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Issue Paper ZAIRE POLITICAL OPPOSITION August 1995

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Issue Paper ZAIRE POLITICAL OPPOSITION August 1995 Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets Page 1 of 23 Français Home Contact Us Help Search canada.gc.ca Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets Home Issue Paper ZAIRE POLITICAL OPPOSITION August 1995 Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada on the basis of publicly available information, analysis and comment. All sources are cited. This document is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed or conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. For further information on current developments, please contact the Research Directorate. Table of Contents GLOSSARY MAP 1. INTRODUCTION 2. POLITICAL OPPOSITION 2.1 Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS) 2.2 Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI) 2.3 Democratic and Social Christian Party (PDSC) 2.4 The Sacred Union 3. ARMED OPPOSITION 4. THE CHURCH 5. TREATMENT OF OPPOSITION BY AUTHORITIES 5.1 Leaders: UDPS http://www2.irb -cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?docid=254&cid=0& ... 28.05.2009 Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets Page 2 of 23 5.2 Leaders: Other Parties 5.3 Supporters 5.4 Women 6. ETHNIC AND REGIONAL CONFLICT 6.1 North Kivu 6.2 Shaba (Katanga) 7. FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 7.1 Within Zaire 7.2 Returning Asylum Seekers 8. THE PRESS 9. UNIVERSITIES 10. HUMAN RIGHTS GROUPS 11. FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS APPENDIX: NOTES ON SOURCES REFERENCES MAP See original. Source: Amnesty International. 1980. Human Rights Violations in Zaire . London: Amnesty International. GLOSSARY CNS Sovereign National Conference DSP Special Presidential Division (Division spéciale présidentielle) FAZ Armed Forces (Forces armées zaïroises) HCR High Council of the Republic HCR-PT High Council of the Republic-Transition Parliament MPR Popular Movement for the Revolution PALU Unified Lumumbist Party http://www2.irb -cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?docid=254&cid=0& ... 28.05.2009 Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets Page 3 of 23 PDSC Democratic and Social Christian Party PLC Congolese Liberation Party (Parti de libération congolais) SARM Military Information and Action Service (Service d'action et de renseignements militaires) SNIP National Intelligence and Protection Service (Service national d'intelligence et de protection) UDPS Union for Democracy and Social Progress UFERI Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans URD Union for the Republic and Democracy USOR Sacred Union 1. INTRODUCTION The phrase "the state is non-existent" is one often heard in Zaire ( United Nations 19 Dec. 1994, 26). A country rich in natural resources, in 1994 Zaire ranked 140 th among countries on the United Nations human development index, with a per capita GNP of less than US$180, and an estimated 12 million unemployed in a total population of about 40 million ( ibid., 7, 46-47). The government has not brought down a budget since 1992 ( Country Reports 1994 1995, 282). By late 1993 inflation was nearing 10,000 per cent annually ( AI 16 Sept. 1993, 8; United Nations 23 Dec. 1993, 12), and one December 1994 estimate put inflation at 9,000 per cent per month ( Africa Confidential 16 Dec. 1994, 1). Joseph Désiré Mobutu Sese Seko has been president of Zaire since 1965, when he took power in a coup d'etat and outlawed all existing political parties ( Political Handbook of the World: 1992 1992, 867, 871). In 1966 Mobutu created the Popular Movement of the Revolution (Mouvement populaire de la révolution-MPR) ( ibid; LCHR 1990, 17; United Nations 19 Dec. 1994, 8), [ In 1990 the MPR was renamed the Popular Renewal Movement (Mouvement Populaire Renouveau - MPR) ( Political Handbook of the World: 1992 1992, 871).] and in 1970 he decreed the MPR to be the only legal political party ( ibid.). Many MPR members, particularly those in the upper levels of the party hierarchy, are from Equateur, Mobutu's home region ( LCHR 1990, 25; Mwene Kabyana 4 Apr. 1995). The MPR's status as the party of the state has led many top civil servants, directors of public enterprises and others wishing to advance their careers to join it; as a result, MPR members can be found throughout Zaire ( ibid.; Mbuyu 4 Apr. 1995). Under pressure from home and abroad, in 1990 Mobutu announced the end of the one party system ( Political Parties of Africa and the Middle East 1993, 309-10; Encyclopedia of the Third World 1992, 2137; Europa 1994 1994, 3367; Political Handbook of the World: 1992 1992, 871). Opposition groups demanded that a "sovereign national conference" (Conférence nationale souveraine-CNS) be called to draft a new constitution and establish a transitional government until free elections could be held ( AI 16 Sept. 1993, 4; Current History May 1994a, 220). [ For more information, see the November 1992 DIRB Question and Answer Series paper Zaire: http://www2.irb -cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?docid=254&cid=0& ... 28.05.2009 Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets Page 4 of 23 Chronology of Significant Events June 1960-September 1992 .] In August 1992 the CNS elected opposition leader Etienne Tshisekedi wa Malumba to the post of prime minister ( ibid. May 1994b, 225; Political Handbook of the World: 1992 1992, 872). Mobutu dismissed Tshisekedi in February 1993 ( LCHR 1994, 421; Current History May 1994b, 225; Africa Research Bulletin 25 July 1994a, 11467; AI 16 Sept. 1993, 6), and appointed Faustin Birindwa as prime minister in March 1993 ( ibid., 7; United Nations 23 Dec. 1993, 11). Tshisekedi refused to step down, however, and the transitional body, the High Council of the Republic (Haut Conseil de la République-HCR), would not recognize Birindwa's appointment ( ibid.; Keesing's Jan. 1994b, R29). For the rest of 1993, both Tshisekedi and Birindwa claimed the prime ministership and operated parallel governments with rival cabinets ( ibid.). Foreign governments either urged Mobutu to hand over power to Tshisekedi ( ibid.; AI 16 Sept. 1993, 6) or refused to recognize Birindwa's government ( Europa 1994 1994, 3369; Current History May 1994b, 226). Tshisekedi was largely unable to exercise power because President Mobutu retained control of the security forces and the central bank ( ibid.; Country Reports 1993 1994, 316; Europa 1994 1994, 3369; United Nations 23 Dec. 1993, 11). In January 1994 Mobutu supporters and some opposition groups agreed to resolve the stalemate by creating a body known as the High Council of the Republic-Transition Parliament (Haut Conseil de la République-Parlement de transition-HCR-PT) ( HRW Dec. 1994, 58; Current History May 1994b, 226; Europa 1994 1994, 3369; Keesing's Jan. 1994a, 39801; Africa Research Bulletin 21 Feb. 1994a, 11294). Tshisekedi and his supporters initially rejected the agreement ( ibid. 21 Feb. 1994b, 11294; Info-Zaïre 3 Feb. 1994, 1; Current History May 1994b, 226). However, in April 1994 all parties agreed to a new transitional constitution act, which provided for an interim prime minister to be appointed by the HCR-PT, and stipulated that elections would be held within 15 months ( AFP 31 Dec. 1994; Keesing's Apr. 1994, 39945). On 14 June 1994 the HCR-PT elected Kengo wa Dondo as interim prime minister, and he was sworn in by Mobutu on 14 July 1994 ( United Nations 19 Dec. 1994, 11; Africa Research Bulletin 25 July 1994a, 11467; Europa 1994 1994, 3369; Info-Zaïre 30 June 1994, 1). Tshisekedi and his supporters maintain that Kengo's election is improper and have begun legal action to remove him from office ( ibid. 24 Feb. 1995, 1; RFI 9 Feb. 1995; BBC Summary 30 Jan. 1995). Tshisekedi still considers himself to be Zaire's legitimate prime minister ( L'Echo 5 Jan. 1995). The Libreville radio station Africa N o. 1 reported in February 1995 that an "atmosphere of confusion" reigned within the HCR-PT, which had been "virtually paralyzed" as a result of constant disagreement between the opposition and the Mobutu government ( Africa N o. 1 4 Feb. 1995). 2. POLITICAL OPPOSITION About 360 political parties are officially recognized in Zaire ( La lettre du continent 24 June 1993, 4; Mwene Kabyana 4 Apr. 1995). Many of these have been created as "satellite parties" of the MPR ( ibid.; Tougas 3 Apr. 1995; Documentation-Réfugiés 16-29 Mar. 1993, 14). Of the opposition parties, only the three largest-UFERI, the UDPS and the PDSC-are represented outside the largest cities ( ibid.; Mwene Kabyana 4 Apr. 1995; Mbuyu 4 Apr. 1995). 2.1 Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS) The Union for Democracy and Social Progress (Union pour la démocratie et le progrès social-UDPS) was formed in 1980 ( Political Parties of Africa and the Middle East 1993, 309; http://www2.irb -cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?docid=254&cid=0& ... 28.05.2009 Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets Page 5 of 23 Political Handbook of the World: 1992 1992, 871). According to a 1994 report, the party is "the single most important party in terms of name recognition and emotional attachment for millions of Zairians" ( Current History May 1994a, 220). Etienne Tshisekedi, the party's leader and one of its founders, is regarded as President Mobutu's main opponent ( AI 16 Sept. 1993, 4; Africa Research Bulletin 21 June 1994b, 11454; Mwene Kabyana 4 Apr. 1995). According to Kadari Mwene Kabyana, a PhD candidate researching the politics of Zaire, the UDPS is a "centre left" party with support throughout Zaire, especially in Kinshasa and Tshisekedi's birthplace of Kasai ( Mwene Kabyana 4 Apr. 1995). 2.2 Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI) The Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (Union des fédéralistes et républicains indépendants-UFERI) was founded in August 1990 ( Political Parties of Africa and the Middle East 1993, 309; Political Handbook of the World: 1992 1992, 872).
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