Sabina Spielrein Als Pati Nte Van Jung En De Overdrachtsliefde in De

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Sabina Spielrein Als Pati Nte Van Jung En De Overdrachtsliefde in De Eerste examenperiode .. . . . . Woord vooraf Deze scriptie is tot stand gekomen met het oog op het behalen van de graad van master in de Klinische Psychologie. Het resultaat van twee jaar werk zou echter niet zijn wat het vandaag is, zonder de hulp van enkele mensen en hierbij wil ik dan ook de tijd en ruimte nemen om hen te bedanken. Eerst en vooral wil ik mijn begeleider, Wim Matthys, bedanken voor het aanreiken van dit bijzonder interessante onderwerp en de begeleiding doorheen de twee masterjaren. De grondige feedback en boeiende artikels in mijn mailbox hebben deze scriptie op de rails gehouden op momenten dat ze wat van het pad begon af te wijken. Zonder de steun van mijn ouders lag dit werk hier niet, dus ook hen wil ik bedanken. Niet alleen voor het aanhoren van het nodige gezucht, geklaag en gezaag, maar ook voor de onvoorwaardelijke steun toen ik het geweldige idee kreeg om nog eens drie jaar verder te studeren. Nu is het genoeg geweest, denk ik. Sharon en Charlotte, zonder jullie waren de voorbije twee jaar vast niet half zo fijn als ze nu waren. Alles is relatief als er mensen zijn op wie je kan rekenen en die van elk moment een feest weten te maken. Ze mogen zeggen wat ze willen, maar onze rij was de leukste! Merci! Mijn stagementor Tine en alle mensen van Schild-pad en F4ward (Els, Thessa, Sofie, Jessica, Sandra, Ann, Bram, Dorien, Christophe, Talia & Tom). Springen en zwemmen is zoveel eenvoudiger als er mensen aan de kant staan die je een hand reiken als je dreigt te verdrinken. Van zotte momenten tot bezorgde vragen en alles daartussen, bedankt voor een onvergetelijk jaar! Jeremy, bedankt om te zijn. Omdat meer in detail treden een eigen scriptie waard is. When you walked into the room just then It’s like the sun came out I’m an atom in a sea of nothing Looking for another to combine Maybe we could be the start of something Be together at the start of time ii Abstract Met A Dangerous Method gaf David Cronenberg de figuren van Sigmund Freud en Carl Jung een nieuwe incarnatie binnen de populaire media. Tussen deze twee mannen plaatst hij echter Sabina Spielrein, een hysterische patiënte van Jung. In tegenstelling tot zowel Freud als Jung, is Spielreins rol in de geschiedenis relatief onbelicht gebleven. Het is slechts in de afgelopen decennia dat het mysterie ontsluierd werd, waarbij onder meer de film van Cronenberg ook een rol speelt. Vertrekkend vanuit de film bestudeert deze scriptie aan de hand van een literatuurstudie de invloed van de figuur van Spielrein op de Psychoanalytische beweging. Vooreerst bestuderen we haar opname bij Jung als casus rond hysterie, waaruit gebleken is dat zij een unieke positie innam als patiënte. Vervolgens hebben we haar bijdrage aan de analytische theorievorming en praktijk bestudeerd. Vanuit die verhouding tussen arts en patiënt is een dynamiek ontstaan dewelke het belang van de concepten overdracht en tegenoverdracht scherp stelt. In een tweede onderdeel zijn we dan ook stil blijven staan bij deze dynamiek – die prominent aanwezig was in haar verhouding met Jung – alsook bij het idee van de overdrachtsliefde als gevolg van die verhouding. Ten slotte hebben we de terugkoppeling gemaakt naar A Dangerous Method en hebben we de eerdere bronnen getrianguleerd met de film. Hierbij moeten we de conclusie trekken dat, ondanks de geschiedkundige ondergrond, deze film een relatief eenzijdige lezing van het verhaal brengt dewelke enigszins afbreuk doet aan de persoon van Spielrein. Waar haar academische aspiraties in beeld komen, worden deze overschaduwd door haar escalerende verhouding met Jung. Zodoende wordt ook abstractie gemaakt van de invloed die zij gehad heeft op de theorievorming. iii Inhoud Woord vooraf ..................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. iii Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Methode............................................................................................................................................ 11 Sabina Spielrein ............................................................................................................................... 13 Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 13 Sabina Spielrein als hysterische patiënte van C.G. Jung (1904 – 1905) ...................................... 15 Inleidende opmerkingen en aanmelding................................................................................... 15 Anamnese en symptomatologie ............................................................................................... 17 Diagnose en behandeling ......................................................................................................... 22 De bijdrage van Sabina Spielrein… ............................................................................................. 27 … aan de theorievorming binnen de Psychoanalyse................................................................ 27 … aan de Psychoanalytische praktijk....................................................................................... 33 Liefde & Overdracht ........................................................................................................................ 37 Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 37 Overdracht en tegenoverdracht .................................................................................................... 39 Een beknopte geschiedenis en definiëring van het concept overdracht................................... 39 De plaats en invloed van de therapeut in de overdrachtsverhouding ....................................... 44 Overdrachtsliefde en seksualiteit ................................................................................................. 47 Een theoretische beschouwing ................................................................................................. 47 Casus-illustratie: Carl Jung & Sabina Spielrein ....................................................................... 56 Toepassing: A Dangerous Method (2011) ....................................................................................... 61 Sabina Spielrein als hysterisch patiënte van C.G. Jung (1904 – 1905)........................................ 61 Overdrachtsliefde en seksualiteit ................................................................................................. 65 Besluit en discussie .......................................................................................................................... 69 Referenties........................................................................................................................................ 75 iv Inleiding But psychoanalysis has taught us that the dead – a dead parent, for example – can be more alive for us, more powerful, more scary, than the living. It is the question of ghosts. Jacques Derrida, New York Times, January 1994 (Moncur, 1994) Met dit citaat illustreert Frans filosoof Jacques Derrida (1930 – 2004) een van de belangrijke concepten van de psychoanalytische theorie. In het licht van zijn woorden zien we dan ook dat de voorvaderen van de Psychoanalyse, Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) en Carl Jung (1875 – 1961) vandaag nog steeds een belangrijke rol spelen. Hun visie mag vandaag evenwel in de schaduw staan van meer hedendaagse interpretaties, een resem hedendaagse concepten en theorieën vertrekken vanuit een Freudiaanse basis (Krauss Whitbourne, 2012), e.g. het concept van en recente ontwikkelingen omtrent de prototype hypothese1 (Roisman, Collins, Sroufe, & Egeland, 2005). Niet alleen in de academische wereld, maar ook in de populaire media steken deze figuren de kop op. Zo is er de BBC miniserie Freud (Armstrong, 1984) en het boek The Interpretation Of Murder (Rubenfeld, 2006) waarin beide heren een prominente rol toebedeeld krijgen, naast tal van cameo’s in populaire tv-series, zoals Sabrina The Teenage Witch en Le Retour d’Arsène Lupin2. Als we kijken naar de verschillende werken waarin zowel Freud alsook Jung als personage figureren, zij het hoofd- of nevenpersonage, dan kunnen we zien dat ze veelvuldig gebruikt worden in allerhande producties. Op filmisch vlak alleen al zien we dat Freud sinds de jaren ’50 regelmatig zijn opwachting maakt op het witte doek (IMDb.com, Inc., 2013). Hoewel Jung in academische kringen ook geen onbelangrijke naam is, zien we dat hij in mindere mate gebruikt wordt in film. Waar Freud reeds zestig jaar een wederkerend personage is, zien we dat Carl Jung pas in de jaren ’80 voor het eerst verschijnt, en in die afgelopen dertig jaar is ‘slechts’ zeven maal gebruikt gemaakt van Jung als personage (IMDb.com, Inc., 2013). Het gebruik van psychoanalyse in film is geen 1 De Prototype Hypothese zoals geformuleerd door Freud stelt dat de relatie tussen moeder en kind fungeert als een blauwdruk of prototype dat een invloed zal uitoefenen op de vorming en het verloop van de latere relaties die het kind zal aangaan in het adolescente en volwassen leven (Owens et al., 1995). Deze hypothese is lange
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