Tyvaso Inhalation Solution 醫療科技評估報告 「藥物納入全民健康保險給付建議書-藥品專用」資料摘要

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108CDR05030_Tyvaso 財團法人醫藥品查驗中心 Center For Drug Evaluation Tyvaso inhalation solution 醫療科技評估報告 「藥物納入全民健康保險給付建議書-藥品專用」資料摘要 藥品名稱 Tyvaso 成分 Treprostinil 建議者 科懋生物科技股份有限公司 藥品許可證持有商 - 含量規格劑型 吸入用液劑;0.6 mg/mL,2.9 mL/ampoule 主管機關許可適應症 WHO Group I 原發性肺動脈高血壓合併 NYHA class III 症狀a 建議健保給付之適應 原發性肺動脈高血壓 症內容 ■無 建議健保給付條件 □有,_______________________ 每日給藥 4 次,每次給藥約需 2 至 3 分鐘,給藥間隔約為 4 小 時。 起始劑量為每次治療吸 3 次(treprostinil 18 mcg),每天 4 次治 療。如果患者不能耐受吸 3 次,則降低為吸 1 至 2 次,耐受之 建議療程b 後再增加為 3 次。 維持劑量為每隔 1 至 2 週,應增加劑量,每次治療多吸 3 次, 如果患者可以耐受,則調整到目標劑量:每次治療吸 9 次 (treprostinil 54 mcg)。若因不良反應而難以調整到目標劑量, 則以最高耐受劑量來持續治療。 建議者自評是否屬突 ■非突破創新新藥 破創新新藥 □突破創新新藥 □無同成分(複方)健保給付藥品 健保是否還有給付其 ■有,藥品名為 Remodulin Inj.,從民國 95 年 7 月 1 日起開始給 他同成分藥品 付 醫療科技評估報告摘要 摘要說明: 一、參考品: a 本品經署授食字第 1011409066 號公告認定為適用「罕見疾病防治及藥物法」之藥物品項,惟 尚未取得藥品許可證,故此為認定為罕藥之適應症內容。 b 因尚無衛生福利部核定版本,此係依據本案建議者所檢附的仿單擬稿。 1/39 108CDR05030_Tyvaso 本報告參照全民健康保險藥物給付項目及支付標準,綜合考量 ATC 分類、適應症、 直接比較及間接比較證據後,本報告建議與本品 ATC 前五碼相同的藥品包括口服 selexipag、靜脈注射用 epoprostenol、皮下注射用 treprostinil 及吸入用 iloprost 等為 可能的療效參考品;而經諮詢臨床專家意見,考量吸入劑型的臨床使用時機,本報 告認為本案藥品之主要參考品為 iloprost 口腔吸入劑 (詳如內文及表一整理)。 二、主要醫療科技評估組織之給付建議:詳如表二。 三、相對療效與安全性(人體健康): 本報告在此共納入 1 項第三期、隨機分派、安慰劑對照試驗「TRIUMPH 試驗」, 以及其為期 24 個月的開放式作業、單臂、延伸試驗「TRIUMPH open label 試驗」。 針對本案目標病人群,可呈現「treprostinil 口腔吸入劑合併其他肺動脈高血壓治療 劑」之相對療效與安全性結果;惟需留意未有「單獨使用 treprostinil 口腔吸入劑」 於目標病人群作為初始治療的相關證據。 TRIUMPH 試驗旨在已接受 bosentan (69%)或 sildenafil (31%)口服藥品治療至少 3 個月以上,NYHA 功能性分級為第 III 級(98%)或第 IV 級且 6 分鐘行走距離介於 200 至 450 公尺的肺動脈高血壓病人中,探討合併 treprostinil 口腔吸入劑或安慰劑的相 對療效與安全性。共納入 235 位病人,其中病因為原發性或家族性肺動脈高壓者佔 56%。 主要療效指標為第 12 週量測的尖峰 6 分鐘行走距離。結果顯示 treprostinil 口腔吸 入劑組(115 人)相較於基期的改變量中位數為+21.6 公尺(四分位距為-8.0 至 54.0 公尺),而安慰劑組(120 人)則為+3.0 公尺(四分位距為-26.0 至 31.5 公尺);兩 組差異達統計上顯著(Hodges-Lehmann between-treatment median difference= 20 公 尺;95% CI= 8.0 至 32.8; p[eCMH]c= 0.0004,p[WRS]d= 0.0016)。在其他療效指 標方面,除生活品質與 NT-pro-BNP (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide)檢測數 值有改善外,其他如臨床惡化事件、第 12 週的伯格呼吸困難分數、NYHA 功能性 分級、肺動脈高壓表徵與症狀等指標則均沒有改善。 四、醫療倫理: 本品業經公告認定為適用「罕見疾病防治及藥物法」之藥物品項;未有其他系統性 之相關資料可參考。 五、成本效益: 未於相關文獻資料庫及 CADTH/pCODR、PBAC、NICE 等組織之網頁查獲與本案 c Tested with nonparametric analysis of covariance within the framework of extended Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (eCMH) test. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel mean score test was used on the standardized ranks of the residuals from an ordinary least squares regression with change in 6MWD at week 12 as a linear function of etiology (as a categorical variable) and baseline 6MWD (as a continuous variable). d Futher tested with the Wilcoxon rank sum (WRS) test, for confirmatory purposes. 2/39 108CDR05030_Tyvaso 藥品相關之成本效益評估研究或報告。 六、財務衝擊: 1. 建議者預估本案藥品納入給付後,將取代相同給藥途徑及相同藥理機轉之 Ventavis 的部分市場,並以自行推估之市占率,推估未來五年本品使用人數為 第一年 33 人至第五年 94 人,本品年度藥費約為第一年 6,200 萬至第五年 1 億 9 千萬,而在扣除 Ventavis 被取代的藥費後,整體財務影響約為第一年 350 萬 元至第五年 2,400 萬元。 2. 建議者之財務影響推估架構清楚且概要說明各項參數推估與假設,而本報告認 為建議者在病人數及藥費推估上應屬合理,但本報告認為建議者在本品停藥病 人比例的推估上具有不確定性,因建議者係參考為期 12 週的試驗結果推估本 品停藥比例為 11%,但本報告檢視同試驗之後續追蹤研究,12 個月停藥率為 23%,因此本報告重新以該比例進行校正,重新推估之本品年度藥費約為第一 年 5,700 萬至第五年 1 億 7 千萬,整體財務影響約為第一年 350 萬元至第五年 2,100 萬元。 健保署藥品專家諮詢會議後更新之財務影響評估 本案藥品經 108 年 8 月健保署藥品專家諮詢會議討論,初步建議納入給付並初步核 定支付價格;因此,本報告依據該次會議結論更新財務影響推估。本報告預估未來 五年(109 年至 113 年) 本案藥品使用人數為第一年約 32 人至第五年約 91 人,年度 藥費為第一年約 5,400 萬元至第五年約 1 億 6,500 萬元,而在扣除取代 Ventavis 的 藥品費用後,對健保整體無財務影響。 表一 本次提案藥品與目前健保已收載藥品(參考品)之比較資料 本案藥品 參考品 1 商品名 Tyvaso inhalation solution Ventavis nebuliser solution 主成分/含量 Treprostinil;0.6 mg/mL Iloprost;0.01 mg/mL 劑型/包裝 吸入用液劑;安瓿裝 吸入用液劑;安瓿裝 3/39 108CDR05030_Tyvaso WHO/ATC 碼 B01AC21 B01AC11 主管機關許可 WHO Group I 原發性肺動脈高血 原發性肺動脈高血壓 適應症 壓合併 NYHA class III 症狀 (1) 限用於原發性肺動脈高血壓 健保給付條件 擬訂中 之治療 (2) 需經事前審查核准後使用 健保給付價 擬訂中 865 元/安瓿 每日給藥 4 次,每次給藥約需 2 每次應從 2.5 微克的劑量開始(以 至 3 分鐘,給藥間隔約為 4 小時。 霧化器吸嘴吸用)。可依個人需要 及耐受性將劑量調高到 5.0 微克。 起始劑量為每次治療吸 3 次 根據個人需要量及耐受程度每天 (treprostinil 18 mcg),每天 4 次 吸用次數可以是 6 到 9 次。 治療。如果患者不能耐受吸 3 次 依吸嘴及霧化器的類型,通常每 ,則降低為吸 1 至 2 次,耐受之 次吸用時間約為 4 至 10 分鐘。 仿單建議劑量 後再增加為 3 次。 與用法 維持劑量為每隔 1 至 2 週,應增 加劑量,每次治療多吸 3 次,如 果患者可以耐受,則調整到目標 劑量:每次治療吸 9 次(treprostinil 54 mcg)。若因不良反應而難以調 整到目標劑量,則以最高耐受劑 量來持續治療。 療程 依據醫囑,每日持續治療 依據醫囑,每日持續治療 每療程 每日藥費 5,190 元至 7,785 元 擬訂中 花費 (每日使用 6 至 9 個安瓿) 具直接比較試驗 - (head-to-head comparison) 具間接比較 - (indirect comparison) 近年來,最多病人使用或使用量最多 - 的藥品 目前臨床治療指引建議的首選 - ATC 前五碼相同、均為口腔吸入劑型,臨床使 其他考量因素,請說明: 用時機同為無法耐受口服藥品或擔心使用注 射藥品的病人 4/39 108CDR05030_Tyvaso 註:若經審議認定本品屬於突破創新新藥,則表列之參考品僅供療效比較,而不做為核價之依據;若審 議認定本品尚不屬於突破創新新藥,則表列之參考品可做為療效比較及核價之依據。 表二 主要醫療科技評估組織之給付建議 來源 最新給付建議 CADTH/pCODR 至民國 108 年 6 月 18 日止,查無相關報告。 (加拿大) PBAC(澳洲) 至民國 108 年 6 月 18 日止,查無相關報告。 NICE(英國) 至民國 108 年 6 月 18 日止,查無相關報告。 註:CADTH 為 Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health 加拿大藥品及醫療科技評估機構的 縮寫; pCODR 為 pan-Canadian Oncology Drug Review 加拿大腫瘤藥物共同評估組織的縮寫,於 2010 年成 立成為 CADTH 的合作夥伴,主要負責評估新腫瘤藥物的臨床證據及成本效益; PBAC 為 Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee 藥品給付諮詢委員會的縮寫; NICE 為 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 國家健康暨照護卓越研究院的縮寫。 5/39 108CDR05030_Tyvaso 【Tyvaso inhalation solution】醫療科技評估報告 報告撰寫人:財團法人醫藥品查驗中心醫藥科技評估組 報告完成日期: 民國 108 年 09 月 23 日 前言: 近年來世界各國積極推動醫療科技評估制度,做為新藥、新醫材給付決策參 考,以促使有限的醫療資源能發揮最大功效,提升民眾的健康福祉。醫療科技評 估乃運用系統性回顧科學實證證據的方式,對新穎醫療科技進行療效與經濟評 估。為建立一專業、透明、且符合科學性的醫療科技評估機制,財團法人醫藥品 查驗中心(以下簡稱查驗中心)受衛生福利部委託,對於建議者向衛生福利部中 央健康保險署(以下簡稱健保署)所提出之新醫療科技給付建議案件,自收到健 保署來函後,在 42 個日曆天內完成療效與經濟評估報告(以下稱本報告),做為 全民健康保險審議藥品給付時之參考,並於健保署網站公開。惟報告結論並不代 表主管機關對本案藥品之給付與核價決議。 本報告彙整國外主要醫療科技評估組織對本案藥品所作之評估結果與給付 建議,提醒讀者各國流行病學數據、臨床治療型態、資源使用量及單價成本或健 康狀態效用值可能與我國不同。另本報告之臨床療效分析僅針對本建議案論述, 讀者不宜自行引申為其醫療決策之依據,病人仍應與臨床醫師討論合適的治療方 案。 一、疾病治療現況 肺高壓(Pulmonary hypertension, PH)是血液動力學結合病理生理學的一種 情況,其定義為在休息狀態下經右側心臟導管檢查顯示平均肺動脈壓(mean pulmonary arterial pressure, mPAP)≥ 25 mmHge。平均肺動脈壓的計算公式為「(右 心室心輸出量×肺血管阻力) +肺泡阻塞壓力」;其中造成肺高壓的主因為肺血管 阻力增加;而肺血管阻力增加與肺小動脈出現阻塞性血管病變、肺血管截面積減 少及發生缺氧性血管收縮有關[1]。 肺高壓依照血液動力學、病理生理學、臨床表徵與治療方式分類。根據 2018 年在法國尼斯舉行的第六屆世界肺高壓專題討論會(6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension, WSPH),肺高壓被區分為五大類(Group 1 至 Group 5); 詳如下表。其中本案藥品 Tyvaso solution for oral inhalation 0.6 mg/mL 的目標給付 族群「原發性肺動脈高壓」隸屬於「第一類肺動脈高壓(Group 1)」之下[2]。而 在這些分類中,「原發性肺動脈高壓」為我國衛生福利部國民健康署(以下簡稱 國健署)公告之罕見疾病[3]。 e 一般正常人在休息狀態下 mPAP 為 14.0±3.3 mmHg。 6/39 108CDR05030_Tyvaso Group 1 肺動脈高壓(pulmonary arterial hypertension, PAH): (1) 原發性肺動脈高壓(idiopathic PAH, iPAH;舊稱 primary PH, PPH) (2) 遺傳性肺動脈高壓(heritable PAH, hPAH) (3) 藥物或毒素導致的肺動脈高壓 (4) 結締組織疾病、愛滋病毒感染、門靜脈高壓、先天性心臟病、血吸蟲 病(schistosomiasis)等疾病續發之肺動脈高壓 (5) 對鈣離子通道阻斷劑長期有反應的肺動脈高壓明顯與肺靜脈/肺微血 管有關的肺動脈高壓 (6) 新生兒持續性肺高壓 Group 2* 與左心疾病相關的肺高壓 Group 3* 與肺部疾病和/或缺氧相關的肺高壓 Group 4* 與肺動脈阻塞相關的肺高壓 Group 5* 不確定和/或多因素機制相關的肺高壓,包括血液系統疾病、全身性與 代謝性疾病、複雜性先天性心臟病等其他原因 *在此不細述 Group 2 至 Group 5 的次分類。 肺動脈高壓的定義除須符合肺高壓 mPAP≥ 25 mmHg 外,還須符合肺動脈楔 壓(pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, PAWP)< 15 mmHg 合併肺血管阻力大於 3 個伍氏單位(Woods unit)。病理機轉為增生性的血管病變,包括末梢肺動脈的三 層管壁內膜、中膜、外膜出現過度增生與肥大;肺小動脈與微動脈產生栓塞。上 述表現與體內的分子路徑如內皮素路徑、前列腺環素路徑、和一氧化氮(NO)/ 可溶性鳥苷酸環化酶(soluble guanylate cyclase, sGC)/環單磷酸鳥苷(cyclic guanosine monophosphate, cGMP)路徑有關[4]。肺動脈高壓病人的臨床症狀沒有 特異性,包括呼吸困難、疲憊、虛弱、心絞痛、昏厥與腹脹;當右心室衰竭容易 出現下肢水腫與心絞痛造成的胸痛;當心輸出量不足容易發生昏厥。肺動脈高壓 的診斷除右心導管檢查外,還須包括完整的心臟超聲波、肺功能檢查、胸部電腦 斷層等,並排除因其他心、肺、血栓或其他疾病所造成的心肺血流動力學異常[5]。 關於 PAH 的預後,儘管 PAH 在治療上有了長足的進步,有研究顯示接受肺 動脈高壓治療的病人第一年死亡率仍然高達 9% [6];而當 PAH 病人出現昏厥症 狀、世界衛生組織(World Health Organization, WHO)功能性分級越差、6 分鐘 行走距離越短、心肺運動功能越差、平均右心房壓力越大、心輸出量越少、B 型 利鈉胜肽(brain natriuretic peptide, BNP)上升等,皆是預後不佳的可能因子[7]。 WHO 根據紐約心臟協會(New York Heart Association, NYHA)原用於心臟衰竭 的功能性分級制度,制定一套評估肺高壓病人日常生活受肺高壓影響嚴重程度的 系統,其四項 WHO 功能性分級(WHO functional classification,WHO FC)臚列 於下[8]: (一) 第 I 級:日常身體活動沒有限制,一般的身體活動不會造成過度的呼 吸困難、疲憊、胸痛或幾乎昏厥。 7/39 108CDR05030_Tyvaso (二) 第 II 級:日常身體活動輕微受限制,休息時感到舒適,但一般的身體 活動會導致過度的呼吸困難、疲憊、胸痛或幾乎昏厥。 (三) 第 III 級:日常身體活動明顯受限,休息時感到舒適,但在比一般身體 活動更輕微的活動量下就導致過度的呼吸困難、疲憊、胸痛或幾乎昏厥。 (四) 第 IV 級:從事任何日常身體活動都會出現症狀。這些病人有明顯的右 心衰竭症狀,就算是休息時也會感到呼吸困難和/或疲憊,任何的身體活 動都會增加不舒服的感覺。 由於肺高壓具非特異性症狀、多重病因與廣泛分類,導致欲準確估算肺高壓 及其不同類別的盛行率頗為困難[1]。肺高壓中的第一類肺動脈高壓(Group 1) 以原發性肺動脈高壓佔大多數[9];在台灣,根據國健署公告的罕見疾病通報個 案統計表顯示,截至 2019 年 5 月 31 日止,我國原發性肺動脈高壓的累計通報個 案數共 483 人,其中已有 93 人死亡[10]。 PAH 的治療目標是讓病人處於穩定的狀態並滿足較佳的預後條件以降低死 亡風險。PAH 的治療策略依次可以分成三個階段[7]: (一) 第一階段:總體評估(包括活動能力、是否懷孕、服藥遵醫囑性等)、 支持性療法(如口服抗凝血劑、利尿劑、氧氣、digoxin)、轉介至專門 醫院、急性血管反應度測試(acute vasoreactivity testing)以找尋適合使 用鈣離子通道阻斷劑治療的病人。 (二) 第二階段:有血管反應(vasoreactive)的病人使用高劑量鈣離子通道阻 斷劑做為初始治療。沒有血管反應的病人使用針對 PAH 的治療藥品 (specific drug therapy)做為初始治療,若屬於低至中度風險病人(WHO FC 第 II 或 III 級),考慮使用單一藥品或合併口服藥品治療;若屬於高 度風險病人(WHO FC 第 IV 級),使用含靜脈注射前列腺環素類似物在 內的合併藥品治療。 (三) 第三階段:若對初始治療反應不足,考慮加上第二種或第三種藥品合併 治療或肺移植。 根據歐洲心臟學會/歐洲呼吸學會(European Society of Cardiology / European Respiratory Society, ESC/ERS)於 2015 年發布的肺高壓診斷與治療指引[7],對於 肺動脈高壓(Group 1)的治療建議依病人的 WHO 功能性級別有所不同。本報 告將 2015 年 ESC/ERS 指引中列出的「單一藥品初始治療選項」彙整於表三;而 對初始治療反應不足病人,將指引中列出的「加入(add-on)第二或第三種藥品 合併治療選項(sequential combination)」彙整於表四f。 f 考量我國健保給付規定肺動脈高壓治療劑原則上不得併用,針對原發性肺動脈高壓病人僅得在 符合「WHO FC III 及 IV 嚴重且危及生命之原發性肺動脈高血壓患者,使用單一藥物治療成效 不佳」情況者,經事前審查核准通過接受合併治療。故本報告另將 2015 年 ESC/ERS 指引中列 8/39 108CDR05030_Tyvaso 根據 2015 年 ESC/ERS 肺高壓診斷與治療指引,本案藥品 treprostinil 口腔吸 入劑被建議做為 WHO FC 第 III 級肺動脈高壓病人的初始治療選項(建議等級 I、 證據等級 B); 另外,該指引也有提及當 WHO FC 第 III 級肺動脈高壓病人在使 用 sildenafil 或 bosentan 做為初始治療反應不佳時,可加上 treprostinil 口腔吸入 劑合併治療(建議等級 IIa、證據等級 B)。 表三、2015 年 ESC/ERS 指引依據 WHO 功能性級別所列出的單一藥品初始治療 選項 WHO FC II WHO FC III WHO FC IV 治療藥品 建議 證據 建議 證據 建議 證據 等級 等級 等級 等級 等級 等級 鈣離子通道阻斷劑 I C I C - - (Calcium channel blockers) 內皮素受體拮抗劑(Endothelin receptor antagonists) Ambrisentan I A I A IIb C Bosentan I A I A IIb C Macitentan I B I B IIb C 磷酸二酯酶抑制劑(Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors) Sildenafil I A I A IIb C Tadalafil I B I B IIb C Vardenafil IIb B IIb B IIb C 鳥苷酸環化酶刺激物(Guanylate cyclase stimulators) Riociguat I B I B IIb C 前列腺環素類似物(Prostacyclin analogues) Epoprostenol 靜脈注射 - - I A I A 吸入 - - I B IIb C Iloprost 靜脈注射 - - IIa C IIb C 皮下注射 - - I B IIb C 吸入 - - I B IIb C Treprostinil 靜脈注射 - - IIa C IIb C 口服 - - IIb B - - Beraprost - - IIb B - - 前列腺環素 IP 受體促進劑(prostacyclin IP receptor agonist)
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  • List of Union Reference Dates A

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    Active substance name (INN) EU DLP BfArM / BAH DLP yearly PSUR 6-month-PSUR yearly PSUR bis DLP (List of Union PSUR Submission Reference Dates and Frequency (List of Union Frequency of Reference Dates and submission of Periodic Frequency of submission of Safety Update Reports, Periodic Safety Update 30 Nov. 2012) Reports, 30 Nov.
  • Clinical Trial Protocol: BPS-314D-MR-PAH-302

    Clinical Trial Protocol: BPS-314D-MR-PAH-302

    Clinical Trial Protocol: BPS-314d-MR-PAH-302 Study Title: A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 study to assess the efficacy and safety of oral BPS-314d-MR added-on to treprostinil, inhaled (Tyvaso®) in subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension Study Number: BPS-314d- MR-PAH-302 Study Phase: 3 Product Name: Beraprost Sodium 314d Modified Release IND Number: 111,729 Indication: Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Investigators: Multicenter Sponsor: Lung Biotechnology Inc. Sponsor Contact: Medical Monitor: Date Original Protocol: 16 April 2013 Amendment 1: 17 December 2013 Amendment 2 15 October 2014 GCP Statement: This study will be conducted in compliance with the protocol, Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and applicable regulatory requirements. Confidentiality Statement The concepts and information contained herein are confidential and proprietary and shall not be disclosed in whole or part without the express written consent of Lung Biotechnology Inc. © 2014 Lung Biotechnology Inc. Beraprost Sodium 314d Modified Release Lung Biotechnology Inc. Clinical Trial Protocol: BPS-314-d-MR-PAH 302 15 October 2014 LIST OF CONTACTS Study Sponsor: Lung Biotechnology Inc. 1040 Spring Street Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 United States Phone: 301-608-9292 Fax: 301-589-0855 Sponsor Contact: Medical Monitor: SAE Reporting: CONFIDENTIAL Page 2 of 75 Beraprost Sodium 314d Modified Release Lung Biotechnology Inc. Clinical Trial Protocol: BPS-314-d-MR-PAH 302 15 October 2014 SYNOPSIS Sponsor: Lung Biotechnology Inc.
  • Evaluation of Low-Dose Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Ischemic

    Evaluation of Low-Dose Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Ischemic

    Kim et al. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome (2015) 7:8 DIABETOLOGY & DOI 10.1186/s13098-015-0002-y METABOLIC SYNDROME RESEARCH Open Access Evaluation of low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of ischemic stroke among patients with diabetes: a retrospective cohort study Ye-Jee Kim1†, Nam-Kyong Choi2,3†, Mi-Sook Kim4, Joongyub Lee2, Yoosoo Chang5, Jong-Mi Seong1, Sun-Young Jung1, Ju-Young Shin1, Ji-Eun Park6,7 and Byung-Joo Park1,4,6* Abstract Background: Low-dose aspirin is recommended to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the questions with regard to primary prevention have been raised among patients with diabetes. We evaluated low-dose aspirin use for preventing ischemic stroke in patients with diabetes using a national health insurance database. Methods: Using data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2009, a population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted with incident patients with diabetes aged 40 to 99 years old with the initial use of low-dose aspirin during the index period from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2007. We matched each low-dose aspirin user to one non-user using a propensity score. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the risk of hospitalization for ischemic stroke in users and nonusers of low-dose aspirin until December 31, 2009. Results: Out of 261,065 incident patients with diabetes, 15,849 (6.2%) were low-dose aspirin users. Compared to non-users, the adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of low-dose aspirin users for hospitalization due to ischemic stroke was 1.73 (95% CI; 1.41-2.12).
  • Effect of Prostanoids on Human Platelet Function: an Overview

    Effect of Prostanoids on Human Platelet Function: an Overview

    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Effect of Prostanoids on Human Platelet Function: An Overview Steffen Braune, Jan-Heiner Küpper and Friedrich Jung * Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany; steff[email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (J.-H.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 23 October 2020; Accepted: 23 November 2020; Published: 27 November 2020 Abstract: Prostanoids are bioactive lipid mediators and take part in many physiological and pathophysiological processes in practically every organ, tissue and cell, including the vascular, renal, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems. In this review, we focus on their influence on platelets, which are key elements in thrombosis and hemostasis. The function of platelets is influenced by mediators in the blood and the vascular wall. Activated platelets aggregate and release bioactive substances, thereby activating further neighbored platelets, which finally can lead to the formation of thrombi. Prostanoids regulate the function of blood platelets by both activating or inhibiting and so are involved in hemostasis. Each prostanoid has a unique activity profile and, thus, a specific profile of action. This article reviews the effects of the following prostanoids: prostaglandin-D2 (PGD2), prostaglandin-E1, -E2 and E3 (PGE1, PGE2, PGE3), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane-A2 (TXA2) on platelet activation and aggregation via their respective receptors. Keywords: prostacyclin; thromboxane; prostaglandin; platelets 1. Introduction Hemostasis is a complex process that requires the interplay of multiple physiological pathways. Cellular and molecular mechanisms interact to stop bleedings of injured blood vessels or to seal denuded sub-endothelium with localized clot formation (Figure1).
  • Treprostinil for Pulmonary Hypertension

    Treprostinil for Pulmonary Hypertension

    REVIEW Treprostinil for pulmonary hypertension Nika Skoro-Sajer1 Abstract: Treprostinil is a stable, long-acting prostacyclin analogue which can be admin- Irene Lang1 istered as a continuous subcutaneous infusion using a portable miniature delivery system. Robert Naeije2 Subcutaneous treprostinil has been shown in a large multicenter randomized controlled trial to improve exercise capacity, clinical state, functional class, pulmonary hemodynamics, and 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicione II, Vienna quality of life in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, an uncommon disease of poor General Hospital, Medical University prognosis. Side effects include facial fl ush, headache, jaw pain, abdominal cramping, and diar- 2 of Vienna, Austria; Department rhea, all typical of prostacyclin, and manageable by symptom-directed dose adjustments, and of Cardiology, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium infusion site pain which may make further treatment impossible in 7%–10% of the patients. Long-term survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients treated with subcutaneous treprostinil is similar to that reported with intravenous epoprostenol. There are uncontrolled data suggesting effi cacy of subcutaneous treprostinil in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Treprostinil can also be administered intravenously, although increased doses, up to 2–3 times those given subcutaneously, appear to be needed to obtain the same effi cacy. Preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial of inhaled treprostinil
  • Modifications to the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States To

    Modifications to the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States To

    U.S. International Trade Commission COMMISSIONERS Shara L. Aranoff, Chairman Daniel R. Pearson, Vice Chairman Deanna Tanner Okun Charlotte R. Lane Irving A. Williamson Dean A. Pinkert Address all communications to Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 www.usitc.gov Modifications to the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States to Implement the Dominican Republic- Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement With Respect to Costa Rica Publication 4038 December 2008 (This page is intentionally blank) Pursuant to the letter of request from the United States Trade Representative of December 18, 2008, set forth in the Appendix hereto, and pursuant to section 1207(a) of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act, the Commission is publishing the following modifications to the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) to implement the Dominican Republic- Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement, as approved in the Dominican Republic-Central America- United States Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, with respect to Costa Rica. (This page is intentionally blank) Annex I Effective with respect to goods that are entered, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after January 1, 2009, the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) is modified as provided herein, with bracketed matter included to assist in the understanding of proclaimed modifications. The following supersedes matter now in the HTS. (1). General note 4 is modified as follows: (a). by deleting from subdivision (a) the following country from the enumeration of independent beneficiary developing countries: Costa Rica (b).
  • Statistical Analysis Plan – Part 1

    Statistical Analysis Plan – Part 1

    NCT03251482 Janssen Research & Development Statistical Analysis Plan – Part 1 A Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Multicenter, Adaptive Design, Dose Escalation (Part 1) and Dose-Response (Part 2) Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous JNJ-64179375 Versus Oral Apixaban in Subjects Undergoing Elective Total Knee Replacement Surgery Protocol 64179375THR2001; Phase 2 JNJ-64179375 Status: Approved Date: 18 October 2017 Prepared by: Janssen Research & Development, LLC Document No.: EDMS-ERI-148215770 Compliance: The study described in this report was performed according to the principles of Good Clinical Practice (GCP). Confidentiality Statement The information in this document contains trade secrets and commercial information that are privileged or confidential and may not be disclosed unless such disclosure is required by applicable law or regulations. In any event, persons to whom the information is disclosed must be informed that the information is privileged or confidential and may not be further disclosed by them. These restrictions on disclosure will apply equally to all future information supplied to you that is indicated as privileged or confidential. 1 Approved, Date: 18 October 2017 JNJ-64179375 NCT03251482 Statistical Analysis Plan - Part 1 64179375THR2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... 2 LIST OF IN-TEXT TABLES AND FIGURES ...............................................................................................
  • Antiplatelet Effects of Prostacyclin Analogues: Which One to Choose in Case of Thrombosis Or Bleeding? Sylwester P

    Antiplatelet Effects of Prostacyclin Analogues: Which One to Choose in Case of Thrombosis Or Bleeding? Sylwester P

    INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY Cardiology Journal 20XX, Vol. XX, No. X, XXX–XXX DOI: 10.5603/CJ.a2020.0164 Copyright © 20XX Via Medica REVIEW ARTICLE ISSN 1897–5593 eISSN 1898–018X Antiplatelet effects of prostacyclin analogues: Which one to choose in case of thrombosis or bleeding? Sylwester P. Rogula1*, Hubert M. Mutwil1*, Aleksandra Gąsecka1, Marcin Kurzyna2, Krzysztof J. Filipiak1 11st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland 2Department of Pulmonary Circulation, Thromboembolic Diseases and Cardiology, Center of Postgraduate Education Medical, European Health Center Otwock, Poland Abstract Prostacyclin and analogues are successfully used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) due to their vasodilatory effect on pulmonary arteries. Besides vasodilatory effect, prostacyclin analogues inhibit platelets, but their antiplatelet effect is not thoroughly established. The antiplatelet effect of prostacyclin analogues may be beneficial in case of increased risk of thromboembolic events, or undesirable in case of increased risk of bleeding. Since prostacyclin and analogues differ regarding their potency and form of administration, they might also inhibit platelets to a different extent. This review summarizes the recent evidence on the antiplatelet effects of prostacyclin and analogue in the treatment of PAH, this is important to consider when choosing the optimal treatment regimen in tailoring to an individual patients’ needs. (Cardiol J 20XX; XX, X: xx–xx) Key words: prostacyclin analogues, pulmonary arterial hypertension, platelets, antiplatelet effect, thrombosis, bleeding Introduction tiproliferative effects [4]. The main indication for PGI2 and analogues is advanced pulmonary arterial Since 1935 when prostaglandin was isolated hypertension (PAH) and peripheral vascular disor- for the first time [1], many scientists have focused ders [5].
  • G Protein‐Coupled Receptors

    G Protein‐Coupled Receptors

    S.P.H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: G protein-coupled receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (2019) 176, S21–S141 THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: G protein-coupled receptors Stephen PH Alexander1 , Arthur Christopoulos2 , Anthony P Davenport3 , Eamonn Kelly4, Alistair Mathie5 , John A Peters6 , Emma L Veale5 ,JaneFArmstrong7 , Elena Faccenda7 ,SimonDHarding7 ,AdamJPawson7 , Joanna L Sharman7 , Christopher Southan7 , Jamie A Davies7 and CGTP Collaborators 1School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK 2Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia 3Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK 4School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK 5Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK 6Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK 7Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20 is the fourth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews of the key properties of nearly 1800 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide represents approximately 400 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website.
  • Prostacyclin Therapies for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

    Prostacyclin Therapies for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

    Eur Respir J 2008; 31: 891–901 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00097107 CopyrightßERS Journals Ltd 2008 SERIES ‘‘PULMONARY HYPERTENSION: BASIC CONCEPTS FOR PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT’’ Edited by M.M. Hoeper and A.T. Dinh-Xuan Number 2 in this Series Prostacyclin therapies for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension M. Gomberg-Maitland* and H. Olschewski# ABSTRACT: Prostacyclin and its analogues (prostanoids) are potent vasodilators and possess AFFILIATIONS antithrombotic, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) *Dept of Cardiology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL, USA. is associated with vasoconstriction, thrombosis and proliferation, and the lack of endogenous #Dept of Pulmonology, Medical prostacyclin may considerably contribute to this condition. This supports a strong rationale for University Graz, Graz, Austria. prostanoid use as therapy for this disease. The first experiences of prostanoid therapy in PH patients were published in 1980. CORRESPONDENCE H. Olschewski Epoprostenol, a synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, and the chemically stable analogues Dept of Pulmonology iloprost, beraprost and treprostinil were tested in randomised controlled trials. The biological Medical University Graz actions are mainly mediated by activation of specific receptors of the target cells; however, new Auenbruggerplatz 20 data suggest effects on additional intracellular pathways. In the USA and some European Graz 8010 Austria countries, intravenous infusion of epoprostenol and treprostinil, as well as subcutaneous infusion Fax: 43 3163853578 of treprostinil and inhalation of iloprost, have been approved for therapy of pulmonary arterial E-mail: horst.olschewski@ hypertension. Iloprost infusion and beraprost tablets have been approved in few other countries. meduni-graz.at Ongoing clinical studies investigate oral treprostinil, inhaled treprostinil and the combination of Received: inhaled iloprost and sildenafil in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
  • AHS Provincial High-Alert Medication List

    AHS Provincial High-Alert Medication List

    Provincial High-alert Medication List Classes/Categories of Medications Specific Medications adrenergic agonists: IV (e.g., epiNEPHrine, ePHEDrine, isoproterenol, magnesium sulfate injection PHENYLephrine, norepinephrine, doBUTamine, doPAMine, salbutamol) methotrexate: oral for non-oncologic adrenergic antagonists: IV (e.g., propranolol, metoPROLOL, labetalol, use esmolol) nitroprusside sodium for injection anesthetic agents: general, inhaled and IV (e.g., propofol, ketamine, sevoflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, etomidate) opium tincture antiarrhythmics: IV (e.g., lidocaine, amiodarone, procainamide, oxytocin: IV adenosine, bretylium, ibutilide) potassium chloride for injection: antithrombotic agents: concentrate anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, acenocoumarol, tinzaparin, potassium phosphates injection enoxaparin, dalteparin, danaparoid, unfractionated heparin, sodium citrate) promethazine: IV factor Xa inhibitors (e.g., fondaparinux, rivaroxaban) vasopressin: IV or intraosseous direct thrombin inhibitors (e.g., apixaban, argatroban, bivalirudin, dabigatran) thrombolytics (e.g., alteplase, tenecteplase) glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (e.g.,eptifibitide, tirofiban, abciximab) cardioplegic solutions chemotherapeutic agents: parenteral and oral dextrose: 20% or greater (hypertonic) dialysis solutions: peritoneal and hemodialysis The following medications are also epidural or intrathecal medications associated with higher risk and must inotropic medications: IV (e.g., digoxin, milrinone) comply with the segregated storage and labelling