DOCSLIB.ORG

Neurocognitive Predictors of Confabulation in Schizophrenia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neurocognitive Predictors of Confabulation in Schizophrenia International Journal of Risk and Recovery REVIEW ARTICLE Neurocognitive predictors of confabulation in Schizophre- nia: a systematic and quantitative review Kyrsten M. Grimes1, Konstantine K. Zakzanis1 1 University of Toronto Scarborough, Department of to the use of interviewing techniques. Ad- Psychology, Toronto, Canada ditionally, identifying predictors of confabu- Confabulations, or false memories, are ob- lations in schizophrenia may allow for a served in various disorders, including schizo- greater understanding of what subgroup of phrenia. In forensic psychiatric assessment, patients is more likely to confabulate. This this is problematic, particularly when garnering quantitative review will aim to synthesize a clinical history and detailed account of the the findings on the frequency of confabula- index offense(s) from the individual being tions in these studies, as well as the neu- charged. This study sought to quantitatively synthesize the existing literature regarding the rocognitive predictors of confabulation. To frequency of confabulations in schizophrenia the best of our knowledge, no quantitative and its neurocognitive correlates. The findings review employing meta-analytic methods suggest that patients with schizophrenia con- has been undertaken on the neurocogni- fabulated more than healthy controls for new tive predictors of confabulations in this information if it was related to old information. patient population to date. The relationship between confabulations and neurocognitive variables was inconsistent. Confabulations Together, the results from this quantitative Variations of the Deese–Roediger– review has important implications for interview- McDermott paradigm [8,9] tend to be used ing techniques in forensic psychiatric assess- most frequently to measure confabula- ment. Specifically, the assessor should take great care not to ask leading questions or in- tions. Participants are shown a list of troduce unverified, contextual information into words. They are then shown these words the interview, as it may result in a confabula- again, along with new words that either tion, rather than a more accurate account of are or are not semantically related to the the event. first set of words. Patients are asked to Key words identify whether they have seen the word before, as well as how confident they are Schizophrenia, confabulation, false memories, intru- in their answers. An intrusion, whereby sions, neurocognition, source monitoring participants state a new word was previ- Introduction ously presented, is considered to be evi- dence of confabulation. Research sug- Confabulations, or false memories, are gests that patients tend to confabulate for observed in various disorders, including new, semantically related words more than schizophrenia. In forensic psychiatric as- do controls [10]. In contrast, several stud- sessment, this is problematic, particularly ies have found that both healthy controls when garnering a clinical history and de- and patients made comparable levels of tailed account of the index offense(s) from intrusions when the new words were se- the individual being charged. Numerous mantically related to the old words. Fur- studies have identified that patients with ther, as the semantic relationship de- schizophrenia confabulate more frequently creased, the number of intrusions de- than do healthy controls [1-4], though oth- ceased across both groups [5,11-13]. This er studies have found no differences be- suggests that anyone is susceptible to tween these groups [5-7]. Confabulations making confabulations when the new and in schizophrenia have important implica- old words are related semantically. tions in forensic assessments with respect Int J Risk Recov 2018;1(2):23-31 https://doi.org/10.15173/ijrr.v1i2.3492 Grimes & Zakzanis IJRR 2018;1(2) A common variation to this paradigm in- Peters, Hauschildt, Moritz, and Jelinek [18] volves both the participant and experi- employed a similar methodology using menter generating words. Participants are videos but varied their valence: positive, later presented with the generated words negative, neutral, and delusional. Patients and new words and are asked to identify with schizophrenia confabulated more whether the word is old or new. If they frequently than healthy controls for posi- identify it as old, they are asked whether it tive videos only. That is, for negative, neu- was said by the experimenter or them- tral, and delusional videos, no differences selves. Patients were more likely than in confabulation were found between pa- were controls to attribute new words to tients with schizophrenia and healthy con- both the experimenter and the self [10,14] trols. This suggests that emotionality may but tended to display a bias in labelling play a role in confabulation, which makes words as being said by the experimenter sense, given that patients’ real-world con- [14]. Thus, this may simply be a source fabulations tend to have an emotional va- monitoring deficit, rather than evidence of lence. This further speaks to the multitude confabulations. Indeed, other research of factors that likely play a role in predict- suggests that patients were more likely to ing the likelihood of confabulations. misattribute self-presented words as being Neurocognition said by the experimenter and vice versa [13]. Given that confabulations are related to one’s ability to form memories, it is neces- If patients with schizophrenia confabulate sary to examine the neurocognitive predic- more than healthy individuals, this effect tors associated with this phenomenon. For should be observed using other stimuli as instance, Nienow and Docherty [20] found well. Mammarella et al. [15] asked partici- that patients with schizophrenia were more pants to either imagine an action or per- likely than controls to confabulate, but this form an action. Twenty-four hours later, effect disappeared when intellectual ability they were presented with several actions and verbal working memory was taken into and asked if they imagined it, performed it, account. Because confabulations are as- or neither (i.e. a new action). Patients in- sociated with other disorders as well, it is correctly attributed new actions as previ- possible that it is linked to specific neu- ously performed actions more than did rocognitive deficits, rather than being as- controls, suggesting that patients did in sociated with schizophrenia more broadly. fact confabulate that they had previously performed an action. Various studies have identified that both semantic and working memory differenti- Other studies have used pictures and vid- ated confabulators from non-confabulators eos, which may tap into the visual aspect but not episodic memory [5,6,21,22]. While of confabulations (i.e. being able to visual- Nienow & Docherty [20] found that verbal ly represent a memory in one’s mind). working memory was associated with con- Several studies employing the DRM para- fabulations, thought disorder accounted for digm using pictures found that like when variance above and beyond verbal work- using words, both patients and controls ing memory. Indeed, several studies have confabulated at a similar frequency when found that thought disorder is uniquely new images were highly related to previ- associated with the tendency to confabu- ously presented images. In contrast, how- late [12-14,23,24]. Thus, it appears that ever, patients confabulated more frequent- thought disorder plays a specific role in ly than did controls on new images that confabulations but that semantic and were moderately related to previously pre- working memory may be uniquely associ- sented images [16,17]. This suggests that ated with this phenomenon above and while both patients and controls have a beyond symptomatology. tendency to misattribute new stimuli as previously presented when they are relat- In general, previous findings suggest a ed, patients with the illness have a greater relationship between deficits in executive tendency than do healthy controls to do functioning and confabulations. These this when the stimuli are not related. findings have been consistent for both 24 Confabulation in Schizophrenia IJRR 2018;1(2) source monitoring paradigms [5,10,24] searching the literature was set. Hence, and story-recall [22]. On the other hand, the research literature was canvased up to other studies have yielded contradictory 2016. Studies included ranged in publica- findings [14,21]. Thus, these differences tion date from 1995 to 2007. need to be further understood. Inclusion Criteria Other neurocognitive domains have re- The search yielded 250 candidate re- ceived less attention to date than have search papers. After duplicates were re- memory and executive functioning. Atten- moved, five primary studies met inclusion tional abilities do not appear to play a role criteria. The following inclusion criteria was in confabulations [25], but this has only utilized: (1) Participant samples that in- been examined in a limited number of cluded patients with schizophrenia and studies. Moreover, Brebion et al. [25] ex- healthy controls; (2) commercially availa- amined processing speed and found this ble neuropsychological test measures to be unrelated to intrusions. It is possible were employed (i.e., no experimental par- that while processing speed did not play a adigms were considered); (3) quantitative role in the source discrimination task over- data (i.e., means and standard deviations) all, it may still have played a role in the were available so
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assessment of Confabulation in Patients RENSON Publishedonline11sepetember2015 GREEN
    King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2015.1084377 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Renson, Y. C. M., Oosterman, J. M., van Damme, J. E., Griekspoor, S. I. A., Wester, A. J., Kopelman, M. D., & Kessels, R. P. C. (2015). Assessment of Confabulation in Patients with Alcohol-Related Cognitive Disorders: The Nijmegen–Venray Confabulation List (NVCL-20). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 29, 804-823. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2015.1084377 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • The Integrated Nature of Metamemory and Memory
    The Integrated Nature of Metamemory and Memory John Dunlosky and Robert A. Bjork Introduction Memory has been of interest to scholars and laypeople alike for over 2,000 years. In a rather gruesome example from antiquity, Cicero tells the story of Simonides (557– 468 BC), who discovered the method of loci, which is a powerful mental mnemonic for enhancing one’s memory. Simonides was at a banquet of a nobleman, Scopas. To honor him, Simonides sang a poem, but to Scopas’s chagrin, the poem also honored two young men, Castor and Pollux. Being upset, Scopas told Simonides that he was to receive only half his wage. Simonides was later called from the banquet, and legend has it that the banquet room collapsed, and all those inside were crushed. To help bereaved families identify the victims, Simonides reportedly was able to name every- one according to the place where they sat at the table, which gave him the idea that order brings strength to our memories and that to employ this ability people “should choose localities, then form mental images of things they wanted to store in their memory, and place these in the localities” (Cicero, 2001). Tis example highlights an early discovery that has had important applied impli- cations for improving the functioning of memory (see, e.g., Yates, 1997). Memory theory was soon to follow. Aristotle (385–322 BC) claimed that memory arises from three processes: Events are associated (1) through their relative similarity or (2) rela- tive dissimilarity and (3) when they co-occur together in space and time.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is It Like to Be Confabulating?
    What is it like to be Confabulating? Sahba Besharati, Aikaterini Fotopoulou and Michael D. Kopelman Kings College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London UK Different kinds of confabulations may arise in neurological and psychiatric disorders. This chapter first offers conceptual distinctions between spontaneous and momentary (“provoked”) confabulations, as well as between these types of confabulation and other kinds of false memories. The chapter then reviews current explanatory theories, emphasizing that both neurocognitive and motivational factors account for the content of confabulations. We place particular emphasis on a general model of confabulation that considers cognitive dysfunctions in memory and executive functioning in parallel with social and emotional factors. It is argued that all these dimensions need to be taken into account for a phenomenologically rich description of confabulation. The role of the motivated content of confabulation and the subjective experience of the patient are particularly relevant in effective management and rehabilitation strategies. Finally, we discuss a case example in order to illustrate how seemingly meaningless false memories are actually meaningful if placed in the context of the patient’s own perspective and autobiographical memory. Key words: Confabulation; False memory; Motivation; Self; Rehabilitation. 1 Memory is often subject to errors of omission and commission such that recollection includes instances of forgetting, or distorting past experience. The study of pathological forms of exaggerated memory distortion has provided useful insights into the mechanisms of normal reconstructive remembering (Johnson, 1991; Kopelman, 1999; Schacter, Norman & Kotstall, 1998). An extreme form of pathological memory distortion is confabulation. Different variants of confabulation are found to arise in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Metamemory and Memory Evolution of Metacognition
    This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 29 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK Handbook of Metamemory and Memory John Dunlosky, Robert A. Bjork Evolution of Metacognition Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203805503.ch3 Janet Metcalfe Published online on: 28 May 2008 How to cite :- Janet Metcalfe. 28 May 2008, Evolution of Metacognition from: Handbook of Metamemory and Memory Routledge Accessed on: 29 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203805503.ch3 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Evolution of Metacognition Janet Metcalfe Introduction The importance of metacognition, in the evolution of human consciousness, has been emphasized by thinkers going back hundreds of years. While it is clear that people have metacognition, even when it is strictly defined as it is here, whether any other animals share this capability is the topic of this chapter.
    [Show full text]
  • Functional–Anatomic Correlates of Control Processes in Memory
    The Journal of Neuroscience, May 15, 2003 • 23(10):3999–4004 • 3999 Functional–Anatomic Correlates of Control Processes in Memory Randy L. Buckner Department of Psychology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 Introduction when memory retrieval requires flexible use of control processes A central role for control processes in long-term memory is ap- (Milner et al., 1985; Schacter, 1987; Shimmamura et al., 1991). In parent when one considers that there is far more information many cases, patients will fail to recall, or sometimes even recog- available in memory than can be accessed at any single moment nize, information (for review, see Wheeler et al., 1995) or inap- (Tulving and Pearlstone, 1966; Koriat, 2000). Much as selective propriately estimate the source or timing, or both, of a past epi- attention operates to focus processing on objects in the environ- sode (for review, see Schacter, 1987). In rare cases, a patient may ment, related control processes are required to constrain and make up episodes from the past while believing they really hap- select from information stored in memory. pened, a phenomenon called “confabulation” (Moscovitch, Neuroimaging studies have expanded our understanding of 1989; Burgess and Shallice, 1996). Unlike purer forms of amnesia, control processes in long-term memory in three important ways. which result from medial temporal and diencephalic lesions First, networks of regions, prominently including specific regions (Scoville and Milner, 1957; Squire, 1992; Cohen and Eichen- in prefrontal cortex, contribute to control processes during baum, 1993), the deficits after frontal damage align more to im- memory retrieval.
    [Show full text]
  • ED 273 391 AUTHOR TITLE Metamemorial Knowledge, M-Space, and Working Memory PUB DATE Apr 86 NOTE 22P.; Paper Presented at the An
    ED 273 391 PE 016 050 AUTHOR Ledger, George W.; Mca,ris, Kevin K. TITLE Metamemorial Knowledge, M-space, and Working Memory Performance in Fourth Graders. PUB DATE Apr 86 NOTE 22p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (67th, San Francisco, CA, April 16-20, 1986). PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143) -- Speeches/Conference Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Elementary School Students; Grade 4; Intermediate Grades; *Memory; *Metacognition; *Predictor Variables IDENTIFIERS *Memory Span; *Metamemorial Knowledge ABSTRACT Three groups of fourth graders who differed on a metamemory pre-test were compared on five working memory tasks to explore the relationship between metamemorial knowledge, total processing space (M-space) and working memory span performance. Children in each group received three versions of each task on concurrent days. It was hypothesized that the group highest in metamemorial knowledge would score highest on the five working memory tasks. Results indicated that metamemory performance consistently predicted performance on the memory span measures. Three of the memory span measures showed a significant between-group effect on metamemory, while the remaining two evidenced strong trends in that direction. Analysis of repeated measures revealed no significant trials effects, indicating that no improvement in performance occurred across repeated presentations of the tasks. Implications for a metacognitive explanation of working memory processes and educational implications are discussed. (Author/RH) *******************************************i**************w*u********** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** DRAFT COPY FOR CRITIQUE SESSION George W. Ledger American Educational Research Association and April, 1986 - San Francisco Kevin K.
    [Show full text]
  • Disordered Memory Awareness: Recollective Confabulation in Two Cases of Persistent Déj`A Vecu
    Neuropsychologia 43 (2005) 1362–1378 Disordered memory awareness: recollective confabulation in two cases of persistent dej´ a` vecu Christopher J.A. Moulin a,b,∗, Martin A. Conway b, Rebecca G. Thompson a, Niamh James a, Roy W. Jones a a The Research Institute for the Care of the Elderly, St. Martin’s Hospital, UK b Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK Received 7 April 2004; received in revised form 10 December 2004; accepted 16 December 2004 Available online 11 March 2005 Abstract We describe two cases of false recognition in patients with dementia and diffuse temporal lobe pathology who report their memory difficulty as being one of persistent dej´ a` vecu—the sensation that they have lived through the present moment before. On a number of recognition tasks, the patients were found to have high levels of false positives. They also made a large number of guess responses but otherwise appeared metacognitively intact. Informal reports suggested that the episodes of dej´ a` vecu were characterised by sensations similar to those present when the past is recollectively experienced in normal remembering. Two further experiments found that both patients had high levels of recollective experience for items they falsely recognized. Most strikingly, they were likely to recollectively experience incorrectly recognised low frequency words, suggesting that their false recognition was not driven by familiarity processes or vague sensations of having encountered events and stimuli before. Importantly, both patients made reasonable justifications for their false recognitions both in the experiments and in their everyday lives and these we term ‘recollective confabulation’.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol and Brain Damage in Adults with Reference to High-Risk Groups
    CR185 Alcohol and brain damage in adults With reference to high-risk groups © 2014 Royal College of Psychiatrists For full details of reports available and how to obtain them, contact the Book Sales Assistant at the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 21 Prescot Street, COLLEGE REPORT London E1 8BB (tel. 020 7235 2351; fax 020 3701 2761) or visit the College website at http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/publications/collegereports.aspx Alcohol and brain damage in adults With reference to high-risk groups College report CR185 The Royal College of Psychiatrists, the Royal College of Physicians (London), the Royal College of General Practitioners and the Association of British Neurologists May 2014 Approved by the Policy Committee of the Royal College of Psychiatrists: September 2013 Due for review: 2018 © 2014 Royal College of Psychiatrists College Reports constitute College policy. They have been sanctioned by the College via the Policy Committee. For full details of reports available and how to obtain them, contact the Book Sales Assistant at the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 21 Prescot Street, London E1 8BB (tel. 020 7235 2351; fax 020 7245 1231) or visit the College website at http://www.rcpsych. ac.uk/publications/collegereports.aspx The Royal College of Psychiatrists is a charity registered in England and Wales (228636) and in Scotland (SC038369). | Contents List of abbreviations iv Working group v Executive summary and recommendations 1 Lay summary 6 Introduction 12 Clinical definition and diagnosis of alcohol-related brain damage and related
    [Show full text]
  • The Three Amnesias
    The Three Amnesias Russell M. Bauer, Ph.D. Department of Clinical and Health Psychology College of Public Health and Health Professions Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida PO Box 100165 HSC Gainesville, FL 32610-0165 USA Bauer, R.M. (in press). The Three Amnesias. In J. Morgan and J.E. Ricker (Eds.), Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychology. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis/Psychology Press. The Three Amnesias - 2 During the past five decades, our understanding of memory and its disorders has increased dramatically. In 1950, very little was known about the localization of brain lesions causing amnesia. Despite a few clues in earlier literature, it came as a complete surprise in the early 1950’s that bilateral medial temporal resection caused amnesia. The importance of the thalamus in memory was hardly suspected until the 1970’s and the basal forebrain was an area virtually unknown to clinicians before the 1980’s. An animal model of the amnesic syndrome was not developed until the 1970’s. The famous case of Henry M. (H.M.), published by Scoville and Milner (1957), marked the beginning of what has been called the “golden age of memory”. Since that time, experimental analyses of amnesic patients, coupled with meticulous clinical description, pathological analysis, and, more recently, structural and functional imaging, has led to a clearer understanding of the nature and characteristics of the human amnesic syndrome. The amnesic syndrome does not affect all kinds of memory, and, conversely, memory disordered patients without full-blown amnesia (e.g., patients with frontal lesions) may have impairment in those cognitive processes that normally support remembering.
    [Show full text]
  • Disordered Recognition Memory: Recollective Confabulation
    cortex xxx (2013) 1e12 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cortex Special issue: Research report Disordered recognition memory: Recollective confabulation Chris J.A. Moulin* Laboratoire d’Etude de l’Apprentissage et du De´veloppement, CNRS UMR 5022, Universite´ de Bourgogne, Dijon, France article info abstract Article history: Recollective confabulation (RC) is encountered as a conviction that a present moment is a Received 31 January 2012 repetition of one experienced previously, combined with the retrieval of confabulated Reviewed 12 April 2012 specifics to support that assertion. It is often described as persistent de´ja` vu by family Revised 24 September 2012 members and caregivers. On formal testing, patients with RC tend to produce a very high Accepted 24 January 2013 level of false positive errors. In this paper, a new case series of 11 people with dementia or Published online xxx mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and with de´ja` vu-like experiences is presented. In two experiments the nature of the recognition memory deficit is explored. The results from Keywords: these two experiments suggest e contrary to our hypothesis in earlier published case re- Dementia ports e that recollection mechanisms are relatively spared in this group, and that patients De´ja` vu experience familiarity for non-presented items. The RC patients tended to be overconfident Reduplicative paramnesia in their assessment of recognition memory, and produce inaccurate assessments of their Familiarity performance. These findings are discussed with reference to delusions more generally, and Metacognition point to a combined memory and metacognitive deficit, possibly arising from damage to temporal and right frontal regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Eyewitness Metamemory Predicts Identification Performance in Biased and Unbiased Lineups
    Eyewitness metamemory predicts identification performance in biased and unbiased lineups Renan Benigno Saraiva1,2*, Inger Mathilde van Boeijen3, Lorraine Hope1, Robert Horselenberg2, Melanie Sauerland3, Peter J. van Koppen2,4 1Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth 2Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Maastricht University 3Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University 4Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, VU University Amsterdam *Corresponding author: Renan Benigno Saraiva. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom ([email protected]). Note: This paper has not yet been peer-reviewed. Please contact the authors before citing. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by a fellowship award from the Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Program The House of Legal Psychology (EMJD-LP) with Framework Partnership Agreement (FPA) 2013-0036 and Specific Grant Agreement (SGA) 2013-0036. Metamemory and Eyewitness Identification 1 Abstract Distinguishing accurate from inaccurate identifications is a challenging issue in the criminal justice system, especially for biased police lineups. That is because biased lineups undermine the diagnostic value of accuracy postdictors such as confidence and decision time. Here, we aimed to test general and eyewitness-specific self-ratings of memory capacity as potential estimators of identification performance that are unaffected by lineup bias. Participants (N = 744) completed a metamemory assessment consisting of the Multifactorial Metamemory Questionnaire and the Eyewitness Metamemory Scale and took part in a standard eyewitness paradigm. Following the presentation of a mock-crime video, they viewed either biased or unbiased lineups. Self-ratings of discontentment with eyewitness memory ability were indicative of identification accuracy for both biased and unbiased lineups.
    [Show full text]
  • Confabulation: a Guide for Mental Health Professionals Jerrod Brown1,2,3*, Deb Huntley1, Stephen Morgan1, Kimberly D Dodson4, and Janina Cich1,3
    ISSN: 2378-3001 Brown et al. Int J Neurol Neurother 2017, 4:070 International Journal of DOI: 10.23937/2378-3001/1410070 Volume 4 | Issue 2 Neurology and Neurotherapy Open Access REVIEW ARTICLE Confabulation: A Guide for Mental Health Professionals Jerrod Brown1,2,3*, Deb Huntley1, Stephen Morgan1, Kimberly D Dodson4, and Janina Cich1,3 1Concordia University, St. Paul, MN, USA 2Pathways Counseling Center, St. Paul, MN, USA 3 The American Institute for the Advancement of Forensic Studies, St. Paul, MN, USA Check for 4University of Houston - Clear Lake, TX, USA updates *Corresponding author: Jerrod Brown, Ph.D., MA, MS, MS, MS, Pathways Counseling Center, 1919 University Ave. W. Suite 6 St. Paul MN, 55104, USA, E-mail: [email protected] truthful memories [2-4]. These false memories may con- Abstract sist of exaggerations of actual events, inserting memo- Confabulation is the creation of false memories in the ab- ries of one event into another time or place, recalling an sence of intentions of deception. Individuals who confabu- late have no recognition that the information being relayed older memory but believing it took place more recently, to others is fabricated. Confabulating individuals are not filling in gaps in memory, or the creation of a new mem- intentionally being deceptive and sincerely believe the in- ory of an event that never occurred [5-7]. While some formation they are communicating to be genuine and accu- confabulated memories are easier to identify as false, rate. Confabulation ranges from small distortions of actual in other cases, the confabulated memory may be so memories to creation of bizarre and unusual memories, of- ten with elaborate detail.
    [Show full text]