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HELMINTHOLOGY Definition: Study of Parasitic Worms and Their Relationship with Their Hosts Helminthos[Greek Word] = Worm They Belong to 4 Phyla 1

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HELMINTHOLOGY Definition: Study of Parasitic Worms and Their Relationship with Their Hosts Helminthos[Greek Word] = Worm They Belong to 4 Phyla 1 HELMINTHOLOGY Definition: Study of parasitic worms and their relationship with their hosts Helminthos[Greek word] = Worm They belong to 4 phyla 1. Nemathelminthes 2. Acanthocephala- parasitic worms armed with a spiny rostellum 3. Annelida – The only parasitic Annelids are leeches. Earthworms act as I.H. for ascarids. 4. Platyhelminthes – Flat worms. Worms usually hermaphrodites except Schistosomes 1. Nemathelminthes Animal forms commonly called nematodes or roundworms. Are ubiquitous and are found in freshwater, marine and terrestrial environments. Most live a parasitic life though a number are free- living Class Nematoda Occur throughout the world in all animals Occur in any organ or tissue of their host – majority in the G.I.T. Their body is covered by a non-cellular cuticle- shed 4 times during life cycle Cuticle is modified in different worms to perform various functions. Cuticular features are used in identifying different genera and species of worms. Examples: i]– Longitudinal striations, cross striations; ii] Alae = lateral expansion of cuticle Cervical alae, longitudinal alae, caudal alae iii] Bursa- well developed caudal alae in males= for grasping the female during copulation Worms in Order Strongylidae are Bursate Nematodes iv] Papillae= Small cuticular projections- tactile papillae Head region= Cephalic papillae Anterior region= Cervical papillae Tail region= Caudal papillae v]Bosses = Blister-like structures on the cuticle i.e in Gongylonema spp Vulva flap – Covers the ventral genital pore= Vulva opening in Haemonchus females Digestive system= Straight tube consisting of mouth, muscular oesophagus, intestines and anus posteriorly Mouth surrounded by lips= Ascarid spp, Leaf crown/ corona radiata eg Oesophagostomum spp May be expanded = Bucal capsule Within the mouth= Teeth, cutting plates, lancets, hooks for attachment and lacerating host tissue Oesophagus= Rhabditiform oesophagus= free living Filariform oesophagus= simple club shaped= parasitic In females – Vulva occurs on ventral side anterior to anus. In Haemonchus covered by vulva flap In Males= Spicule sheath dorsal to cloaca- contains spicules= aid in maintaining patency of vulva during copulation. In Trichostrongylus spp-- Gubernaculum on dorsal wall and Telamon on ventral wall of cloaca guide the spicules. IDENTIFICATION OF NEMATODES: Done by use of: Cuticular modifications Mouth parts plus structures within (if any) Male reproductive system Female reproductive system Size of worms -length and width LIFE CYCLES Need to know: 1. Parasitic stage that leaves the host i.e egg or L1 2. Stage that gets into the host[infective] = in the egg or L3 3. What happens to the stage in the host 4. Final location in body of host = Predilection site Most nematodes are either: Oviparous = lay eggs, Ovoviviparous= larvae develop in the egg inutero, until they are ready to hatch; others are Viviparous = Larvae are nourished inutero by the mother then laid as – L1 Life cycle consist of egg, 4 larval stages and adult. Each separated by a moult Developing forms are symbolized as L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 L5 = immature adult and not separated by a moult from the adult. There are 5 larval stages and 4 moults. Moults of larva take place: Within egg before hatching= Ascaris spp During the free existence= Haemonchus spp Within tissue of intermediate host= Spirocerca lupi Within tissue of definitive host= Trichinella spp. L1 and L2 = free living, L3 both free living and in the host. L4 and L5 occur in parasitic environment inside the host L3= infective stage in most nematodes. L2 infective stage in Ascaris suum Those with indirect life cycle= L1,L2, L3 occur in intermediate host while L3, L4 and L5 occur in the definitive host= Natural host will harbour the adult stage. Direct and Indirect life cycles Direct= Parasite needs only one host to complete the Life Cycle Indirect= Parasite requires an Intermediate and a Definitive host. There may be more than one intermediate host. Pre- natal infection= parasites pass from mother to foetus in uterus. The direct life cycle continues in young after birth= Toxocara canis in dog Trans-colostral infection= Infection passed through milk usually colostrum= Toxocara vitulorum in calves In most cases egg or larva is ingested by the final host or larvae may penetrate skin of their host. In indirect life cycles, L3 are either ingested when the intermediate host is eaten or may be introduced into the body of final host when the intermediate host sucks blood eg mosquitoes sucking blood from dogs introduce microfilaria of Dirofilaria immitis BURSATE NEMATODES- Order Strongylida These lay typical strongyle eggs= elliptical in shape. Three(3) main families 1. Ancylostomatidae Commonly called hook worms. Found in the small intestines of animals and are blood suckers= causing anaemia. Heavy infection cause death. Infection is by skin penetration of L3. Eggs in faeces Bunostomum plebotomum – cattle Geigeria pachyscelis – sheep and goats Ancylostoma caninum – dog Ancylostoma tubaeforme – cat Ancylostoma braziliense – dog, cat and wild carnivores Uncinaria stenocephala – dog, cat and fox Ancylostoma duodenale - pig 2. Family Strongylidae Found in the large intestines of animals. They cause nodule formation[=nodular worms] condemnation of the intestines Infected intestines cannot be used for suture (surgical)materials Chabertia ovina - Sheep Oesophagostomum radiatum - Cattle Oesophagostomum columbianum - “ “ Oesophagostomum dendatum – pig Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum - pig 3. Family :Trichostrongylidae Has many genera of importance. These include: 1.Haemonchus contortus- sheep and goats Haemonchus placei – Cattle Haemonchus longistipes – Camel Gazellostrongylus lerouxi - Gazelle These are blood sucking nematodes found in the abomasum. They cause anaemia, hypoproteinaemia (bottle jaw) and death. Haemonchus contortus is the most economically important nematode parasite of livestock(and wild ruminants) in Kenya. Causes mortalities in kids and lambs especially weaners 2.Nematodirus spathiger- found in small intestines of sheep. Long thin worms causing diahorrea. They lay the largest strongyle eggs which are usually rugby ball-shaped. 3. Cooperia pectinata, C. punctata, C. curticei – C. yoshidai, C. hungi- Occur in small intestines of ruminants 4. Trichostrongylus axei – Found in the abomasum and small intestines of ruminants; T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, T. probolurus = Found in the Small intestines These are small hair-like worms that cause diahorrea. 5. Ostertagia – Occurs in the small intestines of sheep in temperate regions Non – bursate nematodes – Order Ascaridida 1. Family Ascaridoidea – These are large worms found in the small intestines of animals. They have 3 well developed lips and lay thick-shelled eggs. Infection is acquired by ingestion of L2 in food or earthworm which has ingested L2. Infection is severe in young with obstruction of intestines leading to stunted growth, lowered production, pot belly. Routes of infection: = per os, pre-natal, colostral or via a paratenic host. Ascaris suum - pig Toxocara vitulorum - calves Toxocara canis, T. cati, T. leonina – cats, dogs and lions Ascaridia galli - Chicken Parascaris equorum – Horse and donkey 2. Order Spirurida Family Spiruridae Adults found in lumen or wall of stomach of horses and donkeys Life cycle involves an arthropod intermediate host. Important genera: Habronema muscae Habronema megastoma= intermediate host is horse fly Habronema microstoma = intermediate host is Stomoxys calcitrans Family Thelaziidae These are found in the conjuctival sac, lacrimal ducts and digestive tracts of birds and mammals. Important Genera: Thelazia rhodesii- conjuctival sac in cattle Oxyspirura mansoni – Nictitating membrane of chicken and turkey Spirocerca lupi – Found in the walls of oesophagus, stomach aorta = dog and fox. Dung beetles act as intermediate hosts. Cause tumor lesions in oesophagus which later spread to the lungs and long bones. Ascarops strongylina- stomach of pigs= Dung beetles act as intermediate hosts. Gongylonema pulchrum- oesophagus of cattle Gongylonema ingluvicola – crop of chicken 2. Phylum: Platyhelminthes - Classes Trematoda and Cestoda They are bilaterally symmetrical The body has three layers of tissues with organs and organelles No internal body cavity CLASS: Trematoda =[ trematodes or flukes] Morphology: Dorso-ventrally flattened, unsegmented, leaf or worm like. No body cavity and organs embedded in parenchyma. Suckers or hooks attach parasites to internal organs of the host. They have a mouth, alimentary canal but some have no anus They are hermaphrodites except Schistosomes [=unisexual]. Life cycles are indirect (Order Digenea) or direct (Order Monogenea) Monogenea= Ectoparasites of cold blooded acquatic vertebrates Digenea = Important internal parasites of domestic animals(and also man) Order Digenea Genera and species Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica= Liver flukes of ruminants. Liver is the main organ affected. Leaf-shaped and greyish brown. Intermediate hosts are fresh water snails, Eggs are shed in faeces and hatch in water to miracidium[infective to the snail]- Then develops through these stages: Sporocyst>rediae>cercariae>metacercariae. This is the infective stage to the definitive host which encysts on water plants. Schistosoma = Blood flukes. Have separate sexes and are found in the portal and mesenteric veins of man and animals. Males have a Gynecophoric canal for holding the female Infective stage is cercariae which penetrate intact skin to become schistosomula.
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