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Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Handbook of European Sphagna I : I I • • ' •:.. .P)••• •.. • - • • • 4. .. 1- t • It_ 111 0 • . •. • • •e• • . , • • • ERRATUM Plate 3. Caption should read "S. palustre var. centrale (Dierssen)" Figure 83. Caption should read "Sphagnum compactum" Figure 85. Caption should read "Sphagnum strictum" Handbook of European Sphagna - - Natural Environment Research Council Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Handbook of European Sphagna R E Daniels A Eddy Institute of Terrestrial Ecology British Museum (Natural History) Furzebrook Research Station Cromwell Road Wareham London Dorset Pdnted in Great Bdtain by Cambrian News (Aberystwyth) Ltd NERC Copyright 1985 Published in 1985 by Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Administrative Headquarters Monks Wood Experimental Station Abbots Ripton Huntingdon PE17 2LS British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Handbook of European Sphagna. 1. Peat mosses--Europe I. Daniels. R. E. II. Eddy, A. Ill Institute of-Terrestrial Ecology 588'.1'094 0K539.S75 ISBN 0-904282-82-1 The Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE) was established in 1973, from the former Nature Conservancy's research stations and staff, joined later by the Institute of Tree Biology and the Culture Centre of Algae and Protozoa. ITE contributes to, and draws upon, the collective knowledge of the 13 sister institutes which make up the Natural Environment Research Council, spanning all the environmental sciences. The Institute studies the factors determining the structure, composition ancIL processes of land and freshwater systems, and of individual plant and animal species. It is developing a sounder scientific basis for predicting and modelling environmental trends arising from natural or man-made change. The resul6 of this research are available to those responsible for the protection, management and wise use of our natural resources. One quarter of ITE's work is research commissioned by customers, such as the Department of Environment, the European Economic Community, the Nature Conservancy Council and the Overseas Development Administration. The remainder is fundamental research supported by NERC. ITE's expertise is widely used by international organizations in overseas projects and programmes of research. Dr R E Daniels Mr A Eddy Institute of Terrestrial Ecology British Museum (Natural History) Furzebrook Research Station Cromwell Road Wareham London Dorset SW7 5BD BH20 5AS 09295 (Wareham) 51518 01 589 6323 2 CONTENTS Page PREFACE 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 INTRODUCTION 7 Taxonomic relationships 8 Morphology and life history 12 Distribution 20 Ecology 22 ollection, preservation and examination 30 KEY TO EUROPEAN SPECIES OF SPHAGNUM 32 SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS 43 Section Sphagnum 44 1. S. palustre 46 la. S. palustre var. centrale 50 2. S. papillosurn 52 3. S. imbricatum 56 4. S. magellanicum 61 Section Acutifolia 65 5. S. molle 67 6. S. subnitens 71 7. S. angermanicurn 76 8. S. subfulvum 80 9. S. fuscurn 84 10. S. quinquefariurn 88 11. S. capilfifolium 92 11a. S. capillifoliurn var. capillifolium 96 11b. S. capillifoliurn var. rubellurn 96 12. S. warnstorfii 98 13. S. russowii 102 14. S. girgensohnii 107 15. S. firnbriatum 111 Section Squarrosa 116 16. S. teres 117 17. S. squarrosum 122 Section Insulosa 126 18. S. aongstroemii 126 Section Polyclada 131 19. S. wulfianum 131 Section Hemitheca 136 20. S. pylaesii 136 3 Section Subsecunda 140 21. S. subsecundum 142 21a. S. subsecundum subsp. inundatum 143 22. S. auriculatum 150 23. S. platyphyllum 156 24. S. contortum 160 Section Cuspidata 164 25. S. cuspidatum 166 26. S. riparium 171 27. S. obtusum 176 28. S. flexuosum 180 29. S. recurvum 185 29a. S. recurvum var. mucronatum 185 30. S. angustifolium 190 31. S. balticum 195 32. S. annulatum 199 33. S. jensenii 203 34. S. majus 207 35. S. pulchrum 211 36. S. lindbergii 215 37. S. lenense 219 Section Mollusca 223 38. S. tenellum 223 Section Rigida 228 39. S. strictum 230 40. S. compactum 234 GLOSSARY 239 INDEX OF SECTIONS, SPECIES, VARIETIES AND SYNONYMS 244 BIBLIOGRAPHY 248 4 PREFACE Sphagnumis a notoriously difficult genus for the novice, because, although it is fairly distinct, the individual component species are very similar in gross features. More detailed features may change according to habitat condi- tions, and this morphological plasticity can cause problems of identification until the observer knows which characters are important taxonomically, and until he/she has gained a 'feel' for the different species. The early taxonomists tended to assign specific names to many of the forms produced in different habitats and, in many cases, the same specific or varietal epithet was used by different authorities for different forms of the same species. This taxonomic confusion is also somewhat daunting for the beginner. No key or guide can be infallible because of variability in the interpretation of the author's words or in the plant material itself. If such a guide to the identification of species is not to become too cumbersome for practical use, it cannot attempt to cover the whole range of variation that could be encountered in all situations. Different habitats produce slightly different forms of the plant, and occasionally aberrant forms are found resulting from particularly unusual conditions or genetic accidents. The guide must concentrate on the more typical forms whilst, at the same time, indicating the type of variation likely to be found. The key and descriptions in the present work, and the illustrations accompanying them, are designed to enable reliable identification of fairly typical samples of each species. The 'Detailed descriptions' and 'Additional notes' are intended to help reinforce the key determinations and to indicate the variations likely to be found in less typical specimens. In any written material, the author has only one chance of making himself understood: there can be no dialogue between author and reader to clarify dubious points. This lack of dialogue produces another possible source of error, one of -interpretation. Colour, for example, is difficult to describe in exact terms. Red or green are wide concepts, and 'bright red' or 'dull green' are phrases which mean slightly different shades to many people. We have used the terms as we understand them, so that it may be that some experience of using the guide will be necessary before the user becomes fully familiar, and confident, with it. We have tried to give a range of aids to identification, and we hope that the combination of field and microscopic characters in the key, detailed species descriptions, habit photographs and line drawings, and ecological notes will allow the majority of specimens to be assigned to a species with a measure of confidence. A series of distribution maps is included within the text, not to define rigidly the boundaries of distribution, but as a guide to the areas in which particular species are to be found, always bearing in mind the ecological 5 conditions required or preferred by those species. It is also hoped that these maps will provide a stimulus for the more accurate recording and plotting of species distributions. The ecological notes are, similarly, provided for guidance and comment rather than as definitive statements to be regarded as inviolable, although it is hoped that they give an accurate picture of the ecology of the species found in Europe. Finally, we hope that, by producing this Handbook, we have filled a gap which we consider existed in the literature and that it will help to stimulate interest in further study of the genus Sphagnum,as well as clarifying some of the problems and confusions in the identification of its species. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our thanks and gratitude to a number of people who have helped us in the preparation of this Handbook. We are grateful to Dr H J B Birks, Dr G J Duckett, Dr K Dierssen and T Lindholm for allowing us to reproduce photographs. Professor H Sjors and Dr P lsoviita read parts of an earlier draft and we are indebted to them for their valuable comments. We would like to thank a number of colleagues and friends, mainly from the British Museum (Natural History) and ITE Furzebrook, who tried out alternative versions of the keys. Thanks are also due to Dr M G Morris and Prof F T Last for their comments. Special thanks are due to Dr S W Greene for his encouragement in the early stages of this project: without his valuable guidance, this publication could not have been produced. 6 INTRODUCTION Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) may be considered as a successful plant group because they have evolved into a wide variety of forms, including over 24 000 species. Nevertheless, being small and often ephemeral, they are dominant components of vegetation only under special conditions. The genus Sphagnum ('bog' or 'peat' moss) is exceptional as it covers, often as the dominant or co-dominant plant, large areas of land in the temperate northern hemisphere. Their unique and highly characteristic anatomy gives Sphagnum plants special properties which make many of them important ecologically and economically. The anatomy and growth form of Sphagnum plants show adaptations to retain large quantities of water: both living and dead plants have large water holding capacities. This feature is important to individual plants as they do not have roots for absorbing soil moisture or internal conducting tissues for the transport of water. On a larger scale, the ability to retain water is important as Sphagnum, and peat derived from its dead remains, plays a significant role in controlling runoff from wide tracts of land. Commercially, the excellent absorbent qualities of dried Sphagnum have made it useful for surgical dressings, whilst wet Sphagnum is valUable for packing horticultural and agricultural products for shipping. More recently, Sphagnum peat has been used to absorb accidental spillages of oil (Ekman 1969; D'Hennezel & Coupal 1972). Sphagnum species have a pronounced capacity to exchange hydrogen ions for mineral cations, a feature of particular advantage in habitats where minerals needed for nutrition are in short supply.
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