“ was perhaps the richest vein of lead ore, for the time it lasted, of any yet discovered in this island.”

John Williams 1789 Natural History of the Mineral Kingdom

“The mine of Llangynog . . . . . has proved one of the most considerable Works in Europe.” Martin O’Connor 1751 Secretary to the Governor and Company of Mine Adventurers of .

[1] FRONTISPIECE: Portrait of William Herbert (1665-1745), Second Marquess of Powis by Michael Dahl. The Marquess owned the Powis section of the Llangynog Mine and was a key figure in the development of the mine from 1705 onwards. (Courtesy of the Courtauld Institute of Art).

[2] ISSN: 0308-2199 ISBN: 0901450278

BRITISH MINING No.26

THE OLD MINES

OF THE

LLANGYNOG DISTRICT (North , Mid-)

by

R.A. WILLIAMS, BSc, ARSM.

NB This publication was originally issued in the A4 format then used by the society. It has now been digitised and reformatted at A5. This has changed the original pagination, which is given in square brackets.

*********

A MONOGRAPH OF THE NORTHERN MINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 1985

[3] © R.A. WILLIAMS, 1985.

Typesetting by COMMERCIAL SERVICES Moorgate Road, Rotherham.

Printed by HENRY BOOT DESIGN AND PRINT Thompson Street, Chesterfield.

For the Publishers THE NORTHERN MINE RESEARCH SOCIETY, SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND.

[4] CONTENTS Page Preface 7 Acknowledgements 8

PART I GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LLANGYNOG MINING DISTRICT 1. Introduction 11 2. Geographical Setting 11 3. Geological Setting 13 4.Pre-eighteenth Century History 15 5. Eighteenth Century History 17 6. Nineteenth Century History 18 7. Twentieth Century History 19

PART II THE LLANGYNOG LEAD MINE 1. Geology 21 2. Land Ownership 24 3. Seventeenth Century History 26 4. Eighteenth Century History – The Powis Section a) The Powis Estate 26 b)Early Activity (1705-1723) 27 c) Sudden Success and Decline (1724-1744) 28 d)“Like a Dying Man” (1745-1760) 30 e)Leasing Commences (1760-1880) 33 5. Eighteenth Century History – The Chirk Section a) The Chirk Estate 34 b)Early Activity (1718-1728) 35 c) London Lead Company (1729-1736) The Company’s Background 35 The Disappointing Venture 35 The People Employed 38 The Materials Used 41 d) Sporadic Activity (1737-1800) 42

6. Nineteenth and Twentieth Century History a) Salopian Adventurers (1800-1828) 42 b) Hughes & Co. and Other Ventures (1829-1840) 42 c)Jones and Company (1840-1850) 48 d)Chirk Castle Company (1850-1859) 48 e) United Rhiwarth & Pengwern Co. (1849-1856) 51 f) Llangynog United Company (1856-1869) 52 g) New Llangynog Company (1870-1885) 61 h) Vieille Montagne Company (1898-1899) 63 i) Berwyn Granite Company (1908-1956) 63

7. Production Figures 63 8. The Mining Remains 63 9.The Associated Smelting Sites 69

PART III OTHER OLD MINES AND TRIALS IN THE LLANGYNOG DISTRICT 1. Craig-y-mwyn (lead) 75 2. Craig Rhiwarth (lead) 89 3. Cwm Orog (lead) 94 4. Cwm Glanhafon (lead) 101 5.Craig Ddu (lead) 102 6.Hirnant (lead) 103 7. West Llangynog (lead) 105 8. Nant-y-blaidd (lead) 106 9.Blaen-y-glyn and Pen-y-graig (lead) 107 10. Creolan (lead) 108 11. Miscellaneous Lead Trials 111 12.Outlying Lead Mines and Trials 112 13. The Phosphate Mines 114 14.The Slate Mines and Quarries 116 15. The Stone Quarries 119

Bibliography 121 Index 127

[5] LIST OF FIGURES, PLATES AND TABLES

FIGURES Page 1. Metal Mining Areas of Wales 9 2. Regional Setting of the Llangynog Mining District 10 3. The Llangynog Mining District – Mine Location Map 12 4. Simplified Geological Map of the Llangynog Mining District 14 5. Chart of Activity for Mines in the Llangynog District 19 6. Llangynog Mine – Vein System c1810 24 7. – Ownership Map 25 8. – Rules and Regulations c1829 43 9. – Mining Journal Advertisement, 1838 45 10. – Mine Section cl838 and Key 46 11. – Plan of Pengwern Portion in 1849 51 12. – Share Certificate of the Llangynog Utd. Co. 54 13. – Pengwern Working in 1858 55 14. – Mine Plan in 1859 56 15. – Llangynog Utd. Co. Sale Catalogue, 1869 57 16. – Mine Section in 1877 59 17. – Mine Plan in 1877 60 18. – Mine Plan of Western Workings, 1880 62 19. – Industrial Archaeology of the Site 66 20.Location Map of Associated Smelting Sites 73 21. Craig-y-mwyn Mine – Plan and Section of Workings in 1855 76 22. – East Llangynog Co. Share Certificate 80 23. – Mining Journal Advertisement in 1870 82 24. – Plan and Section of Workings in 1871 83 25. – Industrial Archaeology of the Site 86 26. Craig Rhiwarth – Industrial Archaeology of the Site 93 27.Cwm Orog Mine – Sketch of Lead Vein in 1909 95 28. – Sketch Plan of Workings in 1750 95 29. – Industrial Archaeology of the Site 100 30.West Llangynog Mine – Sketch of Alleged Veins 105 31.Bwlch Creolan Mine – Abandonment Plan, 1882 109 32. Phosphate Mines – Section of Strata at the Berwyn and Cwmgwnen Mines, Drawn in 1875 115 PLATES Frontispiece: Portrait of William Herbert, Second Marquess of Powis (1665-1745) 2 1.Llangynog Mine – General View of the Mine and Village c.1900 17 2. – General View of the Mine in July 1909 20 3. – Feature Exposed During Quarrying, c.1920 20 4. – The Prominent Felsite Outcrop and Engine House Ruin c.1913 22 5.Portrait of Robert Myddelton (1678-1733) 22 6. Portrait of Col. Robert Myddelton-Biddulph (1805-1872) 49 7.Llangynog Mine – Tipper Lorry at the Roadstone Quarry c.1920 64 8. – Remains of Eighteenth Century Powder House 64 9. – Remains of c.1848 Engine House in about 1913 68 10. – Roadstone Quarry Incline c.1913 68 11. – Ruins of Ty-newydd 70 12. – Horse Whim Circle 70 13. – Waterwheel Pit Remains 71 14. – Remains of a Small Buddle Circle 71 15. – Brick Chimney of the c.1871 Steam Engine 72 16. Cubil Smelting House Ruin 72 17.Craig-y-mwyn Mine – General View of Mine Site 87 18. – Water Embankments 87 19. – Waterwheel and Crushing Rollers 88 20. Craig Rhiwarth Mine – Lead Mine Levels and Slate Incline c.1910 88 21. – Llangynog Village & Craig Rhiwarth c.1900 90 22. – Waterwheel, Buildings and Adit c.1900 90 23.Cwm Orog Mine – Waterwheel, Buddle and Buildings in July 1908 98 24.Ore-slide at the end of the Upper Tramway. 98 25.Hirnant Mine – Pump Rods Emerging from a Shaft 110 26.Bwlch Creolan Mine – 1882 Engine House 110 27. Craig Rhiwarth Slate Miners in 1921 118

TABLES 1. Items at Smeithouse in 1748 31 2. Items at Powis Estate Mines in 1748 31 3. Llangynog Mine – Eighteenth Century Production Figures. 32 4. – L.L.C. Wages and Workforce (1732-1736) 38 5. – L.L.C. Miners’ Names 39 6. – L.L.C. Materials Used (1729-1736) 41 7. – Chirk Castle Co. Accounts 1851 and 1852 50 8. – List of Mine Equipment in 1869 58 9. – Nineteenth Century Production Figures 65 10.Craig-y-mwyn Mine – Production Figures 85 11.Craig Rhiwarth Mine – Production Figures 92 12. Cwm Orog Mine – Production Figures 99

[6] PREFACE

Industrial archaeologists, mining history societies, local historians, mineral collectors and curious tourists have all contributed to the surge of interest in British metal mining heritage in the last 15 years.

The geological processes of nature have produced mineral deposits in well defined districts scattered throughout the British Isles. Wales is well endowed with old metal mining districts (Figure 1) and this book is the story of one of the smaller and less well known districts in Mid-Wales. The mystery and stark beauty of the old Llangynog lead mines of Mid-Wales have excited my curiosity since childhood. Amongst the deeply glaciated valleys and the lofty mountains of ancient marine and volcanic rocks lie the tantalising remains of past mining activity. Lead mining around Llangynog began over three hundred years ago and only finally ceased at the beginning of this century.

The old Llangynog mines aroused within me a fascination for mining and mineralogy which eventually led me to take a degree in Mining Geology at the Royal School of Mines in London.

This book is the result of intermittent research started in 1972 and aims to present a detailed account of the mining history of the Llangynog District with some information on the industrial archaeology of the mine sites. A vast amount of new information has been unearthed since the brief accounts of the district were published within existing books. Many of the mysteries and contradictions about the district have been solved, however several riddles still remain.

There is considerable potential for future research, especially field work, on many of the sites in the district.

ALAN WILLIAMS MARCH 1985

[7] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere thanks to the following individuals and organisations for their assistance with my research.

National Library of Wales British Geological Survey Manchester Central Library Library Library Salop Record Office Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Library University Archives North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers N.C.B. North Wales Survey Office Public Record Office, Kew North Wales Caving Club Powysland Club County Record Office Liverpool Central Libraries Haswell Brothers and Company Mining Records Office, London British (Natural History) Museum Library Wigan Reference Library Chester City Record Office Robert Vernon, David Bick, Robert Valler, Mrs. V. Richards, David Rees- Meredith, Chris Williams, George Hall, Mel Humphreys, Simon Hughes, Alister Neal, Dr. Roger Burt, Peter Appleton, Alan Hawkins, Nigel Williams, P.J. Challis, Dick Bird, Sandra Daly, my parents, my wife and many other people too numerous to mention.

GRID REFERENCES AND ACCESS All grid references given in this book refer to the SJ grid square unless otherwise stated. The 1:50,000 scale O.S. map covering the Llangynog District is sheet 125 (Bala and ) and it shows the public rights of way associated with the mine sites.

As a matter of courtesy to the local landowners the author would like to stress that many of the sites are on private property and so permission to view should be obtained.

[8] MINING AREAS: C = COPPER L = LEAD Z = ZINC G = GOLD S = SILVER 1. Parys – Mona CLZ 10. Llangynog LSZ 2. Snowdonia CLZ 11. North Cardiganshire – West LZSC 3. Llanrwst LZ 12. L 4. Llandudno CL 13. Lampeter – Llandovery LZSC 5. Llansannan - Llanfair Talhaiarn - Abergele CLZ 14. Pumpsaint G 6. Flintshire - Denbighshire LZ 15. Llangunnor – Abergwili LZ 7. Llanengan LZSC 16. East Pembrokeshire – West Carmarthenshire LZ 8. Dolgellau GCLZ 9. Dinas L O ISOLATED MINES

FIGURE 1: METAL MINING AREAS OF WALES (excluding iron and manganese)

[9]

FIGURE 2: Regional Setting of the Llangynog Mining District and Locations of Outlying Mines and Trials Mentioned in the Text.

1. MOEL ACHLES 2. GALLTYMAIN 3. HEOL-Y-FFRIDD 4. CYNWYD 5. GREAT ROCK 6. ABER HIRNANT

ROADS RIVERS COUNTY BOUNDARY

LLANGYNOG MINING DISTRICT SEE FIGURES 3 & 4

[10] PART I

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LLANGYNOG MINING DISTRICT

1. INTRODUCTION In a remote corner of Mid-Wales lies a small and little known lead mining district centred on the village of Llangynog (pronounced -gun-nog). On the south side of the village is the Llangynog lead mine which dominated the district for over 200 years (1692 to 1899) and ranks amongst the most productive lead mines in Mid- Wales. The Llangynog mine reached its peak of production during the first half of the eighteenth century. This contrasts with the other famous Mid-Wales lead mines (e.g. Van and ) whose zenith was in the nineteenth century and this difference may account for the relative obscurity of Llangynog.

There are several other lead mines and trials in the surrounding area. Although many of them have fascinating histories and are sites with important remains, they pale into insignificance when their output is compared to that of the Llangynog mine.

At various times in the past slate mines, phosphate mines and stone quarries have been active in the district. Part I of this book gives an overview of the district geographically, geologically and historically. Part II gives a comprehensive account of the Llangynog lead mine, and Part III describes the other old mines of the district. Background information on old metal mining methods and definitions of geological and mining terms can be found in the publications listed in the Bibliography. 1

2. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING The Llangynog mining district lies on the southern flank of the Berwyn mountains in an isolated corner of North Powys, formerly Montgomeryshire. 2 (Figures 1 and 2).

At the centre of the district is the Llangynog lead mine in the village of Llangynog. Most of the other mines and trials of the district occur within a six mile radius of the village (Figure 3).

Cwm Rhiwarth and Cwm Pennant are the two deeply glaciated valleys which meet at Llangynog. The river Tanat is joined by the river Eirth and flows eastwards to the gentler Welsh borderland terrain of low hills and wide valleys. Roads lead east from Llangynog to Oswestry 17 miles away and south-east to 8 miles away.

The village of Llangynog is about 520 feet above sea level and is dominated on the north side by the imposing crags and scree slopes of Craig Rhiwarth rising to over 1700 feet above sea level. Further north, rising steeply above the enclosed grazing land of the valley sides, is the harsh moorland terrain of the Berwyn mountains which is crossed by a solitary mountain road to Bala, 12 miles to the north-west. The Berwyn mountains, rising to over 2,700 feet, present a formidable physical barrier to the north of Llangynog compared to the gentler terrain to the east of the village. This has resulted in Llangynog having much closer links with Oswestry and Llanfyllin than with Bala. The source of mining supplies and the destination of lead ore was greatly affected by these factors.

About 15 miles east of Llangynog the river Tanat joins the which in turn joins the . The Vyrnwy and the Severn played an important part in the transport of lead ore and slates from Llangynog. In the eighteenth century lead smelting furnaces for Llangynog ore were built at Pool Quay and Benthall on the banks of the River Severn. The lead metal was then shipped down the Severn to riverside towns and the City of Bristol.

During the nineteenth century the mining companies in the district had more contact with Flintshire and Denbighshire probably due to improved roads, the use of the Montgomeryshire Canal (completed in 1797) and the location of active lead smelters.

[11]

The crippling cost of land carriage was an important factor in the viability of all the mining operations in the district. The railway reached Llangynog in 1904 but it came too late for most of the lead mines although it proved a stimulus to the slate mines and the roadstone quarries.

The size of the mining in the village of Llangynog obviously fluctuated during the last 300 years. Each new boom saw an influx of lead or slate miners from various British mining areas. Inbetween times the farming industry kept the village alive and during the nineteenth century harp makers lived in the village. 3 Nowadays farming and tourism are the mainstays of the village.

3. GEOLOGICAL SETTING The Llangynog district is situated on the southwestern flank of the structure known as the Berwyn Dome. The district is dominated by rocks belonging to the Ordovician geological period (505 to 438 million years ago). The west and south of the district is bounded by younger rocks which belong to the Silurian period (438 to 408 million years ago).

Figure 4 is a simplified geological map of the district and the stratigraphy 4 of the area is summarised in the map key.

(a) Ordovician Rocks in the district have been divided up into several stratigraphic units (B.G.S. Sheet 136) and they are briefly described below.

Llangynog Formation consists mainly of mudstones, rhyolitic tuffs, lavas and limestones. Rocks of this formation belong to the Llandeilo (468 to 458 million years ago) and Caradocian (458 to 448 million years ago) stages of the Ordovician period. They contain most of the lead mineralisation in the Llangynog district. 2 The tuffs and lavas belong to several volcanic episodes 5,6 and they outcrop prominently on Craig Rhiwarth, Y Garn, Craig Ddu and Pistyll Rhaeadr. 7,8 The oldest rocks of the formation occur in faulted inliers around Glanhafon, the Nant- y-blaidd mine and the Blaen-y-glyn mine. These rocks consist mainly of limestones, calcareous ashes and shales.

Pen Plaenau Siltstone and Allt-Tair-Ffynnon Formations. These Formations overlie the Llangynog Formation and they belong to the Caradocian stage. They consist predominantly of fossiliferous mudstones, sandy shales, siltstones and sandstones. There are also several volcanic tuffs including the Cwm Clwyd tuff and the Swch Gorge tuff. 9

Pen-y-garnedd Limestone and Black Shale. Above the Allt-Tair-Ffynnon Formation is a thin sequence of limestones and shales. The Pen-y-garnedd limestone consists of several lenticular bands with intercalated shales and ashy beds. 10 The Pen-y-garnedd or Nod Glas black shale consists of black graptolitic shales interbedded with phosphatic limestones and a bed of phosphate near the base of the sequence. This phosphate bed was once worked by several mines in the district.

Overlying Rocks. The Pen-y-garnedd Black Shale is overlain unconformably by rocks belonging to the Ashgillian stage (448 to 438 million years ago) and these consist mainly of dark blocky mudstones.

(b) Silurian Rocks overlie Ashgillian rocks in the extreme west and south of the Llangynog district and they consist mainly of various types of mudstones.

(c) Intrusive Rocks Hypabyssal acid intrusions occur in the lower Ordovician rocks of the district. The most prominent example is the intrusion of “felsite” at the centre of the Llangynog mine site (Plate 1) which was quarried earlier in this century. The characteristics and interpretation of this intrusion are discussed in a later section. 5,6,11

Dolerite sills and dykes outcrop in the district, especially in the Berwyn mountains.

(d) Structure The Berwyn Dome is a large anticlinal structure having a general E - Waxis. In reality the Berwyn anticline is not a simple fold and no single axis of folding has been traced. 10

[13] istrict. FIGURE:-Geological4 Mapofthe Llangynog Mining D

[14] Following erosion of the anticline structure over millions of years the older rocks have been exposed in the central portion with the younger Silurian rocks surviving on the western and southern margins (see Figure 4). The structure in the south and central portion of the district is locally complex. For example, there is a small syncline around the Craig Ddu mine and overturned strata near the Bwlch Creolan mine and north of Pen-y-bont-fawr.

There is a major E – W fault along the Tanat valley which is cut off by a major NNW - SSE fault running up Cwm Glanhafon and into the Berwyn mountains. There are also faults along the Irwch and Rhaeadr valleys trending roughly NW – SE.

(e) Mineralisation Most of the lead mines of the district were based on mineralised faults trending E - W or ENE - WSW, although minor veins with other trends have been worked. 12, 13

The main group of ore deposits are closely associated with acid igneous rocks. The hanging wall and/or footwall of the veins are usually an acid intrusive or volcanic rock.

A minor group of veins are associated with calcareous tuffs and limestones (e.g. Nant-y-blaidd and Blaen-y-glyn mines). Another minor group of veins are not obviously associated with any intrusive or volcanic rock. They merely occur within Ordovician sedimentary rocks such as sandstones, mudstones and shales (e.g. Bwlch Creolan mine).

Mineralisation in the district typically consists of galena (PbS) often with sphalerite (blende, ZnS) in a gangue of quartz, crushed slate, felsite and various carbonates.

Other minerals frequently found are barytes (BaSO 4), witherite (BaCO 3), pyrite (FeS 2) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2). There was a N - S barytes vein at Cwm Orog and a “copper” vein at Craig Rhiwarth mine. Minerals recorded in small amounts from the district include aurichalcite (Zn CU) 5 (CO 3)2 (OH) 6, hemimorphite Zn 4Si 2O7(OH) 2

H2O, harmotome BaAl 2Si 6O16 .6H 2O, cerrusite PbCO 3, smithsonite or calamine ZnCO 3 and a dubious claim of gold in chalcopyrite or in the native form.

The genesis of the Llangynog lead deposits is a topic worthy of further research. In Snowdonia geologists with the British Geological Survey have recently observed the spatial association of copper veins, occurring in certain Caradocian volcanic rocks, with intrusive rhyolite domes. One possibility is that these intrusions may have driven hydrothermal systems which leached low concentrations of metallic elements from the surrounding rocks and then deposited them at high concentrations in veins. A similar mechanism may be applicable to the Llangynog district because the largest known lead deposit was associated with a rhyolitic intrusion of a similar age. No isotope work to date the Llangynog lead deposits has yet been carried out. Unrelated to the hydrothermal vein mineralisation of the metal mines described above are the bedded deposits of slate and phosphate which are discussed in a later section.

4. PRE-EIGHTEENTH CENTURY HISTORY Although the first documentary evidence of lead mining in the Llangynog district is dated 1656 14 there has been some speculation that some of the workings are of much greater antiquity, based mainly on strong circumstantial field evidence. The speculation is fuelled by the presence of an Iron Age hillfort, possible Roman roads and the existence of old lead smelting sites.

The Iron Age hillfort above the steep rocky cliffs of Craig Rhiwarth is around 2000 years old. 15, 16 The site was probably intermittently occupied from Iron Age times until Medieval times. The remains of numerous hut circles and a stone wall protecting the gently sloping north side can still be seen. 17 The close proximity of this hillfort to the Cwm Orog and Rhiwarth lead-copper veins has fuelled speculation on possible early mining activity at these sites. In the district there are several other hillforts and probable Celtic camps but none of them are associated with known mining sites. 18

No Roman settlement has yet come to light in the district. Roman coins and a ring were found in 1824 under a stone called Bwrdd-y-gwylltiaid between Cwm Llech and Blaen-Cwm-Pennant. The coins were made of brass and were from the period of Emperors Caius Victorinus and Gallienus (A.D. 260-8). 19 There is currently no proof that Roman roads crossed the area but two possible roads have been suggested. The first road could have run from the fort at Gai near Bala heading eastwards over the Berwyns past Llangynog and on towards Shrewsbury. 20 The other postulated Roman road could have run from fort running northwards via Llanfyllin, Llanrhaeadr and the Rhaeadr or Irwch valleys. This road could then have joined Ffordd Gam Elin over the Berwyns and reached the Chester to Caer Gai road. 21

[15]

Even if there was road communication through the Llangynog district during Roman times there is currently no evidence that the Romans worked any of the mines. The Romans are known to have been active 15 miles east of Llangynog at the copper mine.

Old smelting sites which may date from before the eighteenth century are present at Llanfyllin and Llangynog. 22 Near Llanfyllin there are allegedly several old smelting sites from which Roman coins and relics have been found. One such site was in a field called Dol-y-felin Blwm (Bloomery Mill Field) situated east of the old Police Station on the edge of Llanfyllin. 23 Davies reported in 1810 that enough fragments of lead ore had recently been found on this site to make their collection worthwhile. 24 The original source of this lead ore is unknown, but it could have come from Llangynog, or an unknown mine nearby.

An old lead smelting site near Llangynog village was described by Walter Davies in 1810 24 :-

“At Cwm glan avon, near Llangynog, is a ruin, fourteen yards long by seven broad, called CUBIL. The oldest miners in the neighbourhood are ignorant as to the use of it. There are quantities of scoriae adjoining. It stands at the base of a rock, containing ores of lead, copper, and calamine; and, on the opposite side of the valley to the great lead mines belonging to the Earl of Powis. On the top of the mountain to the north of it, is a deserted lead mine, called Craig-y-mwyn, or the oary cliff, bearing marks of very ancient mining, by the assistance of fire and water. Within a few hundred yards of the cubil, there is a level, called the ogo, or cave, driven under a vast depth of slaty rock. Wherever a mining level is called by this name as here and at Llanymynech, it indicates the antiquity of the work; the natives having, by length of time forgotten that it was the work of art, and giving the appellation of a natural fissure. However, not presuming to this cubil a very remote date it may probably be ascribed to the reign of Elizabeth, when the art of metallurgy was revived, and it may be presumed that this spot, among others, had assayers carrying on the process of CUPELlation (extracting silver from lead ore).”

In 1871 the site was still discernible and it was noted that according to tradition ore was brought to the site from Cwm Orog and Craig-y-mwyn mines. 25 The Geological Survey in 1922 stated that the site, near Cwm-lan-afon farm, was called Cobblers Gate and was marked by clusters of lead slag. 26 The remains of this smelting house were thought to have been lost or destroyed until the author re-located the site in March 1982 (see Page 69). The site dates from at least the early eighteenth century. 27 *

The earliest documentation of lead mining in Llangynog district is in the form of a lease dated September 2nd 1656. 28 This was the same year that export duty on lead had been lowered and resulted in a beneficial effect on lead mining nationally. The lessee was John Arthur of Great Houghton in Northamptonshire. The lessors, presumably trustees of the Powis estate, were Robert Saiver of Magdalen College Cambridge, Edmund Saiver a London draper and Elizabeth Herbert wife of Baron Powis (Percy Herbert). The 21 year lease, at an annual rent of £20, covered all lead ore in “all the commons and waste grounds situate lying and being within the several townships of Kanen Cloach (Cefn Coch) and Rhiwarth in the Manor of Mochnant in the County of Montgomeryshire” and gave “free liberty to dig delve and have profits of commodities of all the leaden mines or liberties, turbariers, watercourses, easements and commodities”. Lead ore found on enclosed lands could be rented if the lessors agreed.** The Cefn Coch township encompasses the Craig-y-mwyn mine and the Rhiwarth township includes the Rhiwarth and Cwm Orog mines. One or more of these mines is likely to have been worked during this period. Other Powis estate documents indicate that the Rhiwarth mine was being worked in about 1656.29

In 1676 Richard Major discovered a silver-bearing lead mine in Cefn Coch on wild mountain land in Llanrhaeadr-ym-mochnant parish.30 This probably refers to Craig- y-mwyn mine.

The main Llangynog vein is reputed to have been accidently discovered by a shepherd in 169’2. About three years earlier another shepherd reputedly discovered a rich vein of argentiferous lead ore at Esgair-hir in Cardiganshire. The discovery at Esgair-hir resulted in a legal dispute which eventually led to the breaking of the Crown monopoly on lead mines containing appreciable amounts of silver by the repeal of the Mines Royal Act in 1693. The lead ores from the Llangynog district do not appear to have had a high silver content but the repeal of the Act did remove the oppressive threat of pre-emption which may have been a disincentive to investment.31

The turbulent state of affairs within the Powis family towards the end of the seventeenth century may have interrupted the mining activity in the district.

* Recent research suggests it was built between 1705 and 1714 by the Lloyds of Llanavon. ** In 1714 it was alleged that there had been an earlier mining lease of the same areas which had been granted in 1641 to Royden and Morris (Powis MS 10255).

[16]

5. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY HISTORY (Figure 5) The Second Marquess of Powis (Frontispiece) had periodic problems with the authorities during the early part of the eighteenth century because of his father’s association with James II. He only officially regained his title and estates in 1722. In spite of these problems he had apparently started lead mining in earnest at the Llangynog, Cwm Orog and Craig-y-mwyn mines by 1705. In addition, he had built a lead smelting house at Pool Quay near .32 Over the next 50 years the Llangynog mine yielded many thousands of tons of lead ore and the profits went towards reducing the huge debts of the Powis family. James Baker managed the mining and smelting operations until he was removed in 1744 following allegations of fraud. Henry Henning, a German miner, appears to have been the mastermind behind the successful mining operations at Llangynog.

The Myddelton family were also active in the district in the early eighteenth century with mining around Blaen-y-glyn near Llanrhaeadr-ym-mochnant in 1707. The western section of the Llangynog mine belonged to the Myddelton’s Chirk estate and some BIBLIOGRAPHY

References frequently used are denoted as follows:-

Aiken Aiken, A., 1797, Journal of tour through North Wales. Arch. Camb. Archaeologia Cambrensis. Archer Archer, A., 1958, The distribution of Non-ferrous Ores in the Lower Palaeozoic Rocks of N. Wales. Sym. IMM 1959. Bick Bick, D. E., 1978, The Old Metal Mines of Mid-Wales, Part 5. Burt Burt, R., 1971, The Lead Industry of England & Wales 1700-1880. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of London. Caerhum Caerhum collection, National Library of Wales. Chirk Chirk estate papers, National Library of Wales. Cope Cope, T.H., Notebooks, Liverpool University Archives. Davies Walter Davies, 1810, Gen. View of Agri. etc., of N Wales. Lewis Lewis, W.J., 1968,Lead Mining in Wales. L.L.C. London Lead Company Minutes, North of England Inst. of Mining and Mech. Engineers. Longueville Longueville (solicitors) collection, National Library of Wales. M.J. Mining Journal. Mont. Coll. Montgomeryshire Collections (Journal). N.C.B. National Coal Board, N. Wales Area Survey Office. N.L.W. National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth. Pennant Pennant, T., 1783/1810, Tours in Wales. Powis Powis estate papers, National Library of Wales. P.R.O. Public Record Office, Kew, London. Rees Rees, W., 1968, Industry before the Industrial Revolution. Rhodes Rhodes, J.N., 1970, The London Lead Company in North Wales 1693-1792. Ph.D. University Leicester. Salt Salt papers, Salop Record Office. Smith Smith, B., and Dewey, H., 1922, Lead and Zinc Ores in the Pre- Carboniferous Rocks of W. Shropshire and N Wales. Spec. Rep. Min. Res. of G.B. Vol. 23. Smyth Smyth, W. W., 1848, On the Mining District of Cardiganshire and Montgomeryshire. Mem. Geol. Surv. Vol.II Pt.2. Wedd Wedd et aI, 1929, The Country around Oswestry. Mem. Geol. Surv. Wren Wren, W. J., 1968, The Tanat Valley.

[121] PART I GENERAL DESCRIPTION

1. (a) Burt, R., 1982 :- (i) A Short History of Metal Mining Technology. (ii) A Short History of British Ore Preparation Techniques. Both books published by De Archaeologische Pers, Nederland. (b) Whitten, D. & J. Brocks, 1972, The Penguin Dictionary of Geology. 2. Harris, W.J.R., 1971. Lead, zinc, copper and gold mineralisation in North and Central Wales. D.I.C. Imperial College London University. 3. Mont. ColI. Vol. XLV, 1937·38, p49. 4. Straitigraphy based on classification on new edition 1:50,000 Geological map, Sheet 136, Bala. 5. Jones, G.H., 1956, The Geology of the Western Berwyns, Ph.D. thesis, Birmingham University. 6. Cope, T.H., 1915, On the Igneous and Pyroclastic Rocks of the Berwyn Hills. 7. MacGregor, A.R., 1958, The Llandeilo Limestone of the Central Berwyn Hills. Ph.D. Cambridge. 8. Oldershaw, 1961, Llangynog section of the Berwyns. Undergraduate field report. Liverpool University. 9. Brenchley, P.J., 1964, Ordovician Ignimbrites in the Berwyn Hills, North Wales. Geol. Journal, Vol. 4, Pt.1. 10. Wedd. 11. Cope. 12. Smith. 13. Wheatley, C.J.V., 1971, Aspects of metallogenesis within the Southern Caledo- ides of and Ireland. Trans.I.M.M., Vol. 80. B211. 14. Powis 8983. 15. Houlder, c., 1974, Wales: An Archaeological Guide. Faber. 16. Mont. Coll. Vol. XLV, 1938, p104, 121. Vol. 97, 1942·3, p93-6. 17. Arch. Camb. 1880, p25-30. 18. Mont. Coll. 1856, Vol. II, p.81. 19. Arch. Camb. 1890, Vol. VII, p155. 20. Fenton R., 1804·14, Tours in Wales, p78. 21. Arch. Camb. 1973, Vol. 122, p13. 22. Mont. Coll. Vol. 2, p429; Vol. 18 (1885) p39. 23. Mont. Coll. Vol. XLVI, 1939-40, p36. 24. Davies, W. p4142. 25. Mont. Coll. Vol. 4, 1871, p216. 26. Smith p44 27. N.L.W. NLW Journal Vol. 3, p41. 28. Powis 8983. 29. Powis 10251,22086,10252,17184. 30. Rees. p481. 31. Burt. p54; p102; p148. 32. N.L.W. Wales 4 172/1. (Found by Mel Humphreys). PART II THE LLANGYNOG LEAD MINE Geology and Mineralisation 1. Cope (1915) p50. op.cit. 2. Bygones. Offa Field Club. July 1913. 3. L.L.C 19th Nov. 1730. 4. Powis. 1175. 5. Powis. 21712. 6. MJ. 1863 p741. 7. Lewis. p149.

Seventeenth Century History 8. Pennant. p347.

Eighteenth Century History - The Powis Section 9. G.E.C., Doublesday et al, The Complete Peerage p646·649. 10. Mr. G. Herbert, Marrington Hall, Personal communication. 11.N.L.W. Llangynog Parish Records - Bishop Transcripts 1704/5. 12. Powis. 1175. 13. Powis. 985. 14. Chirk. 11468. 15. Rhodes. 16. Reference found by Mr. Mel Humphreys and kindly passed on to me. N.L.W. Wales 4, 172/1. 17. L.L.C Court Minutes Vol. 3., 3rd Aug. 1708. 18. Mrs. Hill, Llangynog. 19. N.L.W. Sch. of Church of Wales Records SA/RD/5. (Found by Mr. Mel Humphreys). 20. N.L.W. Llangynog Parish Records, Bishop Transcripts 1708·1716. 21. Powis. 20701. 22. Powis. 21043. 23. Powis. 10531. 24. Lewis. p94. 25. Powis. 10084. Lewis p148. 26. Powis. 1175. 27. Powis. 18972. 28. Powis. 9106. 29. NL.W. Llangynog Parish Registers. 30. Carlisle, Topographical Dictionary (under ). 31. Powis. 9212 p16. 32. N.L.W. Llangynog Parish Register.s. 1728·1732. 33. L.L.C Vol. 6, Nov. 1730, p247. 34. L.L.C General Court Minutes, 23rd Sept. 1731. 35. Powis. 3557. 36. Powis. 21712. 37. Chirk. FI2435,4006,F6928. 38. Powis. 9106 39. Powis. 9211 p27. 40. ibid p28. 41. Powis. 1044. [122] 42. Powis. 9212. 43. Lewis. p150. 44. Powis. 1104. 45. Lewis. p148-9; Powis 9212. 46. Powis. 10083; Lewis p151. 47. Powis. 16449. 48. Lewis. p151. 49. Powis. 9211 p22. 50. Lewis. p154-155. 51. Powis. 22136. 52. Powis. 1148. 53. Powis. 3536. 54. Carlise, Topographical Dictionary (under Llanwddyn). 55. Powis. 3878. 56. Powis. 2841. 57. Powis. 1174. 58. Powis. 1175. 59. Powis. 21943. 60. Powis. 3082. 61. Powis. 3841. 62. Raistrick, A., 1950, Quakers in Science and Industry, p1 96-8. 63. Rhodes. p123,4; p240. 64. Powis. 3029. 65. Chirk. F823. 66. Powis. 3023. 67. Powis. 3353. 68. N.L.W. Llangynog Parish Register 1770. 69. Powis. 21371. 70. Pennantp397. 71. Chester City Record Office TC/P/L/427 to 434. 72. Chirk E234, E231. 73. Chirk E549. 74. Powis 3217. 75. Rhodes. p147. 76. Aiken. p14, 15.

Eighteenth Century History - The Chirk Section 77. Annals and Antiquities of the Counties and County Families of Wales. 1872. 78 . Chirk. 11557,11551. 79 . Chirk. F10028. 80. Shropshire Newsletter, 1971, Rhodes p16 to 19; Chirk F6936. 81. Rees. p511. 82 . Rhodes. p66. 83 . L.L.C. Minutes Dec. 17, 1730 p239; Chirk F1701, 1985, F4509, F5500. 84 . Chirk. F12435, F3851. 85. Chirk. 6927. 86 . L.L.C. Vol. 6, p205, 207. 14th July 1730. 87 . Chirk 12435. 88. Chirk. F6930. 89 . Chirk. F6929. 90 . L.L.C. Vol. 6, Nov. 1730, p247. 91 . Chirk. F6928. 92 . Chirk. E207. 93 . L.L.C. 14th March 1732. 94 . Chirk. 6933. 95 . Chirk. F12435, 400

Nineteenth and Twentieth Century History 115 . Davies. (N.L.W. MS 1756) 116. Fenton, Tours in Wales; 25 inch O.S. map. 117 . N.L.W. M.S. 1762 (Davies book). 118 . Lewis. p244. 119 . Chirk. E2588, E2600. 120 . Chirk. E2602. 121. Powis. 9099. 122. Samuel Lewis, Top. Diet., p27. 123 . Chirk. E3113. 124. Lewis. p244. 125. MJ. Aug. 31st, 1836. 126 . M.J. June 9th, 1838. 127. N.L.W. Mont. County Council. (Discovered by Bick). 128. N.L.W. Druid Inn Collection. 129. Chirk. E3113,3014. 130. Chirk. E3701. [123] 131. Chirk. E3402. 132. Chirk. E3697. 133. Chirk. E3014. 134. N.L.W. Llangynog Parish Tythe Map. 135. Smyth. p684, p669. 136. N.L.W. Sale Catalogue, Mont. 295. 137. Longueville. 1391,1396. 138. P.R.O. BT3l/150/461. 139. Caerhum 179 140. Longueville. 1427. 141. Longueville. 1416. 142 . P.R.O. BT31/150/461. 143. Lerry, G. C., 1949, “Henry Robertson”, p14. 144 . Longueville. 1391,1396. 145 . Longueville. 1400. 146 . M.J. 1849, Nov. 3, p526. 147. Oswestry Public Library. 148 . Longueville. 1411. 149 . M.J. 1853, July 9th, p421. 150. P.R.O. BT31/125/401. 151. P.R.O. BT41/709/3847; BT31/125/401. 152 . M.J. 1857, Nov. 28, p825. 153. Denb. Hist. Soc. Transactions. Vol. 1, p33-45. 154 . M.J. 1861, p736. 155 . M.J. 1863, p741. 156. N.C.B. 157. Smith. p42. 158. Longueville. 1427. 159 . M.J. 1869, p857. 160. (a) Probate Calendar for 1877 at the Liverpool Record Office. (b) Haswell Bros., Chester, Old Account Books, p583. 161. N.L.W. Sale Catalogue, Mont. 295. 162. P.R.O. BT31/1551/4949 or 4979. 163 . M.J. 1871, Sept.2nd, p760. 164 . M.J. 1871, p785. 165. N.C.B.; M.J. 1871, p1036. 166. MJ. 1875 p393, 669; 1876 p13; 1879 p13; 1880 p13. 167 . M.J. 1912; Nov. 30. 168. Mrs. V. Richards, . Personal communication. 169. Wren. 170. Tanat Chronicle No. 4, March 1980.

The Mining Remains 171. N.C.B. 172. Wren. p130.

The Smelting Remains 173 . Lewis. p148. 174 . Powis. 21712. 175 . Wren. pU8. 176 . Longueville. 1373. 177. N.M.R.S., British Mining No.8, 1978, p38. 178. Davis, A. S., 1939-40, Mont. Coli. XLVI, p33 to 37. 179. Pugh, 1., 1941-2, Mont. Coli. XLVII, p10. 180 . N.L.W. Tythe Map, Tirmynech Township, Guildsfield Parish. 181. About the Montgomeryshire Canal Part 2 (Pamphlet); The Industrial Archaeology of the Montgomeryshire Canal by Stephen Hughes. 182. Rhodes, Shrop. Newsletter 1971; Shrop. Caving and Mining Club Journal 1979, Trinder B., p31. 183. Smith, S., 1979. A View from the Ironbridge.

PART III OTHER MINES Craig-y-mwyn Mine 1. Smith. MJ. 1870, p1069. 2. Smyth. p684; Smith and Dewey p46. 3. Powis. 1175. 4. British (Natural History) Museum, Russell papers. 5. Pennant. 6. Mont. ColLi. 1873, Vol. 6, p339; Arch Camb. Vol. 122, p13 1973. 7. Powis. 21712. 8. Powis. 3878. 9. Powis. 3875. 10. Powis. 3565. 11. Powis. 3023. 12. Powis. 3564. 13. Chester Chronicle June 20th, 1800, p2. 14. Davies. pA2. 15 . M.J. 1845, p141. 16 . M.J. 1853, p349. 17 . M.J. 1850, p414. 18. M.J. l850, p432,443,485,492,497. 19 . M.J. 1850, p534. 20 . M.J. 1851, p18. 21 . M.J. 1851, p125. 22. MJ. 1851 428, 452, 512. 23 . M.J. 1851, p512, 514, 536. 24 . M.J. 1852, p16, 112. 25. MJ. 1853, p46, 273, 477. 26 . M.J. 1854, p597. 27. N.L.W. Map Room. 28 . M.J. 1855, p60; 1856, p46. 29 . M.J. 1853, p349, 387; 1854, p227. 30. Longueville. 1373, 1409, 1403. 31. P.R.O. BT31/1435/4219; MJ. 1870 674 or 624. 32 . M.J. 1879, p494. 33 . M.J. 1870, pS, 1069; 1871, p103, 151.

[124]

34. M.J. 1871, p897; 1872 p443, 491, 591, 592. 35. M.J. 1871, p5, 49, 61, 103, 104, 129, 130, 151, 160, 174, 197, 200, 240, 246, 265, 284, 354, 446, 494, 562, 630, 654, 694, 808, 810, 843, 874, 897, 932, 942, 957, 1068, 1099, 1124. 36. M.J. 1872, p20, 79, 126, 421, 429, 443, 458, 491, 515, 516, 530, 540, 549, 563, 591, 592, 616, 674, 794, 928, 1014, 1029, 1170. 37. Wren. 38. Eddowes Shrewsbury Journal Oct. 2nd 1872; Sept. 29th 1872. 39. M.J. 1873, p4, 34, 128, 212, 226, 282, 338, 394, 445, 988. 40. Mont. Coll. 1873, Vol. 6, p339. 41. Mining World, 1873, p316, 362, 748. 42. M.J. 1874, p268, 358, 665, 717; 1875 p459. 43. M.J. 1879, p467, 494, 506. 44. P.R.O. BT31/2073/9186; M.J. 1875, p499. 45. M.J. 1875, p552, 606, 690, 746, 802, 914,1026, 1082, 1194, 1306, 1362, 1418. 1876, p34, 86, 110, 194, 246, 301, 302, 443, 550, 619, 630, 794, 1010, 1066. 46. M.J. 1878, p1351. 47. Lewis. p245. 48. Smith. p46. Craig Rhiwarth Mine 49. N.C.B. 1859 Plan. 50. Smith. p44; D.C. Davies (1881) Metalliferous Minerals & Mining p204; Bick p33 . 51. British (Natural History) Museum – Russell papers. 52. Powis. 10251, 22086, 10252, 17184. 53. Powis. 10255-6. 54. Smyth. p684. 55. Longueville. 1391, 1396; M.J. 1849 p526. P.R.O. BT31/401/125. 56. Longueville. 1373. 57. Clwyd County Record Office, D/KK/1109. 58. M.J. 1883, p162. 59. Bick. p34.

Cwm Orog Mine 60. Davies, D.C., 1881, Metalliferous Minerals and Mining p204. 61. Wilson, G.V., et al, 1923, S.R.M.R.G.B., Vol. 2. Barytes and Witherite. 62. Jones, J.A., Wirksworth Mines Research Group, Personal communication. 63. Mrs. V. Richards, Uansilin, personal communication. 64. Powis. 1175. 65. Powis. 3878. 66. Powis. 3850. 67. Powis. 3875, 3876. 68. Powis. 21712. 69. Powis. 3023. 70. Powis. 3564. 71. Powis. 3883. 72. Smyth. p685; Mineral Statistics 1861-65. 73 . M.J. 1870, p464, 490, 673, 721, 751, 752. 74 . M.J. 1871, p764, 785, 977. 75. P.R.O. BT31/1724/6306. 76 . M.J. 1878 p92, 1351. 77 . M.J. 1879 p727. 78. Bick. p34. 79. Salt. 1011/200/Box III. 80. Smith. p43. 81. P.R.O. BT31/ 12254/9643 8. 82. David Rees-Meredith, personal communication. 83. Archer. p264. 84. Bick. p34 to 36.

Cwm Glanhafon Mine 85. Powis. 21712. 86. Powis. 3023. 87. N.L.W. M.S. 1756 B; Lewis p244. 88. M.J. 1851 p560, 595,612,619; N.L.W. Druid Inn papers. 89. M.J. 1870 p752, 721; 1871 p764.

Craig Ddu Mine 90 . Smith. p44. 91 . Cope. 1910 p75. 92 . Powis. 9101. 93 . Powis. 21712. 94. Lewis, Samuel; 1833, Topographical Dictionary of Wales (under Hirnant). 95 . M.J. 1836 p66. 96 . M.J. 1850 p577. 97 . N.L.W. Druid Inn Papers. 98 . Mont. Coll. Vol. 13, 1880. 99. P.R.O. BT31/3232/18920. 100 . M.J. 1883, p162. 101 . Wren. p144.

Hirnant Mine 102 . Cope. 1910 p58. 103 . M.J. 1850, p577; 1883 p118. 104 . M.J. 1859, p294; Mont. Coll. 1880, Vol. 13. 105 . M.J. 1863, p545. 106 . M.J. 1866, p254. 107 . M.J. 1874, p384. 108 . Mont. Coll. 1880, Vol. 13. 109 . M.J. 1883, p118.

West Llangynog Mine 110 . N.C.B. Mine Plan. 111 . M.J. 1871, p848 [125] 112 . Longueville. 1411. 113 . P.R.O. BT31/1670/5912. 114 . M.J. 1871 p764, 785, 848, 900, 924, 943, 1012, 1028, 1039, 1061, 1063, 1101, 1124, 1135, (1148, 1155 Letters). 1872 p20, 55, (87 letter), 123, 136, 147, 171, 407, 527, 963. 115 . M.J. 1873 p324, 519, 584, 588.

Nant-y-blaidd Mine 116 . Wedd. 117. Smith. p45. 118 . Powis. 21712. 119 . P.R.O. BT31/1600/5360. 120 . M.J. 1870 p721, 751. 1871 p693,764, 808, 900, 924, 946, 947, 970, 1110, 1134. 1872 p53, 238, 214, 406, 626, 818. 121 . M.J. 1872 p962, 938; 1873 p34; Mont. Coll. 1873, Vol. 6, p339.

Blaen-y-glyn Mine 122. Spargo, T., 1870, Mines of Wales, p75. 123. Chirk. F11557, F11551, F8598, F11555, F11548, F5538. 124. Chirk. F11545, F11556. 125 . Longueville. 908. 126 . P.R.O. BT31/1508/4704. 127 . M.J. 187, p49.

Bw1ch Creolan Mine 128. Mining Records Office, London. Abandonment Plan 1697 (Mont.). 129 . Smith. p45; SRMRGB on Barytes (see ref 61); British (Natural History) Museum - Russell papers. 130 . Smyth. p655. 131. P.R.O. BT31/2875/15892. 132 . M.J. 1883 p239; 1882 p1476.

Miscellaneous Trials 133. M.J. 1871 p848, 1028, 1036. 134. N.C.B. West Llangynog Plan. 135. Powis. 3056. 136. Powis. 3585. 137. Longueville. 909,910.

Outlying Mines 138. Bick. p40, 44. 139. Powis. 21712,3585. 140. Bygones, 1894, p453. 141 . Smyth. p660:684; Bick p44. 142 . P.R.O. BT41/13/70. 143. Rowlands, D.W.L., 1977, History and Description of

Llanwddyn and Lake Vyrnwy. 144 . M.J. 1879, p288. 145. (a) Jones, T.O., 1975, O. Ferwyn I Fynyllod, p169. (b)Rees. p480. 146. Spargo, T., 1870, Mines of Wales (rep. 1975), p74. M.J. 1869 p78; 1871 p6, 1134; 1872 p182, 218; 1873 p282; 1874 p88. Mining World. 1873 p51, 105, 117, 150, 195, 300, 352, 397, 610, 748, 797, 941. 147 . M.J. 1849, p463. 148 . M.J. 1850, p378. 149 . M.J. 1851, p545. 150 . M.J. 1862, p701. 151 . M.J. 1863, p320.

Phosphate Mines 152. (a) Davies, D.C., 1867, Geological Magazine, p251 to 253. (b) Davies, D.C., 1875, Quart. Journal of the Geological Society, p357 to 367. (c) Keeping, W. 1881, Quart. Journal Geol. Soc. Vol. VII p162. (d) North Wales, Geol. Surv. Memoir, p34 (early edition). (e) Davies, D.C., 1892, Earthy and Other Minerals, p130. (f) Thomas, T.M., 1961, Mineral Wealth of Wales etc. p228. (g) Archer. p264. 153. Voelcker, A., 1865, Brit. Assoc. Rep., Trans. of Sects. p37. 154. Cope. Oct. 1900. 155 . M.J. 1883, pU8. 156 . M.J. 1879, p440. 157. Salt. 158 . M.J. 1883, p118; 1878 p1351. 159. Wedd. p204. 160. Salt. 1890. 161. Wedd. p55.

Slate Mines and Quarries 162. North, F.J., 1943, Slates of Wales p90. 163 . Mont. Coll. 1871, Vol.4, p216; Davies, D.C., 1878, Treatise on Slate and Slate Quarrying, p26, 65, 69, 163, 168. 164. Evans, R.J. 1812, Beauties of England and Wales, p805. 165 . Cope. Vol.1, 1899, p6. 166 . Powis. 10251, 10255. 167. Bygones. 1871-73, p149; Dodd, A.H., 1951, The Industrial Revolution in North Wales, p122. 168 . Aiken. 169 . N.L.W. Miscell. Volumes 236-7. 170. Oswestry Advertiser 1853, March 1st. 171. Longueville. 1373. 172. Mineral Statistics, Building Stone Returns 1856, Mem. Geol. Surv. 173 . M.J. 1864, p638. 174 . Longueville. 1420. 175 . M.J. 1878, p1351. 176 . M.J. 1879, p778. 177. Slaters Directory, 1883; M.J. 1883 p118. 178. M.J. 1889 . 179. Mont. Coll. 1915, p26. 180. Welsh Slate Industry, 1947, Ministry of Works.

[126]

181. Wren. p147. 182. Mining Records Office, London. Abandonment Plan 12449 (Mont.) 183. Lewis, S., 1834, Topographical Dictionary of Wales (under Llangynog). 184 . M.J. 1864, p638. 185 . M.J. 1883, p118. 186 . Longueville. 1420,920; M.J. 1864 p638. 187 . Cope. 1899; 1 inch Geological Map Bala Sheet 136. 188 . Longueville. 1426. 189 . P.R.O. BT31/1355/3666. 190 . Mont. Coll. 1871, Vol. 4, p216. 191. Cooper, L.A.S., 1981, Cwm Maengwynedd Slate Mines, Tanat Chronicle. 192. Lewis, S., 1834, Top. Dict. (under Llanrhaeadr-ymmochnant). 193 . Caerhum. 410. 194. Further details in Wren p146 to 158. 195 . Caerhum. 506,507,508,519.

INDEX

Aber Hirnant, 113 Cefn Coch, 16. Allt-y-main, see Gallt-y-main. Champion, John, 33. Arthur, John, 16, 75, 91, 96. Chester, 54,42,61-2,102. Chirk Castle Co., 23,48-51,53. Baker, James, 17, 28-30. Clack, Jos., 103. Barker, Antony, 23, 36. Clara Consols mine, 92. Barker, Thomas, 35, 42. Clochnant (lead) 103-4, (slate) 119. Bell, Caleb, 37, 40. Cocker family, 40. Benthall (smelter), 11, 36-8,74. Costello, T.B., 107. Berwyn (granite), 19, 63, 120. Craig Ddu (lead), 13, 15, 30, 44, 92, 102-3. Berwyn (phosphate) 114-6. Cope, T.H., 21-2, 94, 102, 117. Berwyn Slate & Slab Co., 119. Cornwall, 80-1, 91, 104. Bevan, B. B., 117-8; Craig Rhiwarth (granite), 120. Bibby, Mr., 78, 117. Craig Rhiwarth (lead), 15, 18-9, 69, 89-94. Blaen-y-cwm, 112, 116. Craig Rhiwarth (slate), 117. Blaen-y-glyn (lead), 13, 15, 17, 35, 81, 107-8. Craig-y-gribbin (slate), 118. Bristol, 27, 30, 37, 42. Craig-y-mwyn (lead), 16-9, 30, 75-89. Broughton, Mr., 78-9. Craig-y-pistyll (slate), 120. Budd, Thomas, 28, 30. Cubil smelter, 16, 69, 72-3,77. Burn, E. J., 81-3, 107-9,116. Cwm Glanhafon (lead), 30, 96, 101-2, Bwlch Creolan (lead), 15, 108-14. (slate), 101, 112, 119, Bwlch Goleu, 112. (smelter), 16, 69, 72-3, 77. Bwlch-y-graig (slate), 120. Cwm Dallwyn trial, 114. Cwmgw(y)nen (phosphate), 114-5. Cwm Llech trial, 15, 69, 111. Ironmonger, Capt., 117. Cwm Orog (lead) 15-9, 30, 89, 94-101. Cwmwr lsaf, see Craig Ddu. Jenning, Mr., 79. Cynwyd (lead), 113. Jones (of Ruthin), 96, 101. Jones, Charles & Co., 18, 48. Darlington, John, 53, 56, 113. Jones, John, 108. Davies, D. c., 89, 94, 115-6. Julian, Thomas, 81-2. Davies, James, 108. Davies, Thomas, 81, 106. Kerney mine, 27. Davies, WaIter, 23-6, 42, 75, 78, 101. Knotwell, J., 53, 69, 106. Dennis, Henry, 53, 56, 61-2, 106. Dol-y-felin Blwm, 16. Lake Vyrnwy, 113, 120. Downing, Richard, 40. Llanarmon Mynydd-mawr, 107-8. Duvall, George, 28. Llanderfel, 116. Llandrillo, 42. Eastcott, John, 105. , 36, 41. East Llangynog Co., 80-84. Llanfyllin, 11, 15-6, 29, 42, 61, 108, 116. Eddy, Walter, 50-1, 79, 81. Llangynog granite quarry, 120. Ellerton, Richard, 52,61. Llangynog mine (lead), 11, 17-8, 21-74. Errington, Thomas, 28-9 Llangynog United Co. Ltd., 18, 52-61, 69, 91. Esgair-hir mine, 16. Llanrhaeadr Mining Co., 84. Evans, Edward, 119. Llanrhaeadr-ym-mochnant, 15, 17, 75, 84. Evans, John, 119. Llanwddyn, 31. Llanymynech, 16, 117. Foulkes, Messrs. & Co., 120. Lomas, Joseph, 21. London Lead Company, 17-8, 24, 27, 29, 35-42, Gallt-y-main (lead), 30, 113. 67,74. Garn U chaf trial, 112. Gladlys, 17, 35-6, 40. Maengwynedd (slate), 117-9. Glan Clwyd Co., 113. Maesafallen trial, 114. Glanyrafon (slate), 119. Maeslygan mine, 35. Great Rack (lead), 113. Major, Richard, 16. Green Hall Farm, 29. Makers quarry, 120. Griffiths, Mr., 102. Martin, S. E., 104, 106-7. Martin, (Sir) Theodore, 61. Halkyn mine, 35,40. Mathews, Jos., 85. Hancox, John, 103. May, Edmund, 44, 47. Haswell, Mr., 61-2. Meakin, Charles, 109. Hayley, Thomas, 42. Meifod (lead), 16. Henning, Henry, 17, 28-33, 77, 96, 101. Menzies, Jos., 97. Herbert family, see Powis. Mining Comany of Wales, 114. Hill, James, 61-2. MitcheH, Jos., 92. Hills, F.C., 116. Mochnant, Manor of, 26. Hirnant (lead), 103-4. Moel Achles (lead), 112. Hughes, John & Co., 18, 42-4, 102. Monkhouse quarry, 120. Montgomeryshire Canal, 11, 117. [127] Morrall, Edward, 109. Hughs, Antony, 108. Morris, Eleanor, 107. Hughs, Richard, 27. Morris, J. & W., 119. Hushing, 77, 89. Moss, Joshua, 81. Myddelton-Biddulph, Robert, 18, 34. Ingleby, Richard, 40. Myddelton, Sir Hugh, 34. Iron Age, 15, 91, 96. Myddelton, John, 37-8. Myddelton, Sir Richard, 27, 107-8. Rule, James, 48, 50-1, 114. Myddelton, Robert, 17, 22, 27, 34-7, 48-51, 74. Russell, Arthur, 94, 109.

Nancarrow, James, 81-2. Sadler, William, 97,108. Nant Hafod-y-brain trial, 112. Saiver, R. & E., 16. Nant Tre-fechan, 112. Sennett, William, 97, 105, 108. Nant-y-blaidd (lead), 13, 15, 30. Slate mining, 18-9, 116-20. Nant-y-dual (lead), 30, 101-2. Slaughter, Thomas, 108. New Llangynog Co. Ltd., 18, 61-2. Smelting sites, 16,69, 724. Norman, John, 37, 40. Smith, Thomas, 33. North & South Llangynog Co., 92, 103. Smyth, W.W., 23,91,101,109,112-3. Sparke, William, 33. Ochr-y-graig (lead), 89. Steam engines, 33, 36,42,46,61,111. O’Connor, Martin, 23, 31, 77, 96, 101-2, 106, 113. Stone quarries, 120. Ogle, Newman, 19,97. Sutherland, W., 114. Oswestry, 11, 42, 57-8, 79, 117. Owen, Robert, 85, 97 Tanat Valley Railway, 13, 19,63,94,97. Taylor & Sons, John, 52-6, 78. Parry, Thomas, 28, 102. Taylor, Joseph, 804. Pascoe, E., 814. Thomas, James, 50, 81, 101-5. Pearson, Jas., 114. Thornhill, W.J., 92, 103. Pengwern mine, 18, 24, 47, 51-5. Touseau, Edward, 97. Pennant, T., 23, 26, 33, 117. Travers, William, 30. Pen-y-garnedd (phosphate), 13, 116. Trelogan mine, 35,40. Pen-y-graig (lead), 107-8. Ty-newydd, 27, 29-30,62,67. Phosphate mining, 19, 114-16. Pilkington, John, 104. Van mine, 11, 18, 29, 102. Pool Quay smelter, 11, 17, 27, 29-33, 36. Verran, R.H., 104. Powis: 1st Marquess of, 26. Vieille Montagne Co., 18-9, 63, 85, 97, 102-3. 2nd Marquess of, 17, 26-30,91, frontispiece. 3rd Marquess of, 26, 30. Walton, Joseph, 109. 1st Earl of, 17, 26, 30-3. Watson, Harry, 63,97. 1st Earl (2nd Crea.), 44. Wenham, A.E., 97. Probert, John, 34. West Llangynog (lead), 105-6, Pugh, J.D., 92, 103. (slate) 118. Pwllywrach, 116. West, Mr., 42. Williams, Bell, 78-9. Rees-Meredith, David, 97. Williams, J., 47. Reid, Alexander, 18,48-58,91. Williams, John, 23. Rhiwarth (lead), 15, 18-9, 69, 89-94. Wilkinson, John, 33. Rhiwarth (slate), 117-8. Wrexham, 42, 52, 104. Richardson, Henry, 1134. Richardson, H., 118. [128] Richardson, Richard, 108. Roberts, David, 108. Roberts, O.,117. Robinson, C.B., 92. Roch, Mr., 33. Rogers, James, 107. Roman period, 15, 75. Roy, Robert, 52, Rudyard, Rice, 91. Rule, Charles, 80. THE AUTHOR

Alan Williams was born in 1954. Due to family connections he made frequent childhood visits to an area near to Langynog and became interested in the old mines of the district.

His keen interest in mining and mineralogy led to him taking a degree in Mining Geology at the Royal School of Mines where he was awarded the Clement Le Neve Foster Prize.

Since graduation he has been employed in research and development in the glass industry. He is a member of the Welsh Mines Historical Society, the Northern Mine Research Society and the Peak District Mines Historical Society. He represents the Welsh Mines Historical Society on the council of the National Association of Mining History Organisations (NAMHO).

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