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The Bishops of Argyll and the Castle of Achanduin, Lismore,Adll80-1343

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The Bishops of Argyll and the Castle of Achanduin, Lismore,Adll80-1343 Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 128 (1998), 645-652 Bishope Th Castle Argylf so th d e lan o f Achanduin, Lismore,ADll80-1343 Dennis Turner* ABSTRACT The history of the see of Argyll, its Bishops and its endowments to 1343 is reviewed and the conclusion made that neither the see nor the Bishop could have afforded to build Achanduin Castle. Examination of the published 14th-century documentation shows that the commonly held view that the Bishop was in possession of the castle in 1304 is probably mistaken. The castle is likely to have been built by the MacDougall family in the 1290s and to have remained in their possession throughout 14ththe century. INTRODUCTION t leas a lase r tth t Fo centur frequentl s halfa ha d t ,i y an y been stated tha castle tth Achanduif eo n on Lismore (NGR: NM 804 392) was the residence of the Bishops of Argyll (Anderson & Anderson 1847, 326; OPS 2.1,169; RCAHMS 1974, 171). Following the excavation of the castle between 1970 and 1975 (Turner, in prep), the question arose as to whether the 14th-century documentation and the undoubted (although apparently temporary) occupation of the castle by the Bishop in 1452 (Thomson 1819, 14-15; 1877, 50-1) can realistically support the traditional view tha buildine th t constructes gwa earln a y ydb Bishop attempn a n .I resolvo t e this question, the history of the Bishops and see of Argyll down to the death of Bishop Andrew is reviewed and its implications discussed. Only printed sources have been used: re-examination of the primary documents (where they survive bees )ha n lefthosr fo t e competen. so o d o t t churce Th f Lismorho e incorporates remain one-time th f o s e cathedral dedicatet S o dt Molo Moluagr co recordes i o ,wh late n di r source havins sa g founde dcommunita islane th n dyo in the sixth century (OPS 2.1, 159; Scott 1912; Brown & Duncan 1957, 41; RCAHMS 1974, 156-61) sais i dt .instancI e that th sainte t Kina ,th e f e ,th o Dalriad f go a endowe islane dth d dan churc Lismorf ho e with various possessions fre everf eo y exaction (OPS 2.1,159) subsequene .Th t histor churce th f yo h befor t becamei cathedrae eth Argylf o l deducee b unknown s li n ca dt i t bu , that the site was remembered in the 12th century and that a building may have survived. As with other Scottis directls h dioceseswa e yse subjec e 13tPope e 14tth ,d th th h an n eh o i t centuries situatioe th ; n prevaile ds place untiwa t di l unde e metropolitath r n authoritt S f yo Andre 147wn i thed 2an n transfere Glasgoo dt 505-6w149n & i 2 21 o 46685 (Vet,n n o n ,Mo Watt 1969, 26). * 21 Evesham Road, Reigate, Surrey RH2 9DL 646 SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1998 ILLU S1 Achanduin Castle, Lismore, viewed fro(RoyalE mNN Commission Anciente th Historicaln d o an Monuments of Scotland Crown© copyright)_ THE BISHOPS AND THE SEE BEFORE 1240 Tha diocese th t Argylf eo foundes subdivisioe wa l th y db f Dunkelno wels di l known. Forensic reviews by Cowan (1980, 20-1) and Somerville (1982, App III, 163-5) have established that the division took place after 1183 date consecratioth f , eo Johf no n Sco Bishos a t Dunkeldf po d an , befor productioe eth Libere th f no Censuum (Fabr Duchesne& e 1889-1910), whic itsels hwa f compiled between early 119 earld 2an y 1193. Keith (1755, 169) claimed that the see was on Lismore from the outset and noted that the Bishop Argylf so l were generally styled Episcopi Lismorenses, poina t Cosmtakey b p nu o Innes (OPS certainls 2.1wa e , se y159) e locateTh . Lismorn d o probabls i t i 122 y ed b 5an e thae th t island was the site of the see from the time of its formation (Brown & Duncan 1957, 41; Duncan & Brown 1959, 209: in both papers the authors expressed their hope of 'publishing elsewhere' a discussio earle th yf n o histor diocese th f y o Argylf eo l but, unfortunately, this intentiot no s nha been fulfilled). Cowan & Easson (1976,210) emphasized the slender nature of the evidence which Skene (1877, 408) had used as the basis of his theory that the see was initially located near Muckairn on the south side of Loch Etive; they concluded that this view was 'entirely conjectural' and based only on 'the interpretation of the place-name Killespeckerrill as the church of the bishop' interpretation a , n which they implicitly reject sixth-centur.e Parth f o t y monastery yma have survived on Lismore in the 12th century but it is unlikely that the remains of the medieval TURNER: BISHOPS OF ARGYLL AND THE CASTLE OF ACHANDUIN | 647 cathedra thes a l y exist today date from much before 1300 (Brow Duncan& n 1957; RCAHMS 1974,156-61). Endowment time foundatioth f eo t sa recordet no e nar Augusd7 but1 n ,o t 1228, Alexander II granted to Haraldo, episcope de Argoythyl and his successors three davochs of land at Culkeffoch 'whereof we will that the said Bishop and his successors in ecclesia Lismorensis should hold' (Moray Reg 25, no 32). Harold, still aliv 1228n ei , died before 1232 (Paisley 342g Re ; Dowden 1912e , se 378) e Th . of Lismor committes Bishoee wa carPope th e f th th e Sodoo f po ey o t dappear b o rwh ecclesies sa Lesmorensis per dominum Papam curegestor between 1230 and 1236 (Paisley Reg, 135-6; Dowden 1912, 378; Anderso , 1781 ,S n apparentl 1922CD t ci , vo — , 529error n y2 li 3 n. , ; Watt 1969, 26). Jul7 n y O 1236, Pope Gregor Bishowrote X yI th o eMoraf t po y that, becaus poverte th f eo f yo the see of Lismore, it had been committed to the charge of the Bishop of Sodor who had prayed releasee b charg s o t hi f accoundn o e o infirmities s hi f to Bishoe Th . Moraf po instructes ywa o dt fillee b canonica y do b t e causo t se e d releasle th an electio m ehi n (Dowden 1912, 378; Watt 1969, 26). By 1236 Bishoe th , Argylf po l appear havo st e been grante quarteda revenue e th f o r f so some (at least) of the parish churches of his diocese, probably by papal grant designed to remedy th (Paisleye se povert e th f Reg,yo 129, 134-5; Cowan 1980, 19). These, presumably modest, payments must have constitute dstapla eincome Bishoe parth th f wero d f t eo p an e still being paid at the Reformation (ibid). William, Chancellor of Moray, was postulated to the see of Argyll, probably at the close of Februar6 12381 n O . y 1238/9, Pope Gregor senX yI mandata t Bishope th o e t f Morayso , Ross and Caithness, to enquire into the mode of postulation of William to the Bishopric of Lismore, valued at only 25 marks (Dowden 1912, 378; Watt 1969, 26). y 1240Ma , n BishoI p Willia grantes mwa pennyland4 d1 Lesmorn si Eugenius,y b f o n so Duncan of Argyll (grant transcribed by Duncan & Brown 1959, App IV; misdated 1251 in OPS 2.1, 164 and RMS, 2, no 3136(5), where the document is calendared). The lands granted were [one pennylan ] Barmarayof d (possibly Bernere south-westh f of a f Lismoro t e opposite Achanduin), 2\ pennylands of Achacendune, 5 pennylands of Tyrchulen, 1 pennylands of Tyrknanen, 3 half-pennylands of Tenga, 1 pennyland of Drumchulochir and 1 pennyland of Craganas (names follow Dunca Brown& n 1959). Ther mentioo n s ei castla f no r mano eo t a r Achacendune. SEE BISHOPE E TH , TH 1241-9D SAN 9 n 1241I , Bishop Willia drownes m wa (Dowdea se t da n 1912, 378; Anderson , 52919222 l : vo , Chron Melrose; Watt 1969, 26)Bishoprie .Th c remained vacannexe year0 th Dunca7 tr d tsfo an n & Brown (1959, 209-10) stressed that the long vacancy of the see must have been associated with the attitude of the local Lords of Lorn, the MacDougalls, as patrons of the see. The poverty of undeniabls i reaso e givevacancs e s i th it t se thid r s ne a nbu san fo th shoulye— — havt dno e been insuperable and lay interference must also have been a factor. The grant of 1240 shows that Ewen ot indifferenf no Lor s affairdiocese e th th nwa f o o t st e which covere lordshimucs o ds hi f ho p and, in 1243, Alexander II of Scotland granted the church of Kilican (Killean) in Kintyre with all its land othed an s r pertinent Bishoe th o f Argylt spo e responsn i l se poverte e th th o et f yo (Dunca Brown& n calendare: I 1959 p Ap , d RMS,3136(1))o n , 2 . That church had, before 1222, been granted land Rodericky sb , then Lor Kintyref do t Rodericbu , descendants hi r ko s appear 64 | 8SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1998 o havt e subsequently lost their Kintyre lands (Dunca Brow& n n 1959, 199-200 IIIp :Ap , calendared RMS,3136(4))o n , 2 .
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