Religiöse Identität Im Zeitalter Des Nationalismus

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Religiöse Identität Im Zeitalter Des Nationalismus Religiöse Identität im Zeitalter des Nationalismus Die Pomakenfrage in Bulgarien Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Alexander Velinov aus Sofia Köln 2001 Erster Referent: Prof. Dr. Manfred Alexander Zweiter Referent: Prof. Dr. Christoph Schmidt Inhalt Danksagung......................................................................................................................4 I. Einführung....................................................................................................................6 II. Die Pomaken als Forschungsproblem .....................................................................14 1. Quellen und Literatur ...............................................................................................14 2. Die bulgarische Historiographie................................................................................20 3. Etymologie und Anwendung des Terminus „Pomaken“.........................................26 III. Die „Entdeckung“ der Pomaken ............................................................................30 1. Die Erzählung des Popen Metodi Draginov ...........................................................30 2. Die Islamisierungsprozesse in den Rhodopen..........................................................39 3. Die bulgarische Nationswerdung und die Bulgaro-Muslime..................................61 IV. Die Entstehung der Pomakenfrage in Bulgarien...................................................77 1. Die Lage der Muslime in Bulgarien von 1878 bis 1944..........................................77 2. Die Pomaken werden zum politischen Objekt.........................................................86 3. Revisionismus und nationale Ängste........................................................................96 V. Versuche zur Lösung des Pomakenproblems........................................................107 1. Emigration – Die Pomaken und die Türkei...........................................................107 2. Die Vereine „Rodina“ 1937–1944...........................................................................117 3. Sanfte Integrationsbestrebungen – Die ersten Jahre nach dem Machtwechsel von 1944...........................................134 VI. „Der Staat macht die Nation“..............................................................................149 1. Sozialismus und Nationalismus in einer Ehe – Die Pomakenpolitik von 1956 bis 1970..................................................................149 2. Die verschwiegene Minderheit – Die Tätigkeit der Staatssicherheit....................169 3. Zwischen Religion, Nationalität und Mythos – Das Pomakenproblem nach der politischen Wende von 1989.............................182 VII. Schlußbetrachtung...............................................................................................193 Tabellen.........................................................................................................................203 Quellen..........................................................................................................................205 Literatur........................................................................................................................207 3 Danksagung Das „Pomakenproblem in Bulgarien“. Ein Thema, zu dem viele sagten: „Wie interessant!“. Ja, es ist interessant. Es war aber nicht immer einfach. Es lag einerseits am Gegenstand der Untersuchung selbst, andererseits mußten finanzielle, formale und organisatorische Hindernisse ebenso überwunden werden. Einige Forschungsaufenthalte im Ausland,die unumgänglich waren, gehörten auch dazu. Es war aber vor allem schwer, weil die Entstehung dieser Arbeit ein längerer Prozeß war und Geduld verlangte. Euphorie und Tiefpunkte gingen dabei Hand in Hand, und oftmals sind auch Zweifel aufgekommen. Die Fertigstellung der vorliegenden Studie war das Erreichen eines selbst gesetzten Zieles. Obwohl man im nachhinein denkt, dies und jenes hätte vielleicht besser oder anders gemacht werden können, bleibt die Hoffnung, daß das gesetzte wissenschaftliche Ziel erreicht worden ist. Die Entstehung dieser Arbeit war eine persönliche Sache und dahinter steckt ein persönlicher Werdegang. Daher soll in diesem Moment die „Ich“- Form Anwendung finden. Es ist bekannt, wie schwer Dank auszusprechen ist. Vor allem dann, wenn man kein passendes Wort findet, um ein tiefes Gefühl zu beschreiben. Es ist auch bekannt, zumindest in akademischen Kreisen, daß Danksagungen Schmunzeln hervorrufen können, da viele „zwischen den Zeilen“ zu lesen versuchen, um dann interpretieren zu können, wem dankt man richtig, wem dankt man aus Verpflichtung, wem wird zu viel oder zu wenig Anerkennung ausgesprochen. Es gibt Menschen, denen ich dankbar und verpflichtet bin. „Zwischen den Zeilen“ ist nichts zu lesen. Ich fange chronologisch an. Frau Dr. Irmgard Lorenz danke ich für die menschliche Wärme und Fürsorge zu Beginn meines Studiums. Ohne sie wäre ich vielleicht niemals in Köln geblieben und hätte dort vielleicht nicht Geschichte studiert. Ich danke meinen Lehrern, Herrn Prof. Dr. Manfred Alexander und Herrn Prof. Dr. Andreas Kappeler. Bei Herrn Alexander besuchte ich als frischgebackener Geschichtsstudent das erste Seminar und schrieb die erste Arbeit. Später hatte ich das Glück, mein erstes Tutorium auch zu einer Veranstaltung von ihm durchzuführen. Professor Alexander bin ich sowohl für die fachliche Betreuung dieser Studie als auch für die menschliche Zuwendung überhaupt besonders dankbar. Ohne die finanzielle Unterstützung durch die Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in Bonn wäre die vorliegende Studie wohl kaum entstanden. Das Stipendium, hinter dem 4 Vertrauen steckte, gab mir Mut und Sicherheit. Mein persönlicher Dank gilt Herrn Dr. Günter Wichert und meiner lieben Referentin Frau Maria Holona. Die Zuwendung, welche mir die Mitarbeiter des Zentralen Staatsarchiv in Sofia entgegenbrachten, war stets ein schönes Erlebnis während der Forschungsaufenthalte. Die Archive in Sofia befanden sich zu dieser Zeit in einer Phase der Umstrukturierung. In dem so entstandenen „Labyrinth“ hätte ich mich ohne das persönliche Engagement Frau Galja Pindikovas und der Herren Vasilij Milanov und Todor Todorov schwer zurechtgefunden. Mein Dank gilt ebenso der leider nicht mehr unter uns weilenden Gorica Meèkova, die stets eine große Stütze für mich in Sofia war. Einen besonderen Dank möchte ich meinen lieben Freunden, Dr. Christopher Storck, Hermann-Josef Verhoeven und Pano Papaspyrou aussprechen. Mit gutem Rat und unzähligen technischen Hilfen standen sie mir stets zur Seite. 5 I. Einführung Nach der im Jahr 1992 durchgeführten Volkszählung gibt es in Bulgarien 176 800 Bulgaren muslimischen Glaubens1. Im Volksmund werden sie pomaci (Sg. pomak) genannt. Die offizielle bulgarische Amtsprache zieht hingegen den Terminus bãlgari-mochamedani, d. h. Bulgaro-Mohammedaner vor. In der westlichen Fachliteratur ist diese Minorität unter der Bezeichnung Pomaken bekannt. Sie werden ethnisch und sprachlich als Bulgaren charakterisiert, die sich zum Islam bekennen2. Die Rhodopen in Südbulgarien stellen das von Pomaken traditionell und am kompaktesten besiedelte Gebiet auf dem Territorium des heutigen Bulgariens dar. Neben den Rhodopenpomaken gibt es die kleinere kompakte Gruppe der sogenannten lovèanski oder loveki pomaci, die traditionell nördlich des Balkangebirges in der Gegend des Dreiecks Teteven, Trojan und Loveè siedeln. Nach 1949 sind durch Neubesiedlungen einige Pomakenenklaven in der Nähe von Veliko Tãrnovo, Kazanlãk, Varna, Burgas und Razgrad entstanden. Pomaken leben auch auf dem Territorium der Türkei sowie in Griechenland, vorwiegend an den südlichen Hängen der Rhodopen zur Ägäis. Sporadisch trifft man auch auf Pomakendörfer in Makedonien und in Albanien3. Zu Beginn der siebziger Jahre wurden die islamischen Namen der bulgarophonen Muslime durch bulgarische ersetzt. In den offiziellen Statistiken wurden sie seitdem stets den Bulgaren zugerechnet4. Die Machthaber in Sofia glaubten, dadurch die endgültige Lösung der Pomakenfrage herbeigeführt zu haben. Auch im Westen wurde angenommen, daß die vollständige Integration und allmähliche Assimilierung der Pomaken durch den bulgarischen Staat und durch die bulgarische Gesellschaft nur eine Frage der Zeit sei. Wegen der geringen Zahl dieser Minderheit, des Fehlens einer eigenen Elite und der ohnehin gegebenen sprachlich-ethnischen Zugehörigkeit sollte diesem Prozeß nichts im Wege stehen5. 1 Vgl. Nacionalen statistièeski institut. Rezultati ot prebrojavaneto na naselenieto, Bd. 1. Demografski charakteristiki (Sofia 1994) S. X. 2 Vgl. Peter John Georgeoff: National Minorities in Bulgaria, 1918-1980. In: Eastern European National Minorities 1919-1980. A Handbook. Ed. by S. M. Horak (Littleton 1985) S. 275. 3 Vgl. dazu St. Rajèevski: Bãlgarite mochamedani (Sofia 1998); AMVR, f. 1, op. 12, a. e. 935, R. 5 sowie T. Seyppel: The Pomaks of Northwestern Greece. An Endangered Balkan Population. In: Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs 1 (1989) S. 41-42. 4 Vgl. J. Wermuth: Pomaken. In: Das neue Osteuropa von A-Z. Völker, Minderheiten, Religion, Kultur, Sprache, Literatur, Geschichte, Politik, Wirtschaft, neue Entwicklungen in Ost- und Südosteuropa. Hrsg. von P. Rehder (München 1993) S. 519. 5 Vgl. dazu W. Kolarz: Myths and Realities in Eastern Europe (London 1946) S. 20 sowie A. Popoviè: Les turcs de Bulgarie 1878-1985. Une expérience des nationalités dans le
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