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Exploring the Synergy of Functionalized Bio-Carbons And Exploring the Synergy of Functionalised Bio-carbons and their Performance in Supercapacitor Devices Dina Ibrahim Abouelamaiem Submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at University College London Electrochemical Innovation Lab Department of Chemical Engineering University College London 2018 To my beloved mom Sophie, grandparents, Dan (d) and Oscar 1 Declaration I, Dina Ibrahim Abouelamaiem, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. …………………………… Signature …………………………… Date 2 Acknowledgements I am not sure where to start as I can go forever in the only personal section (but also so close to my heart) in this thesis. It all started on the 19th of October, 2014 when I knew that Dan Brett will be my PhD supervisor, and I will never forget how I danced on my bed back in Lebanon that night. I was so scared the first time I met you, and wasn’t sure if I will fit in the EIL, but I have changed so much over the course of 4 years, hugely because of you. Dan, I can’t start to describe how much I love you and appreciate all your support for me throughout the years. I will always see a dad character in you that I never had, though you are not that old. The support, respect and appreciation you have shown me throughout the years, I will never forget. You have seen and treated me as a person, and not a number in your group, and that is quite rare these days. I look forward to all the coming meetings in your office, or most probably at the pub. I love you and I hope I will always be part of your family, or maybe work together one day if I ever reach half the figure you are to me. Thank you from the bottom of my heart for never giving up on me and accepting me as I am, Dan Brett. I want to thank Paul Shearing, Magda Titirici and Ana Jorge Sobrido for all the mentoring they have provided over the last 4 years. You have all along with Dan, witnessed the ups and downs I had during my PhD, and you were always so supportive in academia and had the craziest ideas over a drink. But I have also had the pleasure of knowing you more on a personal level, and have friendships with you now that will last for the rest of my life. I look forward to working with you all after this PhD and continue our own way of working things through and reaching our goals, individually and together. To Eva Sorenson, the great figure that you are, and for being the most patient and understanding boss. I am so grateful for all your support and the mom-daughter chats we have in your office when I frequently knock on your door. Thank you for being there and being part of this experience. You have changed my perspective to this world. Thank you to Brian Evans Conway, the legend of supercapacitors. You have made my life much easier (well, followed by difficulty) and my imaginary discussions with you were indeed very fruitful and inspiring. I was, and still am, so lucky to be a member of the Electrochemical Innovation Lab family. I would not be where and who I am today without the support of each and every person that was or still is in the group. Each unique member in the group added to my experience and made it much more enjoyable and worthwhile. It is not possible to be impersonal and thank everyone in one statement. So, why not give it a try… A special thanks to Erik and Vidal, a 3 couple like no other, that have been so welcoming since day one. These guys have been there for me and have helped me realize true values in life, have witnessed the changes I went through over the years and have always been supportive of that. The fabulous, Toby or is it Youssef now? We can go for either, but you will always be to me the best encyclopaedia that is out there, both on an academic level and personal one. To the one and only Jay, juggling between being the best lab manager (who always tells me off) and giving the most precious advice when it comes to not burning things in the labs. To Amal, Ishanka, Becki and Rema for always being the most supportive ladies in the group, and also very fashionable, with their hair and outfits. This actually really means a lot to me. If we go down, we go down with style. Francesco, who is always lovely and smiling with his Italian superb style and tomography knowledge. James, I will never forget how much I didn’t understand a single word with your Irish accent the first year, maybe two, and for always having the right answers. Also, for being non-judgemental about my accent and amazing vernacular (I learnt the word recently and I am so proud). Rhodri, the proud Welsh who always have new funny stories and academic insights. Chun, you are probably one of the funniest people I have met, the sense of humour that you have along with the “google” expertise is something I definitely want to always hear more about. The guys that have left the group, Donal, Dami, Leon and Bernhard who are now successful people in different parts of the world, and who have set an example for all of the EILers. He’man for being the most chill, brightest, but most modest in the group, Drasti, the beautiful person inside out and who I had the privilege of knowing her more over the last few months, Xeuken for all the advice on tomography, but more importantly visa issues. Jen and Josh for their share of knowledge and enthusiasm. Shade and Vasilis, the beautiful vibrant characters, for all the laughs, the sass, the funny and shocking moments. Dimitris, the only boss out there, with the shining academic and humble person you are. I’ve met so many people in the EIL and UCL, and so many challenges and amazing memories would not have been the same without these people. Lara, thank you for tolerating my craziness, for always wanting to listen and for that motorbike ride and shopping day that we still did not have. I won’t forget about it, and this will be your present if I do pass. Chloe, we started on the same day for the PhD course, and even though we went our separate ways professionally, we are definitely still on the same crazy vibrant path whenever we meet up. Thank you for being the most understanding and for always showing me a different perspective to life. I do still miss having you on the desk, opposite to me, and when we understand each other only from one look. Marietta, my friend, or more like a sister that I never had. You have witnessed so much, so many good moments, laughing about random 4 things, but also being there through the toughest of moments, giving advice on peace when I am an angry monster. You are a great person, and I hope you realize your value to me. Guanjie, you have been the academic support, or more like my twin research colleague since day one. The endless nights in the labs, the write-up phase, the emails exchange on all opportunities out there. You are the most selfless person with a pure heart I have ever met, and you are an inspiration to me with all your academic endeavours and top notch work you produce. And yet, you always strive for more. I wish you all the success, all the happiness, all the breakthrough research that you want to accomplish, my dear friend. Lee and Hasan, you are the first people I see every day, and boy I am so lucky to have your smiles and life advice, making fun of me and always listening to my stories. You are true heroes. Eyerusalem and Mama Comfort, coffee wouldn’t taste the same if it wasn’t for you. You have always been there and you definitely made my experience here a different one. The traffic marshals, you are beautiful humans and our good mornings make the day brighter. To all the people outside UCL, Moe you are the best friend I can ever ask for. You never cut me slack, you know me so well, and you have seen the lowest lows. You are still around, I am actually a bit surprised, but also very grateful. To Nour, Joe, Ibrahim, Ali, Rola, Rayan and Rima, thank you for being a second family to me in the UK and for inviting me eventually for your socials. I am glad there is no more veto involved. To the lovely Nimit and Ben, with all their midnight deep chats (or not), creative games, adventurous (and love) stories, Saturday Frittatas and definitely the support you always have for me. Looking forward to many more of these moments (not the banking stuff that I will never understand), and maybe some “Paul” rides with the good old (repeating) tunes. To the people back in Lebanon, the habibis of the Middle East, the other Dina (or as she prefers the original one), Lulu and Reem, we spent many years in a few square meters together, and we can no never go back.
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