Book of Abstracts of the 13Th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry
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13th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry i Book of Abstracts of the 13th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry Advances in Electrochemical Materials Science and Manufacturing 7 to 10 April, 2013, Pretoria, South Africa Workshop, 11 April, 2013 Practical Electrochemical Sensors with Relevance to Africa Organized by: ISE Division 4 Electrochemical Materials Science ISE Division 5 Electrochemical Process Engineering and Technology ISE Region South Africa TY O CIE F EL O E S C L T A R N O C O I H T E A M N I R S E T T R Y N I • ii 13th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry Platinium Sponsors Council for Scientifi c and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa http://www.csir.co.za Department of Science and Technology http://www.dst.gov.za Hydrogen South Africa (HySA) www.hysasystems.org www.hysainfrastructure.org www.hysacatalysis.uct.ac.z Maccor, Inc., USA http://www.maccor.com National Research Foundation http://www.nrf.ac.za Technology Innovation Agency http://www.tia.org.za/ 13th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry iii Gold Sponsors Metrohm Autolab B.V http://www.ecochemie.nl MinTEK, South Africa http://www.mintek.co.za Rhodes University http://www.ru.ac.za University of the Western Cape http://www.uwc.ac.za American Elements www.americanelements.com Silver Sponsors DropSens, S.L. http://www.dropsens.com Elsevier http://www.elsevier.com Electrochemical Society http://www.electrochem.org Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd http://www.sasol.com iv 13th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry International Society of Electrochemistry Rue de Sébeillon 9b 1004 Lausanne Switzerland Copyright © 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of product liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Printed in South Africa 13th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry v Organizing Committee Chair Kenneth Ozoemena, Pretoria, South Africa Members Priscilla Baker, Cape Town, South Africa Takayuki Homma, Tokyo, Japan Walther Schwarzacher, Bristol, UK John Stickney, Athens, GA, USA Giovanni Zangari, Charlottesville, VA, USA Symposium Organization Electrode Fabrication & Engineering Giovanni Zangari, Charlottesville, VA, USA Takayuki Homma, Tokyo, Japan Walther Schwarzacher, Bristol, UK John Stickney, Athens, GA, USA Fabian Ezema, University of Nigeria, Nigeria Electrochemical Sensors Priscilla Baker, University of the Western Cape, South Africa Omotayo Arotiba, University of Johannesburg, South Africa Janice Limson, Rhodes University, South Africa Jessie Pillay, Mintek, Randburg, South Africa Electrochemical Energy Technologies Kenneth Ozoemena, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa Shawn Gouws, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa Hongze Luo, CSIR, South Africa Mmalewane Modibedi, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa Mkhulu Mathe, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa vi 13th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry Table of Contents Electrochemistry Excellence Award: Teaching & Research ....ix Workshop Schedule .....................................................................xvii Special Meetings and Social Program ........................................xvi Oral presentation program Sunday morning ........................................................................1 Monday morning ......................................................................2 Monday afternoon ....................................................................7 Tuesday morning ....................................................................12 Tuesday Afternoon .................................................................17 Wednesday morning ...............................................................22 Wednesday afternoon .............................................................27 Poster presentation program ...................................................... 31 Plenary lecture abstracts .............................................................. 46 Keynote lecture abstracts ............................................................ 51 Oral presentation abstracts ......................................................... 62 Poster presentation abstracts .................................................... 189 Index ............................................................................................. 268 13th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry vii Dear colleagues, ladies and gentlemen, On behalf of all the African members of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE), the Organising Committee and Symposium Organisers, I warmly welcome you to the 13th Topical Meeting of the ISE hosted by the Council for Scientifi c and Industrial Research (CSIR) Pretoria, South Africa. This event is quite unique as it is the fi rst time that the ISE is holding a conference in Africa. We have chosen the CSIR as the venue due to its unique position in the national system of innovation and special relationship with electrochemistry, especially on batteries; the famous ZEBRA battery and spinel cathode (Li1+xMn2-xO4) and anode (Li4Ti5O12) materials for lithium ion batteries were invented by the CSIR researchers (led by Johan Coetzer and Michael Thackeray) in the late 1970’s. Pretoria (founded in 1855) is one of the South Africa’s three capital cities, serving as the executive (administrative) and de facto national capital; the other cities being Cape Town (the legislative capital), and Bloemfontein (the judicial capital). Pretoria is popularly referred to as the Jacaranda City due to the thousands of purple blossom-bedecked Jacaranda trees planted in its streets, parks and gardens. The city is about 50 km from the economic center of the country, Johannesburg. Over the years, Pretoria has greatly been infl uenced by diverse cultures which can be refl ected by the architectural styles found in the city, ranging from the British Colonial Architecture to Art Deco with a good mix of uniquely South African styles. Some of the notable structures of Pretoria that may be of interest to you will include the Union Buildings, Voortrekker Monument, Mahlamba Ndlopfu (the President’s House), to mention but a few. continue viii 13th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry The theme of the meeting “Advances on Electrochemical Materials Science and Manufacturing” reflects the constantly increasing importance of electrochemistry in promoting the growth of scientific and technical infrastructure in the field of materials science, engineering and technologies, and the need to sensitise and expose research students and academia to the uniqueness of electrochemistry as a major research and development tool in modern materials science and engineering. The conference consists of three Symposia sponsored by the ISE Division 4 (Electrochemical Materials Science), ISE Division 5 (Electrochemical Process Engineering and Technology) and ISE South African Region. As part of the activities marking this first ISE meeting in Africa, the South African Region of the ISE wishes to recognise and celebrate the contributions made by some academics who have been at the forefront of teaching and research in electrochemistry in the country: Professor Andrew Martin Crouch, Professor Ignacy Cukrowski, Professor Emmanuel Iwuoha, Professor Peter Loyson, Professor Vladimir Linkov, and Professor Tebello Nyokong. I would like to thank the Organizing Committee, Symposia Organizers and the Executive Committee, sponsors and exhibitors for all their contributions to make this meeting a success. Of course, it is impossible for this meeting to be successful without the key contributors (you, the participants), thanks a million times! I hope your 13th TM ISE Meeting will be a memorable one. Kenneth I. Ozoemena Chair Organizing Committee 13th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry Electrochemistry Excellence Award: Teaching & Research Recognition by the South African Region of the International Society of Electrochemistry TY O CIE F EL O E S C L T A R N O C O I H T E A M N I R S E T T R Y N I • x 13th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry Professor Andrew Martin Crouch Professor Andrew M Crouch is the Acting Deputy Vice-Chancellor Academic at the University of the Witwatersrand. Prior to this he served as the Dean of the Faculty of Science at WITS for a period of four years. He is a member of the Senior Executive Team of the University who advises the Vice-Chancellor on broad institutional leadership and management. Prior to his appointment at WITS, he was Professor of Chemistry and Associate Dean: Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Stellenbosch. Prof Crouch has extensive teaching experience in Chemistry, having taught at the Peninsula Technikon (now Cape Peninsula University of Technology), University of the Western Cape (UWC), Stellenbosch University and various Universities abroad. He has more than 20 years research experience in environmental electrochemistry and its applications, being the author/co-author