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Patterns and Gradients in South Patagonian Ombrotrophic Peatland Vegetation

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Patterns and Gradients in South Patagonian Ombrotrophic Peatland Vegetation Till Kleinebecker Patterns and gradients in South Patagonian ombrotrophic peatland vegetation Münster 2007 Landschaftsökologie Patterns and gradients in South Patagonian ombrotrophic bog vegetation Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften im Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster Vorgelegt von Till Kleinebecker (geb. Hanneforth) aus Gütersloh 2007 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Hans Kerp Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Norbert Hölzel Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Friedrich-Karl Holtmeier Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 07.09.2007 Tag der Promotion: 07.09.2007 Table of contents Table of contents.................................................................................................................................V List of figures.................................................................................................................................... VII List of tables ........................................................................................................................................ X Chapter 1: Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation and relevance of the study................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 State of research................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Peatlands and Global Change .......................................................................................... 3 1.1.3 Study area............................................................................................................................ 4 2.2 Objectives of the study............................................................................................................. 8 2.3 Structure of this thesis.............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2: Gradients of continentality and moisture in South Patagonian ombrotrophic peatland vegetation........................................................................................................ 11 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 12 2.2 Materials and methods............................................................................................................ 13 2.3 Results....................................................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 24 Chapter 3: South Patagonian ombrotrophic bog vegetation reflects biogeochemical gradients at the landscape level.................................................................................... 31 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 32 3.2 Materials and methods............................................................................................................ 34 3.3 Results....................................................................................................................................... 38 3.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 42 Chapter 4: Patterns and gradients of diversity in South Patagonian ombrotrophic peat bogs.................................................................................................................................. 47 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 48 4.2 Materials and methods............................................................................................................ 51 4.3 Results....................................................................................................................................... 54 4.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 62 V Table of contents Chapter 5: Synthesis...........................................................................................................................69 Summary..............................................................................................................................................73 Zusammenfassung..............................................................................................................................77 Resumen ..............................................................................................................................................81 References ...........................................................................................................................................85 Danksagung.........................................................................................................................................99 Curriculum Vitae ..............................................................................................................................101 VI List of figures Fig. 1.1: Precipitation, distribution of zonal vegetation types and major ombrotrophic peatland types (Schnirch 2001, modified). Precipitation data extracted from Pisano (1977) and Schneider et al. (2003); A = Islas Evangelistas, B = Bahía Felix, C = Gran Campo (pass), D = Gran Campo (hut), E = Estancia Skyring, F = Punta Arenas. ................................................................................................................ 4 Fig. 1.2: Close-up photographs of the major bog vegetation types. CP = cushion plant type (A. Vogel 13.03.2007), MB = Sphagnum-cushion mixed type (A. Vogel 22.03.2007), SB = Sphagnum type (A. Vogel 27.02.2004)................................................ 7 Fig. 2.1: Locations of studied peatland complexes of southernmost Patagonia along the Trans-Andean climatic gradient. Continentality classes were determined graphi- cally as equal division between the most pacific and the most continental sites....... 14 Fig. 2.2: Soil temperature in three peatlands along the gradient of continentality. Tem- perature was measured by dataloggers (ONS-TBI32-20+50) 2 cm below surface between 17.05.2004 and 16.08.2004. Continentality 4: oceanic cushion bog at Bahía Bahamondes (52° 48´ S, 72° 57´ W), Continentality 8: mixed Sphagnum- cushion plant peatland at Bahía Williams (52° 31´ S, 72° 08´ W), Continen- tality 9: continental Sphagnum bog near Estancia Kerber (52° 04´ S, 72° 02´ W), see also Fig. 2.1. .................................................................................................................. 14 Fig. 2.3: Biplot of DCA ordination of 381 samples of South Patagonian peatlands. Differentiation of the nine vegetation types resulted from cluster analysis (Table 2.4). Vectors indicate correlation of DCA axis with the displayed environmental factors (vector length indicates the strength of correlation, see Table 2.3). .............. 18 Fig. 2.4: Continentality (a, see Fig. 2.1), degree of decomposition (b, von POST´s scale, AG Boden 2005), water level (c, see Table 2.1), peat depth (d, see Table 2.1) and pH (e, only a subset of samples per cluster was analyzed) of South Patagonian peatland vegetation types (Table 2.4). Line within the box: median, the box is defined by the first and third quartile and contains at least 50 % of all values. The whiskers are lines that extend from the box to the highest and lowest values, excluding outliers and extreme cases. Outliers (circles) are 1.5 - 3 box length outside the box, extreme cases (stars) more than 3 box length....................... 23 VII List of figures Fig. 3.1: Locations of peatland complexes sampled in the study. Numbers indicate sam- pling regions: 1 = Isla Tamar (N = 3), 2 = Lago Muy Profundo (N = 3), 3 = Muños Gamero (N = 7), 4 = Bahía Bahamondes (N = 17), 5 = Río Azocar (N = 11), 6 = Río Blanco (N = 5), 7 = Lago Aníbal Pinto (N = 7), 8 = Bahía Williams (N = 10), 9 = Río Rubens (N = 9), 10 = Río Pérez (N = 5), and, 11 = San Juan (N = 4). ................................................................................................................35 Fig. 3.2: Biplot of DCA ordination of 82 samples and selected environmental variables of South Patagonian peatlands. Environmental variables: DtP = distance to Pacific Ocean, DD = degree of decomposition, WL = water level, AC = ash content -1 -1 [mgl ], Nt = total N [mgl ], C/N = C/N ratio, pH = pH (CaCl2), P = CAL so- -1 luble P [mgl ], BC = sum of NH4Cl soluble base cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) -1 -1 [cmolcl ], Mn = NH4Cl soluble Mn [cmolcl ], TØ = mean annual temperature, Tmax = mean temperature of the warmest month, Tmin = mean temperature of the coldest month, AP = annual precipitation, Elev = elevation above sea level. Vectors point in the direction of increasing values for the respective variables, with longer vectors indicating stronger correlations between vectors and axes.................................................................................................................................38 Fig. 4.1: Locations of studied
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