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Blissymbols Are Built out of a Relatively Small Set of Shapes (Lines, Curves, and Dots) Which Are Combined in a Strictly Controlled Matrix in the X and Y Axes

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Blissymbols Are Built out of a Relatively Small Set of Shapes (Lines, Curves, and Dots) Which Are Combined in a Strictly Controlled Matrix in the X and Y Axes ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N1866 1998-09-10 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Œåæäóíàðîäíàß îðãàíèçàöèß ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Encoding Blissymbolics in Plane 1 of the UCS Source: Michael Everson Status: Proposal Document Date: 1998-09-10 A. Administrative 1. Title Encoding Blissymbolics in Plane 1 of the UCS 2. Requester's name Michael Everson, EGT (WG2 member for Ireland) 3. Requester type Expert contribution 4. Submission date 1998-09-10 5. Requester's reference 6a. Completion This is a preliminary proposal. 6b. More information to be provided? Yes B. Technical -- General 1a. New script? Name? Yes. Blissymbolics 1b. Addition of characters to existing block? Name? No. 2. Number of characters 896+ 3. Proposed category Category A 4. Proposed level of implementation and rationale Level 3. Blissymbolics use combining characters as grammatical indicators. 5a. Character names included in proposal? Yes 5b. Character names in accordance with guidelines? Yes 5c. Character shapes reviewable? Yes 6a. Who will provide computerized font? Michael Everson, Everson Gunn Teoranta 6b. Font currently available? Yes 6c. Font format? TrueType 7a. Are references (to other character sets, dictionaries, descriptive texts, etc.) provided? Claudia Wood, Jinny Storr, Peter A. Reich, eds. 1992. Blissymbol Reference Guide. Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication International. ISBN 0-969-05169-7 ISO-IR 169. Codes for the Blissymbol Graphic Character Set. McDonald, Eugene T. 1980. Teaching and using Blissymbolics: written for use by instructors of communicatively impaired persons. Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication Institute. ISBN 0- 9690516-8-9 McNaughton, Shirley, ed. 1985. Communicating with Blissymbolics. Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication Institute. ISBN 0-9690516-3-8 7b. Are published examples (such as samples from newspapers, magazines, or other sources) of use of proposed characters attached? No. 8. Does the proposal address other aspects of character data processing? Yes. See Proposal below. C. Technical -- Justification 1. Contact with the user community? Yes: Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication International and national affiliates in numerous countries. 2. Information on the user community? Non-speaking people, their carers and families, speech pathologists, etc. 3a. The context of use for the proposed characters? Blissymbolics is an ideographic language used as a primary language by non-speaking people, either as an end in itself, or as a bridge to written language. 3b. Reference See above 4a. Proposed characters in current use? Yes 4b. Where? On symbol boards, in electronic symbol processors, on the internet. 5a. Characters should be encoded entirely in BMP? No. 5b. Rationale The user community is not large enough to warrant it, and the character set is large enough that it seems appropriate that Plane 1 be used to contain the characters. 6. Should characters be kept in a continuous range? Yes. 7a. Can the characters be considered a presentation form of an existing character or character sequence? No, apart from their superficial similarity to other characters because of their pictographic nature. 7b. Where? 7c. Reference 8a. Can any of the characters be considered to be similar (in appearance or function) to an existing character? No. 8b. Where? 8c. Reference 9a. Combining characters or use of composite sequences included? Yes 9b. List of composite sequences and their corresponding glyph images provided? No. The combining characters can be freely combined with base forms. 10. Characters with any special properties such as control function, etc. included? No D. SC2/WG2 Administrative To be completed by SC2/WG2 1. Relevant SC 2/WG 2 document numbers: 2. Status (list of meeting number and corresponding action or disposition) 3. Additional contact to user communities, liaison organizations etc. 4. Assigned category and assigned priority/time frame Other Comments E. Proposal. Blissymbolics form an ideographic writing system, like Chinese, with its own grammar and syntax. This language is, today, primarily used by people with physical and cognitive handicaps of various kinds (for instance, those associated with cerebral palsy), and is promoted by the organization Blissymbolics Communication International. BCI is based in Canada and has affiliates in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bermuda, Brazil, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Guam, Hungary, Iceland, India, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. Blissymbolics were developed in the middle of the twentieth century by Charles Bliss as a “universal” language that (he hoped) could cut across national boundaries and facilitate international communication and peace. Like other utopian languages, Blissymbolics’ popularity fell short of the designs of their creator – although their present-day use as the primary language of people who might otherwise have no means of communicating at all is more of a blessing to them, their families, and their communities, than any utopian language could hope to be. Graphically, Blissymbols are built out of a relatively small set of shapes (lines, curves, and dots) which are combined in a strictly controlled matrix in the x and y axes. Relative position (vertical height and horizontal distance) is important for their recognition as well as their construction. The “earthline” and “skyline” form the reference points for vertical distinctions. Blissymbols are written from left to right. Blissymbolics do not benefit from the use of a wide variety of fonts. Consistency is the æsthetic striven for, rather than variety. It is proposed that the encoding for Blissymbolics in the UCS be ideographic, like Chinese. Blissymbols combine with one another in the horizontal plane, with a small set of combining characters which serves to give verbs tense, identify plurals, and to differentiate nouns from verbs and adjectives. Spacing makes clear the meaning of Blissymbols combined into words, separates words from each other, and separates punctuation from words. A font exists which contains these graphic primitives and which can be used to create new Blissymbols on the fly. Because of processing requirements and the general practice of SC2 (for more on which see below), it is not suggested that this font form the basis of the encoding for Blissymbolics in the UCS. Rather, it is proposed that such primitives be employed in the Private Use zone by agreement of Blissymbolics users precisely because the symbols created with them are non-standard (further elaboration on this topic is outside the scope of SC2). It is recognized that users do create special Blissymbols from time to time – but it is normal for those users to forward the most useful ones to the BCI, which has procedures for evaluating them and accepting or rejecting them from the approved list of “official Blissymbols” which gets published in dictionaries and other educational materials. It is expected that, from time to time, BCI will need to approach SC2 and the UTC with extensions to the repertoire. It is strongly suggested that SC2 and the UTC formally recognize BCI as the authority on Blissymbolics and ensure that any request for extensions of the Blissymbolics repertoire be approved by BCI. Blissymbolics were standardized as a double-byte character set in 1993 (see ISO-IR 169). It is suggested that the coding scheme in ISO-IR 169 not be followed for coding of Blissymbolics in the UCS, but that a table-based conversion algorithm be used to transfer data from the one character set to the other. The reasons for this suggestion are several: 1. Size. ISO-IR 169 has 2384 characters, and would require 149 columns in the UCS. The ideographic model contains 886, requiring 56 columns. 2. Simplicity. ISO-IR 169 is lexically-based while this proposal is ideographically-based. 3. Stability. Ideographic characters with simple combining marks can easily be handled by any UCS implementation as these features are common and straightforward. Where ISO-IR 169 encodes the following words as separate characters, this proposal decomposes them into their component ideographs. This proposal encodes indivisible ideographs from which compound words are formed. Careful scrutiny by experts as regards the completeness and accuracy of the selection of basic ideographs should be undertaken. The selection given here was made by a aseries of judgement calls on my part, arising out of my having made a font with precomposed ideographs, and judging the relevant space between elements of the symbols in the BCI Blissymbol Reference Guide and ISO-IR 169. Spacing is an important syntactic feature of Blissymbolics. Combining marks are to be entered immediately following the ideograph above which they centre. Use of a set of numbers, signs, and letters with Blissymbolics is customary. Some research needs to be done to determine whether a unification of these characters with existing (mostly ASCII) characters is appropriate. This proposal has begun by not unifying them. The chief reason for this is that, Blissymbolics users are, apparently, very font sensitive and require a great deal of consistancy. Whether this should affect the coding is another question. There are only 22 of these characters. Spacing is very important in Blissymbolics. A full space separates words, a half space separates punctuation from words, a quarter space separates
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