DOCSLIB.ORG

Technology Integration 2019 Annual Progress Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Technology Integration 2019 Annual Progress Report Technology Integration 2019 Annual Progress Report Vehicle Technologies Office (This page intentionally left blank) FY 2019 Annual Progress Report Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the Unites States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Unites States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Disclaimer i Technology Integration Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the principal investigators and their teams from industry, academia, the national laboratories, and Clean Cities coalitions who prepared the project abstracts. In addition, we would like to thank the project managers at the National Energy Technology Laboratory for their continuing support in administering these projects. We would also like to express our appreciation to Allegheny Science and Technology (AST) for their technical support in preparing, editing, compiling, and publishing the 2019 Technology Integration Annual Progress Report. ii Acknowledgements FY 2019 Annual Progress Report Acronyms ACFC Alabama Clean Fuels Coalition ADAS Advanced Driver Assistance Systems AEO Arkansas Energy Office AFLEET Tool Alternative Fuel Life-Cycle Environmental and Economic Transportation Tool AFPR Alternative Fuel Price Report AFV alternative fuel vehicle AHJ authority having jurisdiction API application programming interface ATRI American Transportation Research Institute AV autonomous vehicle A VTC Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition BMS Behavioral Micro-simulation BMV Bureau of Motor Vehicles BTD Bellevue Transportation Department CACC Chicago Area Clean Cities CARB California Air Resources Board CARTA Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority CATT Lab Center for Advanced Transportation Technology Laboratory CAV Connected and Automated Vehicles CC-G Clean Cities - Georgia CH2 compressed hydrogen CMU Carnegie Mellon University CNG compressed natural gas CSU Colorado State University CTE Center for Transportation and the Environment CTS Contract Transportation Services CVEF Clean Vehicle Education Foundation Acronyms iii Technology Integration CVLZ Commercial Vehicle Loading Zone DC direct current DCFC direct current fast charger DLI Deterministic Linear Interpolation DNL Dynamic Network Loading DOE Department of Energy DOT Department of Transportation EEL energy efficient logistics EEMS energy efficient mobility systems EERE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy EIA Energy Information Administration EISA Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 ELM Electric Last Mile EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPAct Energy Policy Act of 1992 ERAU Embry Riddle Aeronautical University EV electric vehicle EVI-Pro Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection EVSE electric vehicle supply equipment FAST Act Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act FEI Fuel Economy Information FHWA Federal Highway Administration FOA Funding Opportunity Announcement FTG Freight Trip Generation FY fiscal year GA S GPS Analysis Software GHG greenhouse gas GIS Geographic Information System iv Acronyms FY 2019 Annual Progress Report GLA CC Greater Lansing Area Clean Cities GM General Motors GPS Global Positioning System GREET Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation GT Georgia Tech GTI Gas Technology Institute H2 hydrogen HDV heavy duty vehicle HEV hybrid-electric vehicle ICC International Code Council IDI in-depth interview IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers INCOG Indian Nations Council of Governments INL Idaho National Laboratory IO Input-Output IoT Internet of Things ITEM Integrated Transport-Energy Model KPI Key performance indicator kWh kilowatt-hour L2 level 2 LDV light duty vehicle LNG liquefied natural gas LPG liquefied petroleum gas (propane) M2M Michigan to Montana MaaS Mobility as a Service MAC McMaster University MAC-POST Mobility Data Analytics Center – Prediction, Optimization and Simulation Toolkit MEC Metropolitan Energy Center Acronyms v Technology Integration MEP Mobility Energy Productivity MMDUE Multi-modal Dynamic User Equilibrium MORPC Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission M OVES Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator MPG miles per gallon mph miles per hour MPO metropolitan planning organization MSU Mississippi State University MWCOG Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments MY model year NAICS North American Industry Classification System NASEO National Association of State Energy Officials NFPA National Fire Protection Association NGV natural gas vehicle NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NOx oxides of nitrogen NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory NTEA National Truck Equipment Association NYC New York City OEM original equipment manufacturer OHD Off-Hour Deliveries ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory OSU Ohio State University PBOT Portland Bureau of Transportation pdf portable document format PEV plug-in electric vehicle PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicle PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory vi Acronyms FY 2019 Annual Progress Report PSCFC Palmetto State Clean Fuels Coalition PY project year QoS quality of service R&D research and development RPC Regional Planning Commission RFP request for proposals RITIS Regional Integrated Transportation Information System RPI Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SCL Seattle City Light SCOS Smart Columbus Operating System SDOT Seattle Department of Transportation SEAFDP Southeast Alternative Fuel Deployment Program SSCS South Shore Clean Cities TCO total cost of ownership TEAD Transportation Energy Analytics Dashboard TIC Technologist in Cities TNC Transportation Network Company TRB Transportation Research Board TRS Technical Response Service UA University of Alabama UCCC Utah Clean Cities Coalition UFL Urban Freight Lab UMD University of Maryland UPS United Parcel Service USU Utah State University UT University of Tennessee, Knoxville UU University of Utah Acronyms vii Technology Integration UW University of Washington UWAFT University of Waterloo Alternative Fuels Team VT Virginia Tech VTO Vehicle Technologies Office VW Volkswagen WCC Wisconsin Clean Cities W VU West Virginia University WWCC Western Washington Clean Cities viii Acronyms FY 2019 Annual Progress Report Executive Summary The 2019 Technology Integration Annual Progress Report covers 30 multi-year projects funded by the Vehicle Technologies Office. The report includes information on 23 competitively awarded projects, ranging from safety training and design for maintenance facilities housing gaseous fuel vehicles, to electric vehicle community partner programs, to truck platooning with advanced driver assistance systems. It also includes seven projects conducted by several of VTO’s National Laboratory partners, Argonne National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. These projects range from a Technical Assistance project for business, industry, government and individuals, to the EcoCar Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition, and the Fuel Economy Information Project. The projects involve partnerships between private industry, the public sector and, in many cases, non-profit organizations, and incorporate an educational component designed to enable the sharing of best practices and lessons learned. Data collected from these projects is used to inform the future direction of VTO-funded research. Executive Summary ix Technology Integration Table of Contents Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................................iii Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................................... ix Vehicle Technologies Office Overview ....................................................................................................................... 1 Annual Progress Report .........................................................................................................1 Organization Chart ................................................................................................................2 Technology Integration Program Overview .............................................................................................................. 3 Introduction .........................................................................................................................3 Goals ..................................................................................................................................3 Program Organization Matrix..................................................................................................3 I Alternative Fuel Vehicle Initiatives.....................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • List of Vehicle Owners Clubs
    V765/1 List of Vehicle Owners Clubs N.B. The information contained in this booklet was correct at the time of going to print. The most up to date version is available on the internet website: www.gov.uk/vehicle-registration/old-vehicles 8/21 V765 scheme How to register your vehicle under its original registration number: a. Applications must be submitted on form V765 and signed by the keeper of the vehicle agreeing to the terms and conditions of the V765 scheme. A V55/5 should also be filled in and a recent photograph of the vehicle confirming it as a complete entity must be included. A FEE IS NOT APPLICABLE as the vehicle is being re-registered and is not applying for first registration. b. The application must have a V765 form signed, stamped and approved by the relevant vehicle owners/enthusiasts club (for their make/type), shown on the ‘List of Vehicle Owners Clubs’ (V765/1). The club may charge a fee to process the application. c. Evidence MUST be presented with the application to link the registration number to the vehicle. Acceptable forms of evidence include:- • The original old style logbook (RF60/VE60). • Archive/Library records displaying the registration number and the chassis number authorised by the archivist clearly defining where the material was taken from. • Other pre 1983 documentary evidence linking the chassis and the registration number to the vehicle. If successful, this registration number will be allocated on a non-transferable basis. How to tax the vehicle If your application is successful, on receipt of your V5C you should apply to tax at the Post Office® in the usual way.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Value a Collector Vehicle
    HOW TO VALUE A COLLE C TOR VE H I C LE It’s hard to know how much to pay for a car or STEP ONE: CLASSIFICATION what price to ask for when you sell it unless you can first determine its value. There are Classification is a big part of due diligence for a several definitions for the word “value,” but buyer, and it’s all part of the process necessary for most people it means “the monetary worth to protect oneself from purchasing a car that is or marketable price of an object.” Sometimes either falsely represented or simply overpriced. there are other personal factors – which are often known as relative worth – that also add to It’s fairly easy to identify many cars, particularly value. This pamphlet explores the many things those produced in higher quantities, although limited- that contribute to the value of any collector car. production or one-off cars may pose more difficulty. It should help you to more accurately evaluate Accurate identification is especially critical with muscle or set a value for your collector car. cars, big classic cars and race cars because their high values tend to produce a large number of replicas or cars with questionable history or identity. Is that Plymouth THE THREE-STEP PROCESS ‘Cuda a real Hemi-powered car or a clone? Is that Jaguar race car the actual car raced by Bob Tullius or According to Donald Peterson, editor emeritus of just one of the backup team cars? Is that 1933 Auburn Car Collector magazine, there are three basic steps Speedster one of the original factory cars or was it to assigning value: Classification, Condition and constructed from scavenged parts? Comparables.
    [Show full text]
  • A Range of Classic Motor Vehicles for Auction
    Classic Car Auctions A RANGE OF CLASSIC MOTOR VEHICLES FOR AUCTION TO INCLUDE CLASSIC & VINTAGE CARS, TRACTORS, MOTORBIKES, COMMERCIAL VEHICLES, BARN FINDS & RURAL BYGONES ETC. FRIDAY 14TH JULY 2017 TRACTOR AUCTION STARTS AT 10AM AUCTION STARTS AT N00N No Cash With effect from 25th June 2017 we will not be able to accept any cash payments. HOBBS PARKER CAR AUCTIONS, MONUMENT WAY, ORBITAL PARK, ASHFORD, KENT, TN24 0HB, WWW.HOBBSPARKER.CO.UK/CARS to avoid liability for loss or damage caused by its own actions, staff Terms and Conditions of Sale or agents. Vehicles can be paid for in full on the day of auction or at the latest by midday the following day. Any vehicles paid for after this 1 A completed entry form, the V5C (otherwise known as ‘registration time are deemed “Not Warranted or Sold as Seen” as per auction document’ or ‘logbook’), valid MOT certificate (if applicable) and conditions, and no complaints will be entertained. correct entry fee must be handed to the Auctioneers who have the right to refuse to offer a vehicle for sale. 13 The Vendor will have no right to payment for any vehicle until the Auctioneers have received full payment from the Purchaser unless 2 Selling commission on the price for which the vehicle is sold shall be the Auctioneers have delivered the vehicle to the Purchaser without that prevailing at the time and displayed in the Auction Office. Such payment and without the Vendors consent. commission shall be paid by the Vendor on the vehicle being sold whether by auction or private treaty.
    [Show full text]
  • AZ 85001-2100 96-0143 R02/19 Azdot.Gov • Most Plates May Be Ordered Online At
    Arizona Definitions Reconstructed vehicle. A vehicle that has been assembled or constructed largely by means of essential parts, new or used, derived from vehicles or makes of vehicles of various names, models and types or that, if originally otherwise constructed, has been materially altered by the removal of essential parts or by the addition or substitution of essential parts, new or used, derived from other vehicles or makes of vehicles. For the purposes of this paragraph, "essential parts" means integral and body parts, the removal, alteration or substitution of which will tend to conceal the identity or substantially alter the appearance of the vehicle. Historic vehicle. Any of the following: 1. A vehicle bearing a model year date of original manufacture that is twenty-five years old or older. 2. A vehicle included in a list of historic vehicles filed with the director by a recognized historic or classic vehicle organization during the month of December of each year. 3. A reconstructed vehicle that the director determines, on application by the owner, retains at least the basic original body style as manufactured twenty-five years or more before the date of the application. Classic car. A car included in the 1963 list of classic cars filed with the director by the classic car club of America. The director shall revise the list every five years. Horseless carriage. A motor vehicle manufactured in 1915 or before. Specially constructed vehicle. A vehicle not originally constructed under a distinctive name, make, model or type by a generally recognized manufacturer of vehicles. Street Rod.
    [Show full text]
  • Danger Ahead!! a Must-Read for All Classic Car Owners! Increasing Ethanol Content in Petrol Threatens Major Difficulties for Older Vehicles…
    www.wheels-alive.co.uk Danger ahead!! A must-read for all classic car owners! Increasing ethanol content in petrol threatens major difficulties for older vehicles… Published: 11th August 2016 Author: Dave Moss Online version: https://www.wheels-alive.co.uk/danger-ahead-a-must-read-for-all-classic-car-owners-increasing-ethanol-content-in-petrol-threatens-maj or-difficulties-for-older-vehicles/ www.wheels-alive.co.uk www.wheels-alive.co.uk Ethanol and Classic Cars… An Uneasy Mixture – by Dave Moss. Do you run a classic car and wish to continue driving it in the future? If so, our Wheels-Alive guide to ethanol in petrol is ESSENTIAL reading… Part 1 – The Background Ethanol is alcohol, which, but for the fact that it’s chemically modified, would be drinkable. In its original form, dating back into the mists of time, it was often known as the illicit whisky moonshine, which was a distillate of grain such as wheat, though production was also possible from sugar crops. Its use as a vehicle fuel is believed to date back at least to Henry Ford’s first quadricycle, which reportedly ran on ethanol corn alcohol, as could the Model T and several other early US cars – until ‘gasoline’ became more widely available. Afterwards, ethanol was sometimes added to early petrol as an octane booster to combat the dreaded “pinking” (or “detonation”) falling out of favour only with the discovery that tetra- ethyl lead did the same job with less hassle all round… Ethanol began a comeback in the 1970s, when pressure was mounting in the US to remove lead from petrol, and some south American countries realised that as a vehicle fuel produced from local crops it could dramatically cut prices – and reduce reliance on imports as the oil crisis hit.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating the Effect of Ethanol Concentration in Petrol on Carburettor Components
    Matthew Tomkins 11017385 1 Investigating the effect of ethanol concentration in petrol on carburettor components Investigating the effect of ethanol concentration in petrol on carburettor components Matthew Tomkins 11017385 Oxford Brookes University Project Supervisor: A. Rendell Matthew Tomkins 11017385 2 Investigating the effect of ethanol concentration in petrol on carburettor components Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Aims ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Methods ............................................................................................................................................... 8 Preparing the solutions ..................................................................................................................... 8 Preparing the Brass components ...................................................................................................... 9 Brass component testing for mass change ....................................................................................... 9 Analysis of rubber components .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Type H Wildcamp
    HERITAGE The famous Citroën HY has had the lowest loading Finally, one person could stand in the van, making it ideal platform in its category since 1947, the year it was for any type of use: from food trucks to campervans. presented to the market: only 35 cm! HOW A CITROEN JUMPER/RELAY BECOMES A NEW TYPE H VAN? COMPLETE VEHICLE PURCHASE KIT INSTALLATION ON CUSTOMER’S VEHICLE You can order a new Citroen Jumper/Relay van pre- The installation of the kit on a new or used Citroen installed with the Type H kit through Carrosserie Caselani Jumper/Relay (X250) can only be carried out at the or at one of our official dealers. Both left and right- Carrosserie Caselani production plant in Italy. hand-drive models are available. 01 FREIGHT AND PASSENGER TRANSPORT MINIBUS Our 9-seat passenger van is based on the Citroen Jumper/Relay LOISIR with comfort suspensions, 1 sliding side door, 3 single seats in 2nd and 3rd line and automatic climate control. TYPE H Pallas Packet Leather seats 02 PANEL VAN We bring back the iconic flair of the original Citroën HY with a comprehensive choice range of variants, including 4 panel van load lengths and 3 roof heights. 03 FOOD TRUCK & MOBILE SHOPS OLD STYLE FOOD TRUCK 04 MODERN STYLE FOOD TRUCK Old Citroen HY vans have been enjoying great popularity in the street food scene. Buta classic car is not suitable for everyone. If it’s necessary to cover long distances then existence depends on the mobility and on the reliability. The new Type H combines the charm of the classic HY with the effectiveness of a new vehicle.
    [Show full text]
  • Hey, Little Minivan
    Song 12: Hey, Little Minivan ACTIVITY MENU PRE-LISTENING Swat Brainstorming and Mind-Mapping Vocabulary Four Corners LISTENING Relax and Enjoy! Listening for Rhyming Words Mixed-Up Pictures SINGING Sing Along With Me Show Me the Word Crazy Lyrics POST-LISTENING Speaking: What Do YOU Think? Reading: Jigsaw Reading Writing: Story Extensions 730 www.americanenglish.state.gov Hey, Little Minivan: Lyrics by Austin Lounge Lizards (3:44) 1 On Deadman's Curve I used to shut 'em down. I had the hottest muscle car in my hometown. I could burn rubber in all four gears. But I haven't done that in a million years. 5 Hey, little minivan, we're goin' to the grocery store. 6 She's got an automatic tranny with overdrive, And the radio's tuned to Magic 95. She gets 30 miles on a gallon of gas, And I can schlep all the girls to gymnastics class. Her headlights on both night and day, The most practical value in the USA. She's got cruise control, ABS, and EFI, I keep her Michelins at 32 PSI. 14 Hey, little minivan, we're goin' to the children's museum. 15 On icy mornings when I'm feeling my age, I'm protected and warm in my steel cage. Her climate control really pumps out the heat, And her dual air bags just can't be beat. She's rated real high by Consumer Reports, And her two front seats have got lumbar support. I've got the good driver rate and comprehensive insurance, And she's loaded with electronic theft deterrents.
    [Show full text]
  • The Classic Car: History, Passion and Investment
    Study of Collector Cars The Classic Car: History, passion and investment The Art of the Automobile Classic car insurance with AXA ART The market breakdown The world’s number one art insurance specialist, Being art lovers and experts first and foremost, we AXA ART operates in 26 countries and brings over know in the fullest sense how precious possessions 50 years’ experience to the responsibility of insuring can be. We understand that complete financial peace Top Lot works of art and collectibles. of mind doesn’t begin to cover emotional attachment. cars sold Classic Car at a price Index of > €1 Billion Mid Cap Classic cars sold at a price of > €100.000 Car Index cars sold at a Small Cap price of < €100.000 Classic Car Index e W affirm that the world’s Classic cars: a market ripe for research magnificence has been The collector car market is in many respects unique. Methodology and data analysis: enriched by a new beauty: Its enthusiasts are driven by a passion all of their own, and they regard their possessions as works of heritage By partnering with ADEMY, we’ve been able to produce the beauty of speed ... and aesthetic beauty equal to the pinnacles of classical a data breakdown detailing monthly transactions of art, and fully worthy of their sometimes spectacular classic cars at dedicated auction houses, primarily over a roaring car that seems market value. the last ten years. to ride on grapeshot is more Yet surprisingly, given its high international profile, the The ADEMY database includes over 100,000 sales collector car market is not so well understood.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Electric Car Promotion Policies in Chinese Cities
    WHITE PAPER OCTOBER 2018 ASSESSMENT OF ELECTRIC CAR PROMOTION POLICIES IN CHINESE CITIES Hui He, Lingzhi Jin, Hongyang Cui, Huan Zhou www.theicct.org [email protected] BEIJING | BERLIN | BRUSSELS | SAN FRANCISCO | WASHINGTON ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project is a joint effort between the International Council on Clean Transportation and China EV100. Funding of this work was generously provided by Energy Foundation China and Argonne National Laboratory under the U.S. Department of Energy’s Clean Energy Research Center-Clean Vehicle Consortium (CERC-CVC). The authors would like to thank Michael Wang, Michael Walsh, Jianhua Chen, John German, Anup Bandivadekar, Peter Slowik, and Dale Hall for their review and constructive comments. Their review does not imply an endorsement, and any errors are the authors’ own. International Council on Clean Transportation 1225 I Street NW Suite 900 Washington, DC 20005 USA [email protected] | www.theicct.org | @TheICCT © 2018 International Council on Clean Transportation ASSESSMENT OF ELECTRIC CAR PROMOTION POLICIES IN CHINESE CITIES number of electric car sales and their market penetration in the top 30cities. inthetop penetration number ofelectriccarsalesandtheirmarket the ES1shows Figure electriccarmarket. 84%ofthenation’s represented collectively 30cities theelectriccars. These indeveloping andearlysuccess commitment showed andthe30citiesthat carsector onthepassenger focuses analysis This inChina. ofelectriccarmarkets patterns some general alsoreveal data subnational in theleading30citieselectriccarsales.Inaddition,
    [Show full text]
  • Rationalizing the Lunatic Fringe: Bases of Classic Car Enthusiasm
    Intersect, Volume 2, Number 1 (2009) Rationalizing the Lunatic Fringe: Bases of Classic Car Enthusiasm Derek Tam-Scott Stanford University Each year since the mid-1970s, during the third week of August, thousands of classic car enthusiasts have descended on California’s Monterey Peninsula, for what has become the United States’ premier classic car event. Seedy motels charge two hundred dollars a night, require a four night minimum stay, and are fully booked two months in advance. What is simply called “Monterey” began as two formal events, The Concours d’Elegance at the world-famous Pebble Beach Lodge and golf course, and the historic races at Laguna Seca Racetrack (the “Historics”), but has now evolved into an entire week, and even spilled into the week before with the “pre-historics.” Today, there are so many events that it is impossible to attend them all, including many car shows, parties hosted by local collectors and enthusiasts, and no fewer than four different auctions, during which over $140 million in cars changed hands in 2008. Participation in many of the events, including Pebble Beach and the Historics, is by invitation only, and the finest examples of the genre come from around the world, selected from collections in Europe, South America, Australia, and Asia. Thousands of enthusiasts and collectors come from around the globe and face a dizzying array of options. Because the events are geographically spread out, driving from event to event is as exciting as the events themselves. Cars that are most frequently in the pages of magazines and books are all over the roads, filled with luggage and people, and it seems that every fourth car is a Ferrari.
    [Show full text]
  • Car Classification
    Car classification Car classification is subjective since many vehicles fall into multiple categories or do not fit well into any. Not all car types are common in all countries and names for the same vehicle can differ by region. Furthermore, some descriptions may be interpreted differently in different places. Broadly speaking, there are a set of classifications which are widely understood in North America, and another set which are somewhat understood in English-speaking contexts in Europe. Some terms borrowed from non-English languages may have different meanings when used in their native language. Classification systems The following are the most commonly used classifications. Where applicable, the equivalent Euro NCAP classifications are shown. Car rental companies often use the ACRISS Car Classification Code. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has another set of classification rules based on interior passenger and cargo volumes. A similar set of classes is used by the Canadian EPA. In Australia, the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries publishes its own classifications. Car classification American English British English Segment Euro NCAP Examples Microcar Microcar, Bubble car - - BMW Isetta, Smart Fortwo - City car A-segment Daewoo Matiz, Renault Twingo, Toyota Aygo, VW Lupo Supermini Subcompact car Supermini B-segment Hyundai Accent, Ford Fiesta, Opel Corsa, Suzuki Swift Compact car Small family car C-segment Small family car Ford Focus, Toyota Corolla, Opel Astra, VW Golf Mid-size car Large family car
    [Show full text]