Urbanization and Its Impact on Physical Enviornmental Quality of Maradu Muncipality, Ernakulam District, Kerala State
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1 URBANIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON PHYSICAL ENVIORNMENTAL QUALITY OF MARADU MUNCIPALITY, ERNAKULAM DISTRICT, KERALA STATE. Thesis submitted to Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By MEENU V DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit Kalady-Kerala-683574 December 2016 2 Department of Geography Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit Kalady Ernakulam-683574 DR. LANCELET. T.S Associate professor and Head Ernakulam-683574 Mob: 09495303560 Office no: 0484-2463380 Ext: 246 E-Mail:[email protected] BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this thesis entitled, “URBANIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF MARADU MUNCIPALITY, ERNAKULAM DISTRICT, KERALA STATE” is a bonafide work of Ms.Meenu.V submitted for the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography under my supervision after fulfilling the basic requirements specified by Sree Sankaracharya university of Sanskrit. Certified further that to the best of my knowledge, the work reported herein does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on the earlier occasion on this or any other candidate. KALADY DR.LANCELET.T.S 3 MEENU.V Research Scholar Department of Geography Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit Kalady Ernakulam-683574 DECLARATION I, Meenu.V, do hereby declare that the thesis entitled” URBANIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF MARADU MUNICIPALITY, ERNKAULAM DISTRICT, KERALA STATE” is a bonafide record of work done and submitted by me for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography in Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit in the year 2016. I further declare that this is original work, and has not been presented and published elsewhere in any university or nay body in full or part for the award of any degree, diploma or other similar recognitions. KALADY MEENU.V 4 Thanks to Sree padmanabha swamy. My Amma and Achan, words won‟t be enough to acknowledge your love and support. Whatever, I have accomplished in my life I owe it to both of them. First of all I would like to thank Dr.T.S.Lancelet, for guiding me from the very beginning and for her patience and encouragement, till the very end of my thesis. If it was not for her I don‟t think I would be doing my PhD. Thank you for believing in me. Besides my advisor, I am grateful to my committee Dr.R.Anilkumar, Dr.Omana Ruseel, Dr.Dilip Kumar, and Dr.Chandrashekar Rao for their insightful comments and their encouragement, but also for hard questions which helped me to widen my research. A special thanks to Dr.T.S.Saju, for patiently hearing my views and thoughts and for discussing many perspectives that I didn‟t realize while in research. Thanks to the research scholars, faculty and students in the Department of Geography for their friendly working atmosphere. A special thanks to Dr. Monto Mani (IISC), Dr.Radhika (Icussre) and Dr.Archanan nair (IIT Guhwathi) for helping and moulding me as a researcher that I am today. Vinod chettan, Sanothosh chettan and all members of GAIA for being there for me always and encouraging me. A special thanks to all my teachers, and the non academic staff of SSUS Kalady. This was not possible without the help of my Amma and Achan, Thank u for all your support and love. Sojin Kumar, for being the harsh critic and thanks for the words of wisdom. A special thanks to, Mr and Mrs Unnikrishna kurup and Dr. Sreedhar .U, for loving me and supporting me for all the ventures after marriage. To my whole big family in Divakara Mandiram (my uncles, sisters, brothers, cousins and all) for making me the person I am , loving me and being there for me always. This would not have been possible without my friends helping me from the day I thought of doing PhD. My mental support pillars Jayalekshmi, Varunima and Divya, for their warmth and support. All my friends (from school level till now Nija cheechi, Vineetha), thanks for bearing my nature. Words won‟t be enough to thank you. My kids Pachu, Paru, and Ammu for giving me the strength, their big milestones gave me an inner strength that nothing is impossible. 5 I wish my brother and grandfather was alive to see this moment, it was their dream that I become a doctorate holder just like my Ammavan. Thank you, Dr.D.Nandakumar for not interfering in my wok and for giving me space for making it my own. I am deeply grateful to various persons in Maradu municipality office for helping in procuring data and ward level maps of Maradu. This work would not have happened without unconditional support of my friends from Maradu Geriatric clinic (KSSM staff and co coordinators) Divya Geet, Jibi, Reneesh, Ambili cheechi and Dr.Nimmy Jenson. Last but not the least; I am extremely grateful to my respondents in the study area. I encroached upon their personal spaces, time and energies unashamedly and they were amongst the most gracious hosts I have ever known. My thanks are due to them. A very special thanks and love to my sister Dhanya, Gouri ammayi, Nija cheechi and Nandan ammavan for the proof readings and for patiently helping me with my thesis corrections. My thesis would not have turned out the way it is, without your critical comments and corrections. Thanks to the wonderful women groups -“From the Granite top” and “Queen‟s lounge” in face book for their time and understandings, as I wouldn‟t have passed the phase of corrections and re-work without your love, support and encouragement. There may be others whom I forgot to mention, but let me assure all such persons that it is unintentional and I seek their forgiveness. (Meenu.V) 6 CONTENTS Contents Page No. Title Acknowledgement List of Tables List of Maps and Figures List of Appendices Section I Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION a. Urbanization b. Physical Environment c. Urbanization and Physical Environment Status Literature Review Conceptual Frameworks a. Urban Ecology b. Urban Landscape Ecology c. Humanistic Geography Statement of the problem Objectives Research Propositions Research Design i. Area of study ii. Unit of study iii. Data sources and Analysis iv. Tools and Techniques v. Limitations of the Study Methodology Chapter Scheme 7 Chapter 2 STUDY AREA Introduction Location and administrative set up Physical Base Physiography Temperature and Climate Seasonal pattern of rainfall Seasonal wind patterns Geology Soil-Texture and Pattern Water Availability Land use Socio-Economic Base Demographic structure Occupational Structure Education Health Transport and communication Section II Chapter 3 URBAN GROWTH OF MARADU Situating Maradu Demographic structure Population statistics Economic activities-Occupational structure Morphology Land types/Categories Population pressure on Land Land use/Land cover Spatio-temporal land use/land cover analysis of Maradu 8 Urban Morphology Land use change and Urban Sprawl Trend of Urban Sprawl Urban Intensity Analysis Urban Intensity Index Spatial Aeolotropy of Urban Intensity Index Conclusion-Phases of Urbanization Chapter 4 ASSESSING PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT STATUS USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS Introduction Physical Environment Status Data products Data processing and Analysis Limitations of the Data Land and Vegetation Land use/Land cover Normalised Difference built up index Normalized Difference Moisture Index Normalised Difference Vegetation Index Imperviousness Land Surface Temperature Band-Ratio Assessment Water Suspended Sediment Concentration Chlorophyll Content Salinity Normalized Difference Water Index Band-Ratio Assessment Air Aerosol Optical Thickness 9 Sampling pattern-Physical Environment Status Section III Chapter 5 PEOPLE PERCEPTIONS ON PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT STATUS Introduction Limitations of the study Field study Assessment Selection of wards and samples Ward wise socio-economic profile Socio-economic profile of the sampled households Physical environment perception and Sense of place Participatory Research Methods-Resource Mapping Conclusion-Physical environment change Chapter 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION REFERENCES AND SELECT BIBILIOGRAPHY APPENDICES 10 ABBREVIATIONS Ac Archean eon(Geological Scale) DN Digital Numbers ERDAS Earth Resource Data Analysis Software ETM+ Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus GIS Geographic Information System LST Land Surface Temperature MSS Multi Spectral Scanner System n Number of years NDBI Normalized Difference Built Up Index NDMI Normalized Difference Moisture Index NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NH National Highways NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency PET Potential Evapotranspiration PRA Participatory Resource Mapping RS Remote Sensing SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences t Time period TLA Total Land Area TM Thematic Mapper ToA Top Of Atmosphere UII Urban Intensity Index ULA Urban Land Area UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UPI Urban Proportional Index USGS United States Geological Survey 11 LIST OF TABLES Table no 2.0 showing Annual water availability-2004 Table no 2.1 showing Land use pattern-2005 Table no 2.2 showing Occupational structure-2001 Table no: 3.1 showing Total Population and Total number of Households Table no: 3.2 Occupational Structure of Maradu Table no 3.3Land categories and rate of change over different periods (1901, 1995 and 2003) Table no 3.4 Population Pressure on Land over different periods (1901, 1995 and 2003) Table no 3.5 NRSA Land use classes Table no 3.6 Land use change of Maradu over different periods in Hectares (1973, 1993 and 2003)