milagros Venecita San Jorge Ampié 0 El Pavo Los 0 0 San Caleros 0 0 San El Arenal 0 0 Versalle Los Alemanes 0 Ariel La Jardinera Caralampio San Pedro El Arenal Pérez MACROLOCALIZACIÓN MICROLOCALIZACIÓN 2 Palo Los 2 No.
    [Show full text]