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Fossil Algae from Eniwetok, Funafuti and Kita-Daito-Jima

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Fossil Algae from Eniwetok, Funafuti and Kita-Daito-Jima Fossil Algae From Eniwetok, Funafuti and Kita-Daito-Jima GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260-Z Fossil Algae From Eniwetok, Funafuti and Kita-Daito-Jima By J. HARLAN JOHNSON BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260-Z A description of 90 species, including 4 new ones, belonging to 16 genera, and a discussion of the value of algae as paleoecological indicators and rock builders UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1961 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEW ART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Systematic descriptions—Continued Abstract-_ _________________________________________ 907 Rhodophyta—Continued Introduction _______________________________________ 907 Family Corallinaceae—Continued Source of material ______________________________ 907 Subfamily Melobesioideae—Continued Page Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands-____________ 907 Genus Lithophyllum Philippi, 1837__._ 927 Funafuti Atoll, Ellice Islands_________________ 907 Division 1—Simple crusts. ______ 928 Kita-Daito-Jima, Philippine Sea______________ 908 Division 2—Crusts with warty Procedure- _____________________________________ 908 protuberances. _______________ 930 Acknowledgments. ______________________________ 910 Division 3—Strongly branching Classification, ______________________________________ 910 forms.______________________ 931 Keys to the tribes and genera of the crustose coralline Genus Goniolithon Foslie, 1900_______ 932 algae_ _______________________________________ 911 Genus Porolithon Foslie, 1900-_______ 933 Keys to the genera of the articulated coralline algae__ 912 Division 1—Crusts. _ ____________ 934 Distribution and abundance-___-_-_--__-___-_---_-__- 912 Division 2—Large thick masses. _ 934 Crustose coralline algae__________________________ 912 Division 3—Strongly branching Articulate coralline algae-_-____--____-__________ 913 forms _______________________ 934 Green algae.___________________________________ 913 Genus Paraporolithon Johnson, 1957__ 935 Algae on existing reefs___---_-_-_-_---______-__-_ 914 Genus Lithoporella Foslie, 1909_______ 935 Algae in drill holes._____________________________ 915 Genus Dermatolithon Foslie, 1899-___- 937 Algae as limestone builders_---_----_-_----___-------- 915 Algae as indicators of age_________--________.-__-_-__ 915 Subfamily Corallinoideae (articulate coral­ Algae as ecological indicators.________________________ 916 lines) -___---_-___---_-_-___---__-_--_ 938 Systematic descriptions._____________________________ 916 Genus Jania Lamouroux, 1812_______ 938 Rhodophyta (red algae) _________________________ 916 Genus Amphiroa Lamouroux, 1812____ 939 Family Corallinaceae (coralline algae) _________ 916 Genus Corallina Linnaeus, 1758______ 940 Subfamily Melobesioideae (crustose Chlorophy ta (green algae) _______________________ 941 corallines) ____________________________ 916 Family Dasycladaceae_______________________ 941 Genus Archaeolithothamnium Roth- Genus Dactylopora Lamarck, 1816____ 941 pletz, 1891__ _ ____________________ 916 Genus Acicularia d'Archiac, 1843_____ 941 Division 1—Simple crusts_-___- 917 Occurrences of Dasycladaceae in cut­ Division 2—Crusts with protuber­ ances or short stubby branches. 919 tings from E-l, Eniwetok_________ 942 Division 3—Strongly branching Family Codiaecae.________________________>__ 942 forms _______________________ 921 Genus Halimeda Lamouroux, 1812____ 942 Genus Lithothamnium Phillippi, 1837__ 921 Occurrences of Halimeda in cuttings Division 1—Simple crusts________ 922 from E-l, Eniwetok. _____________ 942 Division 2—Crusts with warty Genus Microcodium Gllick, 1912__.___ 942 protuberances or short stubby Geographic distribution and stratigraphic occurrences of branches..___________________ 923 algae_ _________________-_-____---_-_-___---_--_-_ 943 Division 3—Strongly branching Occurrences of algae in F-l and E-l______________ 943 forms ________________________ 924 Distribution of algae in boring K-l, Engebi__ _____ 945 Genus Mesophyllum Lemoine, 1928. __ 925 Division 1—Simple crusts___---__ 925 Distribution of algae in Funafuti boring___._-___._ 945 Division 2—Crusts with short Occurrences of algae in Funafuti boring.__________ 946 stubby branches-_____________ 926 Occurrences of algae in Kita-Daito-Jima boring... __ 946 Division 3—Strongly branching Selected bibliography-___________-__--_---____--____. 947 forms.______________________ 927 Index _____________________________________________ 949 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates follow Index] PLATE 267. Archaeolithothamnium. PLATE 275. Porolithon, Go'niolithon, and Lithophyllum. 268. Archaeolithothamnium. 276. Lithoporella. 269. Archaeolithothamnium and Lithothamnium. 277. Corallina, Amphiroa, Dermatolithon, and Lithopo­ 270. Lithothamnium and Mesophyllum. rella. 271. Mesophyllum. 278. Amphiroa, Jania, and.Dactylopora. 272. Lithophyllum and Mesophyllum. 279. Halimeda, Dactylopora, and Acicularia. 273. Lithophyllum. 280. Halimeda. 274. Lithophyllum. Page FIGURE 288. Sites of deep holes drilled on coral islands__________________--__-_-----_----------_---__-----_-------- 908 289. Location of drill holes on Eniwetok Atoll-________________._________-___-_________-_--_____---------_ 909 in BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS FOSSIL ALGAE FROM ENIWETOK, FUNAFUTI, AND KITA-DAITO-JIMA By J. HARLAN JOHNSON ABSTRACT The present study indicates that algae have contributed Ninety species belonging to sixteen genera of calcareous algae notably to reef construction. are described and discussed. Four of the species are new. Insofar as possible, the data on the algae from the Most of the algae were obtained from holes drilled on Eniwetok, Funafuti, and Kita-Daito-Jima; a few from outcrop samples. various islands has been synthesized, and the species The several habitats occupied by algae on the existing reefs are descriptions have been arranged systematically. briefly described. Algae are shown to have value as paleoeco- logical indicators. They have contributed notably as rock SOUECE OF MATERIAL builders. The rocks containing the algae have been dated as: Recent This report is based on the limestone cores and and Pleistocene (?), Miocene, and Eocene. The algal floras cuttings obtained from the drill holes on Eniwetok, from these units are quite distinct. Many of the species ob­ Funafuti, and Kita-Daito-Jima. served growing on the existing reefs occur in the Pleisto­ cene ( ?) limestones along with some additional forms. With the ENIWETOK ATOLL, MARSHALL ISLANDS exception of the highly variable form designated as Litliopo- Drilling on Eniwetok Atoll began in 1951 when reila, melobesioides (Foslie) Foslie, the Recent-Pleistocene(?), Miocene, and Eocene floras have no species in common. several holes were drilled on the island of Engebi. One Charts show the known geographic and geologic distribution of these (K-1B) was carried to a depth of 1,285 feet. of species. Details of the stratigraphic distribution of the algae The following year two deep holes were drilled, in the drill holes are appended at the end of the report. each of which went to the underlying volcanic rock basement. The first, F-l on Elugelab. struck the INTRODUCTION basement rock at a depth of 4,610 feet. The second, E-l Since the end of World War II, geological studies of on Parry Island, reached a total depth of 4,222 feet, many of the Pacific Islands have been made by the U.S. having penetrated 68 feet of basalt (fig. 289). Drill Geological Survey. In connection with this work, the holes F—1 and E-l are the deepest yet made in a coral author visited a number of the islands and collected reef, and are the only ones that have penetrated to the both living and fossil algae. He has also studied the basement material. The holes passed through a rela­ large collections of algae made by the parties engaged tively thin Quaternary section before entering a thick in mapping the islands and has studied material from Tertiary section of shallow-water limestones. all the deep holes that have been drilled into Pacific Many of the beds penetrated by the drill were very island reefs. fossiliferous. The most abundant fossils are Foramin- Descriptions of the living and fossil algae from ifera, corals, mollusks, and algae. A detailed discus­ Bikini Atoll have been published by Taylor (1950) and sion of the stratigraphy and descriptions of the other Johnson (1954). Descriptions of fossil algae from groups of fossils are contained in other chapters of Saipan have been published by Johnson (1957). Professional Paper 260. The present paper presents information obtained FUNAFUTI ATOLL, EXJLICE ISLANDS from studies of samples from deep holes drilled on Eniwetok, Funafuti, and Kita-Daito-Jima and some Drilling on Funafuti was done between 1896 and comparisons with samples from Bikini. Drill holes 1898. The final report on the project was pub­ on these four islands are the only ones that have pene­ lished as an illustrated memoir by the Royal Society trated deeply enough to give significant information as of London in 1904 and is recognized as a classic in to the foundations of the atolls and their geologic his­ geology. Members of the Royal Society who made the tory. Samples from all holes contain calcareous algae, study discussed the petrography and alteration of the and at certain levels such algae are extremely abun­ rocks, and described in detail most of the organisms dant. The
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