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Spatial Genetic Structure in the Very Rare and Species-Rich Picea Chihuahuana Tree Community (Mexico)

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Spatial Genetic Structure in the Very Rare and Species-Rich Picea Chihuahuana Tree Community (Mexico) Quinones-Perez et. al.·Silvae Genetica (2014) 63-4, 149-159 SAS INSTITUTE INC. (2011): SAS SAS/STAT 9.3 Computer THOMAS, S. C. (2011): Genetic vs. phenotypic responses of Software. Cary, N C, USA. trees to altitude. Tree Physiology 31(11): 1161–1163. SCHMIDTLING, R. C. (1994): Use of provenance tests to pre- VAN ZONNEVELD, M., A. JARVIS, W. DVORAK, G. LEMA and dict response to climate change: loblolly pine and Nor- C. LEIBING (2009): Climate change impact predictions way spruce. Tree Physiology 14(7-8-9): 805–817. on Pinus patula and Pinus tecunumanii populations in SOTO-CORREA, J. C., C. SÁENZ-ROMERO, R. LINDIG-CIS- Mexico and Central America. Forest Ecology and Man- NEROS, N. M. SÁNCHEZ–VARGAS and J. CRUZ-DE-LEÓN agement 257(7): 1566–1576. (2012): Genetic variation between Lupinus elegans VIVEROS-VIVEROS, H., C. SÁENZ-ROMERO, J. L. 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Spatial genetic structure in the very rare and species-rich Picea chihuahuana tree community (Mexico) By C. Z. QUIÑONES-PÉREZ1), S. L. SIMENTAL-RODRÍGUEZ1), C. SÁENZ-ROMERO2), J. P. JARAMILLO-CORREA3) and C. WEHENKEL1),*) (Received 24th March 2014) Abstract overall aim of most of these studies has been to obtain In natural plant populations, the spatial genetic struc- data to help design preservation and conservation ture (SGS) is occasionally associated with evolutionary strategies. However, analysis of the fine-scale SGS in and ecological features such as the mating system, indi- this special forest tree community has not yet been con- vidual fitness, inbreeding depression and natural selec- ducted, which might help enrich the above mentioned tion of the species of interest. The very rare Mexican conservation programs. In this study, we examined the SGS of this community, mostly formed by P. chihuahuana tree community covers an area no more P. chihuahua- than 300 ha and has been the subject of several studies na Martínez, Pinus strobiformis Ehrenberg ex Schlecht- concerning its ecology and population genetics. The endah, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and Popu- lus tremuloides Michx, in 14 localities at both the fine and large scales, with the aim of obtaining a better 1) Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad understanding of evolutionary processes. We observed a Juárez del Estado de Durango, Ciudad Universitaria, Boule- non-significant autocorrelation in fine-scale SGS, sug- vard del Guadiana #501, C.P. 34120, Durango, Dgo. México. gesting that the genetic variants of all four tree species 2 ) Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Uni- are randomly distributed in space within each sampled versidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Km 9.5 carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Tarímbaro Michoacán 58880, Mexico. plot of 50 x 50 m. At the larger scale, the autocorrelation Currently at: INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, was highly significant for P. chihuahuana and P. men- France & Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33615 Pes- ziesii, probably as a result of insufficient gene flow due sac, France. to the extreme population isolation and small sizes. For 3) Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mex- these two species our results provided strong support for ico, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior s/n. Apartado the theory of isolation by distance. Postal 70-275, 04510 Mexico, D.F. *) Corresponding author: C. WEHENKEL. Ciudad Universitaria, Key words: Community genetics, AFLP, gene flow, selection, Boulevard del Guadiana #501, C.P. 34120, Durango, Dgo. Méx- Sierra Madre Occidental, Pinus strobiformis Ehrenberg ex ico. Phone: +52(618) 827-12-15, Fax: (618) 825-18-86. E-Mail: Schlechtendah, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Populus [email protected]. tremuloides Michx. Silvae Genetica 63, 4 (2014) 149 DOI:10.1515/sg-2014-0020 edited by Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics Quinones-Perez et. al.·Silvae Genetica (2014) 63-4, 149-159 Introduction mum total of 42,600 individuals (LEDIG et al., 2000) The geographical distribution of genetic variation, i.e., have been identified in three separate groups in the spatial genetic structure (SGS), is an important theoret- Sierra Madre Occidental, at altitudes of between 2,100 ical and experimental component of population genetics and 3,000 m a.s.l. These populations are located in humid valleys and form clusters within gallery forests (EPPERSON, 1993). A decrease in the strength of the genetic relationship between pairs of individuals is and often include other tree species of the genera Pinus, , , expected with increasing distance (WRIGHT, 1943). In Quercus Abies, Pseudotsuga Populus, Juniperus, natural plant populations, the SGS is occasionally asso- Prunus, and Cupressus (GORDON, 1968; NARVÁEZ, 1984; ciated with evolutionary and ecological genetics and can LEDIG et al., 2000; QUIÑONES-PÉREZ et al., 2014). be influenced by different processes, like mating system, This very rare pine-spruce-cedar community (here- individual fitness, inbreeding depression and natural after referred to as the P. chihuahuana tree community) selection (EPPERSON, 1993; DEGEN et al., 2001; EPPERSON spans on area of no more than 300 ha that is mostly well and GI CHUNG, 2001). Specifically, the SGS is deter- preserved and remains largely untouched by humans, mined by how gene flow through pollen and seed disper- because of its isolation at high altitudes in very rugged sal change as geographical distance increases. Because mountains (LEDIG et al., 1997; LEDIG et al., 2000). The seed dispersal influences many key aspects of plant biol- P. chihuahuana tree community has been the subject of ogy, including colonization of new sites, metapopulation several studies concerning its ecology and population dynamics and diversity in plant communities (CAIN et genetics. The overall aim of most of these studies has al., 2000), analysis of SGS can be helpful for the conser- been to obtain data to help design preservation and con- vation and management of natural populations (MCCUE servation strategies (NARVÁEZ, 1984; LEDIG et al., 1997; et al., 1996). LEDIG et al., 2000; JARAMILLO-CORREA et al., 2006; Analysis of spatial genetic structure has been the sub- WEHENKEL et al., 2012; WEHENKEL and SÁENZ-ROMERO, ject of numerous research studies since the 1940s and 2012; QUIÑONES-PÉREZ et al., 2012; QUIÑONES-PÉREZ et remains a relevant issue today (WRIGHT, 1943; TROUPIN al., 2014; WEHENKEL et al., 2014; MENDOZA-MAYA et al., et al., 2006; VALBUENA-CARABAÑA et al., 2007; DE 2015). However, analysis of the fine-scale SGS in this LAFONTAINE et al., 2013). Empirical studies have special forest tree community has not yet been conduct- assessed fine-scale SGS within plant populations by ed, which might help enrich the abovementioned conser- using genetic markers and spatial autocorrelation tech- vation programs. niques. These studies have generally provided qualita- In this study, we examined the SGS of this communi- tive descriptions of SGS (VEKEMANS and HARDY, 2004). ty, mostly formed by P. chihuahuana Martínez, Pinus Spatial genetic analysis complements methods that strobiformis Ehrenberg ex Schlechtendah, Pseudotsuga examine processes occurring at larger geographical menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and Populus tremuloides scales, such as the landscape scale (CLARK et al., 1999; Michx, in 14 localities at both the fine (in 0.25 ha plots) SÁENZ-ROMERO et al., 2001; SÁENZ-ROMERO and GURIES, and large (minimum 60 km distance class) scales, with 2002; MOCK et al., 2007) or larger scale migration and the aim of obtaining a better understanding of the com- colonization events (DEGEN et al., 2001). However, detec- plex interaction between the local dispersal, the mating tion of SGS is strongly dependent on both the choice of system of the species (particularly P. chihuahuana) and molecular markers and the strategy used to sample the other evolutionary processes. Because of the isolated population under study (JUMP and PEÑUELAS, 2007). location and strongly mixed nature of this tree commu- Several studies of forest tree species have investigated nity, which often results in low population densities of spatial genetic structure by the use of allozyme markers the each single tree species, we expected a significant (e.g., in eastern white pine) (EPPERSON and GI CHUNG, autocorrelation at different spatial scales due to restrict- 2001) and microsatellites (e.g., in common ash, white ed gene flow and increasing drift (HAMPE and PETIT, pine, and oak) (HEUERTZ et al., 2003; MARQUARDT and 2005; DICK et al., 2008). EPPERSON, 2004; VALBUENA-CARABAÑA et al., 2007). JUMP and PEÑUELAS (2007) conducted spatial genetic analyses of pairwise kinship coefficients with similar loci (SSRs) Materials and Methods joined by amplified fragment length polymorphisms Study area (AFLP). They found that the SGS estimated with the last In order to determine the SGS of the P. chihuahuana type of markers could be detected at distances nearly tree community, 14 populations located in the State of four times larger than previously estimated with other Durango and Chihuahua, Northwestern Mexico, were molecular markers, thus indicating a persistent effect of analyzed.
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