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The GLAM Airborne Campaign Across the Mediterranean Basin

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The GLAM Airborne Campaign Across the Mediterranean Basin The GLAM Airborne Campaign across the Mediterranean Basin Philippe Ricaud, Régina Zbinden, Valéry Catoire, Vanessa Brocchi, François Dulac, Eric Hamonou, Jean Canonici, Laaziz El Amraoui, Sébastien Massart, Bruno Piguet, et al. To cite this version: Philippe Ricaud, Régina Zbinden, Valéry Catoire, Vanessa Brocchi, François Dulac, et al.. The GLAM Airborne Campaign across the Mediterranean Basin. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, 2018, 99 (2), pp.361 - 380. 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0226.1. insu-01799230 HAL Id: insu-01799230 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01799230 Submitted on 24 May 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THE GLAM AIRBORNE CAMPAIGN ACROSS THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN PHILIppE RICAUD, RÉGINA ZBINDEN, VALÉRY CATOIRE, VANESSA BROCCHI, FRANÇOIS DULAC, ERIC HAMONOU, JEAN-CHRISTOPHE CANONICI, LAAZIZ EL AMRAOUI, SÉBASTIEN MASSART, BRUNO PIGUET, URI DAYAN, PIErrE NABAT, JEAN SCIARE, MICHEL RAMONET, MARC DELMOTTE, ALCIDE DI SArrA, DAMIANO SFERLAzzO, TATIANA DI IORIO, SALVATORE PIACENTINO, PAOLO CRISTOFANELLI, NIKOS MIHALOPOULOS, GIORGOS KOUVARAKIS, MICHAEL PIKRIDAS, CHRYSANTHOS SAvvIDES, RODANTHI-ELISAVET MAMOURI, ARGYRO NISANTZI, DIOFANTOS HADJIMITSIS, JEAN-LUC ATTIÉ, HÉLÈNE FErrÉ, YANNICK KANGAH, NIZAR JAIDAN, JONATHAN GUTH, PATRICK JACQUET, STÉPHANE CHEvrIER, CLAUDE ROBERT, AURÉLIEN BOURDON, JEAN-FRANÇOIS BOURDINOT, JEAN-CLAUDE ETIENNE, GISÈLE KRYSZTOFIAK, AND PIErrE THERON The Gradient in Longitude of Atmospheric Constituents above the Mediterranean Basin (GLAM) 2014 airborne campaign performed original in situ observations of gases and aerosols across the Mediterranean troposphere, which, combined with satellite measurements and model outputs, highlight their summertime variability. he Mediterranean is located in a transitional ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) budgets in zone between subtropical and midlatitude which methane (CH4) plays an interactive role by way regimes (Lionello 2012) and is highly sensitive to of its complex reactions with nitrogen oxides (NO ; T x climate change. Global and regional model simula- Dentener et al. 2005). Polluted air masses may origi- tions show a pronounced decrease in precipitation nate from Europe (e.g., Pace et al. 2006), Asia (e.g., (2000–2100), especially during the warm season Lelieveld et al. 2002; Randel and Park 2006), Africa (Giorgi and Lionello 2008). Observations over the (e.g., Ziv et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2009), or even North last few decades show a similar decrease in precipita- America (e.g., Forster et al. 2001; Formenti et al. tion (Shohami et al. 2011). In terms of anthropogenic 2002; Christoudias et al. 2012). Data from satellite pollution sources, the eastern Mediterranean is at the observations and model outputs (e.g., Lelieveld et al. crossroads between four continents (North America, 2002; Nabat et al. 2013), reviewed in combination Europe, Africa, and Asia). The impact of these vari- with measurements collected by campaigns such as ous continental sources, which include industrial and the Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study (MINOS; densely populated coastal areas (Kanakidou et al. Ladstätter-Weißenmayer et al. 2003; Scheeren et al. 2011; Im and Kanakidou 2012) as well as forest fires 2003), reveal that during the warm and dry summer (Pace et al. 2005; Cristofanelli et al. 2013), is still not season, air pollution above the Mediterranean often fully understood, particularly when considering the exceeds the concentrations observed over most of AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY FEBRUARY 2018 | 361 the rest of Europe. This is due to the convergence of at another long-lived species: nitrous oxide (N2O). European, African, and Asian polluted air masses, Using spaceborne measurements, they were able the absence of rain to cleanse the atmosphere, and to demonstrate the summertime enrichment of the high insolation that favors the formation of N2O over the eastern Mediterranean basin, which secondary pollutants such as ultrafine particles or is consistent with the increase in surface emis- ozone. Aerosol pollution might originate from vari- sions and convective precipitation over the Indian ous natural sources such as the African and Arabian subcontinent during the summer monsoon period. deserts, active volcanoes, vegetation, or the sea sur- They state that N2O over the eastern Mediterranean face. The summer Asian monsoon convection can lift basin could be seen as the footprint of Asian sum- greenhouse gases, pollutants, and aerosols originating mertime emissions. in Asia up to the upper troposphere, where they are The aim of the Gradient in Longitude of Atmo- then carried toward the eastern Mediterranean basin spheric Constituents above the Mediterranean Basin by the Asian monsoon anticyclone. Once there, they (GLAM) airborne experiment was to document the accumulate and are subject to subsidence (Ricaud east–west summertime gradients in atmospheric et al. 2014; Dayan et al. 2017). pollutants, including greenhouse gases and aerosols, Based on measurements from spaceborne instru- in the lower atmosphere of the Mediterranean basin. ments and outputs from chemistry–climate and The chosen period allowed for particular focus on the chemistry–transport models, Ricaud et al. (2014) impact of the Asian monsoon on the air composition have shown that the atmospheric conditions in the of the mid- and upper troposphere in the eastern sec- western Mediterranean basin favor enrichment, for tion of the Mediterranean basin. In this part of the instance in CH4, which contrast with conditions in basin, in summer, pollutants and greenhouse gases the eastern basin, as shown by the pioneering study measured by spaceborne instruments or calculated carried out by Lelieveld et al. (2002). The reason for using models show strong spatial and temporal vari- this is due to the dominant winds blowing from the ability. In addition, we also explored the marine west and Europe. This is true of almost all seasons boundary layer over this part of the basin to produce and altitudes, apart from summer in the mid- to a three-dimensional structure of the volume mixing upper troposphere at altitudes between 5 and 9 km. ratios of the chemical compounds from the lowermost In summer, pollutants (including CH4) are trapped to the uppermost (~12 km) troposphere. by the subsiding air masses that form part of the The airborne campaign took place between 6 Asian monsoon anticyclone and driven toward the and 10 August 2014. It followed an east–west flight eastern Mediterranean basin, where they produce a path from France to Cyprus and gathered data strong local maximum. Kangah et al. (2017) looked using instruments on board the Falcon-20 (F-20) AFFILIATIONS: RICAUD, ZBINDEN, EL AMRAOUI, PIGUET, NABAT, Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, KANGAH, JAIDAN, GUTH, AND THERON—Météo-France, CNRM/CNRS, Heraklion, Greece; SAvvIDES—Air Quality Section, Department UMR 3589, Toulouse, France; CATOIRE, BROCCHI, JACQUET, CHEvrIER, of Labour Inspection, Nicosia, Cyprus; NISANTZI AND HADJIMITSIS— ROBERT, AND KRYSZTOFIAK—LPC2E, UMR 7328 CNRS-Université Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cyprus University d’Orléans, France; DULAC, HAMONOU, RAMONET, AND DELMOTTE— of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; ATTIÉ—University of Toulouse, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/ Laboratoire d’Aérologie, UMR 5560, Toulouse, France; FErrÉ— IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Service de Données de l’Omp, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, France; CANONICI, BOURDON, BOURDINOT, AND ETIENNE: SAFIRE, Toulouse, France Toulouse, France; MASSART—European Centre for Medium- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Philippe Ricaud, Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom; DAYAN— [email protected] Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; SCIARE AND PIKRIDAS—Energy Environment Water Research Centre, Cyprus The abstract for this article can be found in this issue, following the table Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus; MAMOURI—Energy Environment of contents. Water Research Centre, Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, and Cyprus DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0226.1 University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering and In final form 13 July 2017 Geomatics, Limassol, Cyprus; DI SArrA, SFERLAzzO, DI IORIO, AND ©2018 American Meteorological Society PIACENTINO—Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy; information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy. CRISTOFANELLI—Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climates (ISAC)/National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bologna, Italy; This article is licensed under a Creative Commons MIHALOPOULOS AND KOUVARAKIS—Environmental Chemical Processes Attribution 4.0 license. 362 | FEBRUARY 2018 aircraft belonging to the Service des Avions Français frost point temperature; and a tunable diode laser Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement absorption spectroscopy
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