Contemporary Perspectives on African Moral Economy

Edited by

I.N. Kimambo, G. Hyden, S. Maghimbi and K. Sugimura

Dar es Salaam University Press Contents

Notes About the Contributors ix Acknowledgements xi Preface xiii

PARTI

OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY OF AFRICAN MORALECONOMY

Chapter 1: Contemporary Perspectives on African Moral Economy Kazuhiko Sugimura 3 Introduction 3 Economy of Affection as African Moral Economy and Its Contemporary Relevance 4 Moral Economy in the Era of Globalisation 7 New Trend in Development Thinking and the Extension and Deepening of the Concept of Moral Economy 10 References 14

Chapter 2: The Economy of Affection: Why the African Peasantry Remains Uncaptured Goran Hyden 16 Defining the Key Concepts 17 The Prevalance of Informal Institutions 20 Empirical Illustrations 27 Diversifictions of Income 27 Abolition of Taxes 28 Diversion of Public Funds 29 Breakdown of Physical Infrastructure 30 Limited Presence of Government Services 31 Conclusions 31 References 33 IV

Chapter 3: Between Moral Economy and Economy of Affection Tadasu Tsuruta 35 Introduction '. 35 Economy of Affection fromth e African Perspective 36 The Debate on the African Peasantry 39 Broader Implications of the Debate 40 Moral Economy fromth e Southeast Asian Perspective 42 Moral Economy Disputes 44 Between Moral Economy and Economy of Affection: A Comparative Analysis .45 Contemporary Relevance of the Economy of Affection and Moral Economy 47 Conclusion 49 References

PART 2

MORAL ECONOMY ON ENVIRONMENT

Chapter 4: Conserving the Environment and Improving Livelihoods by Using Traditional Knowledge and Organization Fanuel Shechambo 55 Introduction 55 Background Information 55 Role of Hifadhi Ardhi Shinyanga (HASHI) Project 57 Procedure for Establihsinga'Wgzrf/f' ,57 Biodiversity and Poverty Reduction 59 Lessons Learned 61 References 62

Chapter 5: Water, Nomadism and the Subsistence Ethic in Maasailand (Kiteto District) S. Maghimbi 63 Introduction 63 The Subsistence Ethnic and Water 66 Water Management and Subsistence Among Pastoral Nomads in Kiteto District 68 Conclusion 70 References 71 Chapter 6: The Economy of Affection/Moral Economy and Water Management for Irrigation and Environmental Conservation in Semi-Arid Areas: The Case Study of Mwanga District AbuMvungi 72 Introduction 72 The Uniqueness of the Peasantry 73 District Profile 74 Methods of Data Collection 74 The State and Status of the Environment 75 Traditional Land-Use and Water Management 75 Water Distribution and Security Assurance 78 People Practicing Irrigation 78 Governance 79 Conclusion 81 References 83

PART 3

MORAL ECONOMY OF LABOUR

Chapter 7: Moral Economy Inversion: Ganyu Labour in Rural Malawi Deborah Fahy Bryceson 87 Ganyu Labour: Origins and Ethics 88 Change in Local Rural Economies During the 20* Century 91 Economic Dualism of Rural Labour Reserves 91 Putting Peasants First Far Too Late Under Economic Liberalization of the 1990s 92 The Bottom Line: Famine's Impoverishing Effects 94 Ganyu Labour's Changing Economic and Moral Content 96 Influence of Food Insecurity on Ganyu Labour 96 Ganyu Labour and Rural Economic Differentiation 98 Ganyu Labour andTransactional Sex 100 Conclusion 102 References 104 VI

Chapter 8: Commercialisation and Social Ties: Changing Process of the Labour Exchange Among the Sabiny, Eastern Uganda Soichiro Shiraishi 107 Introduction 107 Social Ties under Commercialization 108 Socio-economic Background of the Area 109 'Beer Party System' and Its Decline in the Area 110 Moyket: 'Beer Party System'in the Colonial Era 110 Decline of the Moyket 112 Present Day Labour Transactions 113 Network of Labour Transactions 114 Credit Associations as a Generator of Social-Ties 117 Discussions and Conclusion 119 Conclusion: Transformation of Peasant Economy 121 References 122

Chapter 9: The Changing Practices of Kibarua Employment Kazuhiko Sugimura ..124 Introduction 124 Regional Subsistence and Cash Economy 125 Description of the Study Area 125 Subsistence Agriculture in Nyameni 125 Cash Economy and Everyday Life 128 Kibarua and Peasant Economy intheSagara 129 The Kibarua Phenomenon Among the Peasants 130 Employers and Kibarua Workers Among Peasants 131 Concluding Reflections 133

References 135

PART 4

CASES FROM ETHIOPIA Chapter 10: Moral Economy as Emotional Integration: Food Sharing and Reciprocity in Highland Ethiopia Keichiro Matsumura 139 Introduction 139 Food Sharing in Highland Ethiopia 141 Maize Distribution after the Harvest 141 Vll

Food Sharing in Everyday Life 142 Motivations and Incentives of Food Sharing ., 144 Food Sharing and Social Relationships 145 The Process of Begging and Giving 146 Emotional Interaction inFood Sharing 148 Emotional Interaction over Food Sharing 150 Conclusion •'• 151 References 152

Chapter 11: The Economy of Affection Unites the Region: Bond-partnership in the Lower Omo Valley, Southwestern Ethiopia Hiroshi Matsuda 153 Introduction 153 The Muguji, Belmo, and the Lower Omo Region 156 Partners and Goods 157 Some Features of the Belmo System 160 Conclusion 161 References 162

x PART5

MORAL ECONOMY AND ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT

Chapter 12: The Moral Economy in Endogenous Development: Towards a New Perspective from the Economy of Affection in Africa Kumiko Sakamoto 165 Introduction 165 Characteristics of the Moral and Affective Economy in Africa 166 Moral Economy in the Changing World 170 Possibilities and Challenges of Moral Economy in Endogenous Development 173 Conclusion 176 References 178 Vlll

Chapter 13: Endogenous Development and Moral Economy: A Case of the Matengo Society in Mbinga District, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania Deogratias F. Rutatora and Stephen J. Nindi 180 Introduction 180 The Profile of Mbinga District 180 Land Use and Climate 181 Ecological Zones 182 Administration 183 Demographic Characteristics 183 Historical Development of the Matengo Society 184 Development of Land Management in Ntambo 185 Farming System in the Matengo Highlands 188 Activities in Supporting Endogenous Development 193 Opportunities and Constraints for Endogenous Development 197 Conclusion 197 References 199

PART 6

CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE OF MORAL ECONOMY

Chapter 14: The Challenge of Moral Economy in Africa A. Robert Frouville 203 The Moral Economy of Tanzania 203 Historical Evolution of the Tanzania Economy 204 Two Different Conceptions Concerning Traditional Culture and Development Programmes 205 The Predominance of "Economy of Affection" 207 Some more Facts about Moral Economy. 210 Second Part: PEKEA's Research Programme 212 Post-war Capitalist Countries: ADream for Poor Countries 215 Conclusion 218 References 220

Index 222