Does Institutionalization Influence Perceived Metamemory
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The Integrated Nature of Metamemory and Memory
The Integrated Nature of Metamemory and Memory John Dunlosky and Robert A. Bjork Introduction Memory has been of interest to scholars and laypeople alike for over 2,000 years. In a rather gruesome example from antiquity, Cicero tells the story of Simonides (557– 468 BC), who discovered the method of loci, which is a powerful mental mnemonic for enhancing one’s memory. Simonides was at a banquet of a nobleman, Scopas. To honor him, Simonides sang a poem, but to Scopas’s chagrin, the poem also honored two young men, Castor and Pollux. Being upset, Scopas told Simonides that he was to receive only half his wage. Simonides was later called from the banquet, and legend has it that the banquet room collapsed, and all those inside were crushed. To help bereaved families identify the victims, Simonides reportedly was able to name every- one according to the place where they sat at the table, which gave him the idea that order brings strength to our memories and that to employ this ability people “should choose localities, then form mental images of things they wanted to store in their memory, and place these in the localities” (Cicero, 2001). Tis example highlights an early discovery that has had important applied impli- cations for improving the functioning of memory (see, e.g., Yates, 1997). Memory theory was soon to follow. Aristotle (385–322 BC) claimed that memory arises from three processes: Events are associated (1) through their relative similarity or (2) rela- tive dissimilarity and (3) when they co-occur together in space and time. -
Handbook of Metamemory and Memory Evolution of Metacognition
This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 29 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK Handbook of Metamemory and Memory John Dunlosky, Robert A. Bjork Evolution of Metacognition Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203805503.ch3 Janet Metcalfe Published online on: 28 May 2008 How to cite :- Janet Metcalfe. 28 May 2008, Evolution of Metacognition from: Handbook of Metamemory and Memory Routledge Accessed on: 29 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203805503.ch3 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Evolution of Metacognition Janet Metcalfe Introduction The importance of metacognition, in the evolution of human consciousness, has been emphasized by thinkers going back hundreds of years. While it is clear that people have metacognition, even when it is strictly defined as it is here, whether any other animals share this capability is the topic of this chapter. -
ED 273 391 AUTHOR TITLE Metamemorial Knowledge, M-Space, and Working Memory PUB DATE Apr 86 NOTE 22P.; Paper Presented at the An
ED 273 391 PE 016 050 AUTHOR Ledger, George W.; Mca,ris, Kevin K. TITLE Metamemorial Knowledge, M-space, and Working Memory Performance in Fourth Graders. PUB DATE Apr 86 NOTE 22p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (67th, San Francisco, CA, April 16-20, 1986). PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143) -- Speeches/Conference Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Elementary School Students; Grade 4; Intermediate Grades; *Memory; *Metacognition; *Predictor Variables IDENTIFIERS *Memory Span; *Metamemorial Knowledge ABSTRACT Three groups of fourth graders who differed on a metamemory pre-test were compared on five working memory tasks to explore the relationship between metamemorial knowledge, total processing space (M-space) and working memory span performance. Children in each group received three versions of each task on concurrent days. It was hypothesized that the group highest in metamemorial knowledge would score highest on the five working memory tasks. Results indicated that metamemory performance consistently predicted performance on the memory span measures. Three of the memory span measures showed a significant between-group effect on metamemory, while the remaining two evidenced strong trends in that direction. Analysis of repeated measures revealed no significant trials effects, indicating that no improvement in performance occurred across repeated presentations of the tasks. Implications for a metacognitive explanation of working memory processes and educational implications are discussed. (Author/RH) *******************************************i**************w*u********** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** DRAFT COPY FOR CRITIQUE SESSION George W. Ledger American Educational Research Association and April, 1986 - San Francisco Kevin K. -
Externally Induced Frontoparietal Synchronization Modulates Network Dynamics and Enhances Working Memory Performance
RESEARCH ARTICLE Externally induced frontoparietal synchronization modulates network dynamics and enhances working memory performance Ines R Violante1,2*, Lucia M Li1, David W Carmichael3, Romy Lorenz1, Robert Leech1, Adam Hampshire1, John C Rothwell2, David J Sharp1 1The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; 2Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; 3Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom Abstract Cognitive functions such as working memory (WM) are emergent properties of large- scale network interactions. Synchronisation of oscillatory activity might contribute to WM by enabling the coordination of long-range processes. However, causal evidence for the way oscillatory activity shapes network dynamics and behavior in humans is limited. Here we applied transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to exogenously modulate oscillatory activity in a right frontoparietal network that supports WM. Externally induced synchronization improved performance when cognitive demands were high. Simultaneously collected fMRI data reveals tACS effects dependent on the relative phase of the stimulation and the internal cognitive processing state. Specifically, synchronous tACS during the verbal WM task increased parietal activity, which correlated with behavioral performance. Furthermore, functional connectivity results indicate that *For correspondence: i.violante@ the relative phase of frontoparietal stimulation influences information flow within the WM network. imperial.ac.uk Overall, our findings demonstrate a link between behavioral performance in a demanding WM task Competing interests: The and large-scale brain synchronization. authors declare that no DOI: 10.7554/eLife.22001.001 competing interests exist. -
Disordered Memory Awareness: Recollective Confabulation in Two Cases of Persistent Déj`A Vecu
Neuropsychologia 43 (2005) 1362–1378 Disordered memory awareness: recollective confabulation in two cases of persistent dej´ a` vecu Christopher J.A. Moulin a,b,∗, Martin A. Conway b, Rebecca G. Thompson a, Niamh James a, Roy W. Jones a a The Research Institute for the Care of the Elderly, St. Martin’s Hospital, UK b Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK Received 7 April 2004; received in revised form 10 December 2004; accepted 16 December 2004 Available online 11 March 2005 Abstract We describe two cases of false recognition in patients with dementia and diffuse temporal lobe pathology who report their memory difficulty as being one of persistent dej´ a` vecu—the sensation that they have lived through the present moment before. On a number of recognition tasks, the patients were found to have high levels of false positives. They also made a large number of guess responses but otherwise appeared metacognitively intact. Informal reports suggested that the episodes of dej´ a` vecu were characterised by sensations similar to those present when the past is recollectively experienced in normal remembering. Two further experiments found that both patients had high levels of recollective experience for items they falsely recognized. Most strikingly, they were likely to recollectively experience incorrectly recognised low frequency words, suggesting that their false recognition was not driven by familiarity processes or vague sensations of having encountered events and stimuli before. Importantly, both patients made reasonable justifications for their false recognitions both in the experiments and in their everyday lives and these we term ‘recollective confabulation’. -
Nutrition and Cognition in Older Persons
Nutrition and Aging: I.H. Rosenberg; A. Sastre (eds), Nestle´ Nutrition Workshop Series Clinical & Performance Program, Vol. 6, pp. 121–134, Nestec Ltd.; Vevey/S. Karger AG, Basel, 2002. Nutrition and Cognition in Older Persons John E. Morley GRECC, St. Louis VA Medical Center, and Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Mo., USA The concept that ‘we are what we eat’ is by no means a new one and appears to be particularly true when one examines the effect of food intake on cognitive function. Even in the case of mild protein energy malnutrition, poor nutritional state is associated with a decline in cognitive function [1]. Food intake, or the lack thereof, can modulate thought processes in multiple ways (Table 1). This chapter will focus on a number of mechanisms that appear to play a role in modulating cognition in older persons. Modulation of Memory by Gastrointestinal Peptide Release Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to enhance memory retention [2]. It produces this effect by stimulating ascending fibers in the vagus nerve (Fig. 1). These then send messages to the nucleus tractus solitarius and from there to the amygdala and the hippocampus [3]. When mice are fed immediately after learning a task, they demonstrate improved memory [2]. This enhanced retention can be abolished by utilizing a CCK antagonist. Circulating CCK levels are elevated in older persons and increase to a greater degree following fat administration [4]. CCK levels are elevated to a greater degree in malnourished compared to healthy older individuals [5]. Food intake improves cognition in humans [6]. -
Unit VII Module 33.Pdf
Unit VII: Cognition Module 33 Forgetting, Memory Construction & Memory Improvement Forgetting 33-1 Encoding Failure 33-1 We cannot remember what we do not encode. Storage Decay 33-1 • Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay. • Ebbinghaus’ research: Retrieval Failure 33-1 Although the information is retained in the memory store, it cannot be accessed. Tip-of-the-tongue is a retrieval failure phenomenon: Given a cue (What makes blood cells red?) the subject says the word begins with an H (hemoglobin). Interference 33-1 Amnesia 33-1 • Anterograde amnesia – can recall the past, but cannot form new memories • Some people with anterograde amnesia can form new implicit memories (how to do something), but will have no conscious recall of learning the new skill • Retrograde amnesia – cannot recall the past (memories stored in long-term memory) Repression 33-1 • Sigmund Freud suggested that we may banish unpleasant memories from our consciousness as a defense mechanism • Current research indicates that this rarely, if ever, occurs • Memories of traumatic experiences are often the most challenging to forget Memory Construction Errors 33-2 Memory Construction 33-2 • Memory is not precise: we infer our past from stored information plus what we imagined later, expected, saw, and heard • Information acquired after an event alters memory of the event; we often construct memories as we encode them and every time we “replay” them Misinformation Effect 33-2 • When exposed to misleading information, we tend to misremember • When it was falsely suggested to university students that they became ill as children after eating spoiled egg salad, they became less likely to eat egg salad sandwiches Misinformation 33-2 Elizabeth Loftus’s research: Group A: How fast were the cars going when they hit each other? Group B: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? Memory Construction 33-2 A week later they were asked: Was there any broken glass? Group B (smashed into) reported more broken glass than Group A (hit). -
The Three Amnesias
The Three Amnesias Russell M. Bauer, Ph.D. Department of Clinical and Health Psychology College of Public Health and Health Professions Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida PO Box 100165 HSC Gainesville, FL 32610-0165 USA Bauer, R.M. (in press). The Three Amnesias. In J. Morgan and J.E. Ricker (Eds.), Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychology. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis/Psychology Press. The Three Amnesias - 2 During the past five decades, our understanding of memory and its disorders has increased dramatically. In 1950, very little was known about the localization of brain lesions causing amnesia. Despite a few clues in earlier literature, it came as a complete surprise in the early 1950’s that bilateral medial temporal resection caused amnesia. The importance of the thalamus in memory was hardly suspected until the 1970’s and the basal forebrain was an area virtually unknown to clinicians before the 1980’s. An animal model of the amnesic syndrome was not developed until the 1970’s. The famous case of Henry M. (H.M.), published by Scoville and Milner (1957), marked the beginning of what has been called the “golden age of memory”. Since that time, experimental analyses of amnesic patients, coupled with meticulous clinical description, pathological analysis, and, more recently, structural and functional imaging, has led to a clearer understanding of the nature and characteristics of the human amnesic syndrome. The amnesic syndrome does not affect all kinds of memory, and, conversely, memory disordered patients without full-blown amnesia (e.g., patients with frontal lesions) may have impairment in those cognitive processes that normally support remembering. -
Eyewitness Metamemory Predicts Identification Performance in Biased and Unbiased Lineups
Eyewitness metamemory predicts identification performance in biased and unbiased lineups Renan Benigno Saraiva1,2*, Inger Mathilde van Boeijen3, Lorraine Hope1, Robert Horselenberg2, Melanie Sauerland3, Peter J. van Koppen2,4 1Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth 2Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Maastricht University 3Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University 4Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, VU University Amsterdam *Corresponding author: Renan Benigno Saraiva. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom ([email protected]). Note: This paper has not yet been peer-reviewed. Please contact the authors before citing. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by a fellowship award from the Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Program The House of Legal Psychology (EMJD-LP) with Framework Partnership Agreement (FPA) 2013-0036 and Specific Grant Agreement (SGA) 2013-0036. Metamemory and Eyewitness Identification 1 Abstract Distinguishing accurate from inaccurate identifications is a challenging issue in the criminal justice system, especially for biased police lineups. That is because biased lineups undermine the diagnostic value of accuracy postdictors such as confidence and decision time. Here, we aimed to test general and eyewitness-specific self-ratings of memory capacity as potential estimators of identification performance that are unaffected by lineup bias. Participants (N = 744) completed a metamemory assessment consisting of the Multifactorial Metamemory Questionnaire and the Eyewitness Metamemory Scale and took part in a standard eyewitness paradigm. Following the presentation of a mock-crime video, they viewed either biased or unbiased lineups. Self-ratings of discontentment with eyewitness memory ability were indicative of identification accuracy for both biased and unbiased lineups. -
Viewing Instructions Impact Emotional Memory Differently in Older and Younger Adults
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Emery, L., & Hess, T.M. (2008). Viewing instructions impact emotional memory differently in older and younger adults. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 2-12. (Mar 2008) Published by the American Psychological Association (ISSN: 1939-1498). Doi:10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.2 Viewing Instructions Impact Emotional Memory Differently in Older and Young Adults Lisa Emery, Thomas M. Hess ABSTRACT The current study examines how the instructions given during picture viewing impact age differences in incidental emotional memory. Previous research has suggested that older adults' memory may be better when they make emotional rather than perceptual evaluations of stimuli and that their memory may show a positivity bias in tasks with open-ended viewing instructions. Across two experiments, participants viewing photographs either received open-ended instructions or were asked to make emotionally focused (Experiment 1) or perceptually focused (Experiment 2) evaluations. Emotional evaluations had no impact on older adults' memory, whereas perceptual evaluations reduced older adults' recall of emotional, but not of neutral, pictures. Evidence for the positivity effect was sporadic and was not easier to detect with open- ended viewing instructions. These results suggest that older adults' memory is best when the material to be remembered is emotionally evocative and they are allowed to process it as such. The traditional focus in the study of memory and aging has been on determining which basic cognitive factors may account for age-related declines or differences in memory performance. -
Objective Metamemory Testing Captures Awareness of Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease
SPECIAL ISSUE: ORIGINAL ARTICLE OBJECTIVE METAMEMORY TESTING CAPTURES AWARENESS OF DEFICIT IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE Stephanie Cosentino1, Janet Metcalfe2, Brady Butterfield1 and Yaakov Stern1,2 (1Cognitive Neuroscience Division of the Taub Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; 2Department of Psychology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA) ABSTRACT For reasons that remain unknown, there is marked inter-person variability in awareness of episodic memory loss in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Existing research designs, primarily subjective in nature, have been at a relative disadvantage for evaluating disordered metamemory and its relation to the clinical and neuropathological heterogeneity of AD, as well as its prognosis for various disease outcomes. The current study sought to establish an objective means of evaluating metamemory in AD by modifying traditional metacognitive paradigms in which participants are asked to make predictions regarding their own memory performance. Variables derived from this measure were analyzed in relation to clinically rated awareness for memory loss. As predicted, a range of awareness levels existed across patients with mild to moderate AD (n = 24) and clinical ratings of awareness (CRA) were significantly associated with verbal episodic memory monitoring (r = .46, p = .03). Further, patients who were rated as aware of their memory loss remained well calibrated over the course of the task whereas those rated as relatively unaware grew over-confident in their predictions [F (1, 33) = 4.19, p = .02]. Findings suggest that over-confidence may be related to impaired online error recognition and compromised use of metamemory strategies such as the Memory for Past Test (MPT) heuristic. -
Memory: Issues of Import to School Psychologists
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 365 927 CG 025 192 AUTHOR John, Kirk R. TITLE Memory: Issues of Import to School Psychologists PUB DATE Apr 93 NOTE 24p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of School Psychologists (25th, Washington, DC, April 13-17, 1993). PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150) Guides General (050) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Adolescent Development; Adolescents; Child Development; Children; *Cognitive Development; Elementary Secondary Education; *Memory; *School Psychologists ABSTRACT This document defines memory as a complex, interactive process that is a prerequisite for all higher learning. Without intact memory skills, a host of disorders may ensue ranging frow mild learning problems to disorientation and helplessness (Lezak, 1983). Because of the pervasive and central role memory plays in people's lives, school psychologists should have at the very least a basic understanding of the memory process. In this regard, this paper addresses selected topics from the knowledge base on memory that have relevance for school psychologists. First, an information-processing model of memory is presented and the three separate memory systems through which information is processed are described (sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory). A section on the developmental aspects of memory considers memory development in infants, children and adolescents. Metamemory, or the individual's conscious awareness of his/her own memory capabilities and functions, also is explained in this section. The final major section of the paper focuses on memory and reading. This information is discussed in the context of how it can be applied by school psychologists in their decision-making.