In Relation to Gþaobelge Prod'uclivity In
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Funktionelle Reaktionen Von Konsumenten: Die SSS Gleichung Und Ihre Anwendung“
initial predator experience learning? a switched searching b switched searching switching of hunting behaviour? searching p predator experience preying predator experience attacking switched searching ssearching max prob searching learning attacking by pred learning preying by pred prob att inf ambush prob of enc det searching profitable?profitable max prob searching attacking learning by one individual prey prob searching searching prob of enc det limited pred exp att limited pred exp preying nonatta number of prey eaten prey density initial prey density temperature preying time ~ influence of temperature enough time? Funktionelle Reaktionen von Konsumenten: initial hunger attacking good environmental conditions satiation by one individual prey die SSS Gleichunghunger und ihre Anwendung enough time? prob preying digestion satiation a prob att infl by hunger prob att infl by hunger b prob att infl by hunger p digestion time for one individual prey minimum digestion time for one individual prey number of attacks confusion eff att? maximum efficiency of attack prey density attacking Dissertation minimum efficiency of attack attack rate successful attacking efficiency of attack zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades rate of decreasing efficiency of attack prey density der Fakultät für Biologie prob enc det att prob att infl by prey limited pred exp att der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München ambush prob enc det att prob searching searching prob enc det att confusion prob att? prob att infl by pred searching prob of enc det ambush prob of enc -
Arthropods of Public Health Significance in California
ARTHROPODS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE IN CALIFORNIA California Department of Public Health Vector Control Technician Certification Training Manual Category C ARTHROPODS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE IN CALIFORNIA Category C: Arthropods A Training Manual for Vector Control Technician’s Certification Examination Administered by the California Department of Health Services Edited by Richard P. Meyer, Ph.D. and Minoo B. Madon M V C A s s o c i a t i o n of C a l i f o r n i a MOSQUITO and VECTOR CONTROL ASSOCIATION of CALIFORNIA 660 J Street, Suite 480, Sacramento, CA 95814 Date of Publication - 2002 This is a publication of the MOSQUITO and VECTOR CONTROL ASSOCIATION of CALIFORNIA For other MVCAC publications or further informaiton, contact: MVCAC 660 J Street, Suite 480 Sacramento, CA 95814 Telephone: (916) 440-0826 Fax: (916) 442-4182 E-Mail: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.mvcac.org Copyright © MVCAC 2002. All rights reserved. ii Arthropods of Public Health Significance CONTENTS PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................ v DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS.............................................................................................. vii 1 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES ..................................... Bruce F. Eldridge 1 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTOMOLOGY.......................................................... Richard P. Meyer 11 3 COCKROACHES ........................................................................................... -
Temperature Induces Changes in Drosophila Energy Stores Peter Klepsatel 1, David Wildridge1 & Martina Gáliková 2
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Temperature induces changes in Drosophila energy stores Peter Klepsatel 1, David Wildridge1 & Martina Gáliková 2 Temperature has a profound impact on animal physiology. In this study, we examined the efect Received: 19 October 2018 of ambient temperature on the energy stores of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. Accepted: 15 March 2019 By exposing adult males to 11 temperatures between 13 °C and 33 °C, we found that temperature Published: xx xx xxxx signifcantly afects the amount of energy reserves. Whereas fies increase their fat stores at intermediate temperatures, exposure to temperatures below 15 °C or above 27 °C causes a reduction of fat reserves. Moreover, we found that glycogen stores followed a similar trend, although not so pronounced. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of these changes, we compared the temperature dependence of food consumption and metabolic rate. This analysis revealed that food intake and metabolic rate scale with temperature equally, suggesting that the temperature-induced changes in energy reserves are probably not caused by a mismatch between these two traits. Finally, we assessed the efect of temperature on starvation resistance. We found that starvation survival is a negative exponential function of temperature; however we did not fnd any clear evidence that implies the relative starvation resistance is compromised at non-optimal temperatures. Our results indicate that whilst optimal temperatures can promote accumulation of energy reserves, exposure to non-optimal temperatures reduces Drosophila energy stores. Temperature afects organisms at all levels of biological organization, from macromolecules to ecosystems1,2. Tese efects are usually explained by dependency of rates of biochemical reactions and biological processes on ambient temperature3. -
Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: a Cooperative Approach
Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: a cooperative approach Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Volume II of IV Chapters 1-8 and Appendixes A-E United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Newtown Square, PA NA–MB–01–12 August 2012 Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: a cooperative approach Type of Statement: Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Area covered by statement: The 50 United States and District of Columbia Lead agency: Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Responsible official: James R. Hubbard, Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry Sidney R. Yates Federal Building 201 14th Street, S.W. Washington, DC 20250 For more information: Noel F. Schneeberger, Forest Health Program Leader Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry 11 Campus Boulevard, Suite 200 Newtown Square, PA 19073 610–557–4121 [email protected] Joint lead agency: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Responsible official: Rebecca A. Bech, Deputy Administrator for Plant Protection and Quarantine 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Room 302-E Washington, DC 20250 For more information: Julie S. Spaulding, Gypsy Moth Program Coordinator Emergency and Domestic Programs 4700 River Road, Unit 137 Riverdale, MD 20737 301–851–2184 [email protected] Abstract: The USDA Forest Service and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service are proposing an addition to the gypsy moth management program that was described in the 1995 Environmental Impact Statement—Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: a cooperative approach—and chosen in the 1996 Record of Decision. -
Arch. Hydrobiol. 72: 1–19
Arch.Hydrobiol. 158 1 57–74 Stuttgart,August 2003 Feeding patterns of migratory and non-migratory fourth instar larvae of twocoexisting Chaoborus species in an acidic and metal contaminated lake: Importance of prey ingestion rate in predicting metal bioaccumulation Marie-Noële Croteau 1, 2,LandisHare 1 * and Pierre Marcoux 1 With 6figuresand 4tables Abstract: Westudied diel variations in the feeding habits and migratory behaviors of two coexisting Chaoborus speciesin an acidicand metalcontaminated lake (Lake Tur- cotte, QC, Canada). Wefound that although the zooplankton community wasdomi- nated by rotifers, both Chaoborus speciesfed mostly on chironomids and crustaceans despite the relatively low abundance of theseprey types in the lake plankton. Chaobo- rus americanus larvaefed on those of Chaoborus punctipennis ,but not vice versa. The non-migratory species( C.americanus )fed throughout the day and night whereasthe migratory species( C.punctipennis )fed only atnight while in the watercolumn. The larger-bodied C.americanus consumed moreprey and had amorediverse diet than did the smaller-bodied C.punctipennis .Differencesin feeding habits between the Chaobo- rus speciesinhabiting Lake Turcotte (prey biomass, prey types) likely explain in part their ability to coexist. Attempts to predict Cd in the Chaoborus speciesusing our measurementsof Cd in their prey and their prey ingestion ratesmet with mixed suc- cess;although wecorrectly predicted higher Cd concentrations for C.americanus lar- vae than for C.punctipennis larvae, weunder-predicted absolute Cd concentrations. Wesuggest that studies such asours that arebased on analysesof gut contents of lar- vaecollected atintervals of 4hor longer likely underestimate prey ingestion rates. Key words: Bioaccumulation, diel vertical migration, feeding habits, coexistence, gut contents, cadmium. -
Olfaction, Experience and Neural Mechanisms Underlying Mosquito Host Preference Gabriella H
© 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2018) 221, jeb157131. doi:10.1242/jeb.157131 REVIEW Olfaction, experience and neural mechanisms underlying mosquito host preference Gabriella H. Wolff* and Jeffrey A. Riffell* ABSTRACT behaviors. However, there are significant gaps in our knowledge Mosquitoes are best known for their proclivity towards biting humans about the degree to which various types of plasticity and learning and transmitting bloodborne pathogens, but there are over 3500 contribute to host preferences. One clue comes from epidemiological species, including both blood-feeding and non-blood-feeding taxa. analyses of disease vectors, including mosquitoes, suggesting that The diversity of host preference in mosquitoes is exemplified by the only 20% of a host population can account for 80% of transmission feeding habits of mosquitoes in the genus Malaya that feed on ant potential (Woolhouse et al., 1997). This implies that, within a host regurgitation or those from the genus Uranotaenia that favor species, a subset of individuals is attracting more mosquitoes than the amphibian hosts. Host preference is also by no means static, but is rest (Kelly, 2001). One explanation for this heterogeneity is that characterized by behavioral plasticity that allows mosquitoes to sensory cues emitted from hosts might be highly variable within a switch hosts when their preferred host is unavailable and by learning species, and mosquito receptors are tuned to respond to only a subset host cues associated with positive or negative experiences. Here we of such cues. Another is that mosquitoes can learn and remember review the diverse range of host-preference behaviors across the sensory information associated with the best (and worst) hosts and family Culicidae, which includes all mosquitoes, and how adaptations change their behavior based on experience. -
Plant Protection Product Risk Assessment for Aquatic Ecosystems
Plant protection product risk assessment for aquatic ecosystems Evaluation of effects in natural communities Alessio Ippolito Plant protection product risk assessment for aquatic ecosystems Evaluation of effects in natural communities The research presented in this thesis was carried out at the department of Environmental and Landscape Sciences (DISAT), Università di Milano- Bicocca, Milano, Italy. Cover image : observed by far, the figure is the outline of a stonefly (Agnetina capitata ), however, by a closer look, it is also a long string of values, representing the codification of the organism traits. The same happens with ecology and ecotoxicology: a holistic, comprehensive view is needed to understand what is the meaning and the overall relevance of any process, but a reductionist approach is often appropriate to get a mechanistic understanding. The challenge proposed by this thesis is to achieve a correct balance between holism and reductionism, finding the right distance to see both the stonefly and the string. UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO-BICOCCA Facoltà di Scienza Matematiche, Fisiche e Naturali Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze Ambientali XXIV ciclo Plant protection product risk assessment for aquatic ecosystems Evaluation of effects in natural communities TUTOR: Prof. Marco Vighi DOTTORANDO: Dott. Alessio Ippolito Anno Accademico 2011/2012 A Dino CONTENTS 1 General introduction ............................................................................... 11 1.1 Ecological Risk Assessment for chemicals ........................................ -
Evolutionary Persistence of Insect Bunyavirus Infection Despite Host Acquisition and Expression of the Viral Nucleoprotein Gene Matthew J
Virus Evolution, 2019, 5(2): vez017 doi: 10.1093/ve/vez017 Research article Evolutionary persistence of insect bunyavirus infection despite host acquisition and expression of the viral nucleoprotein gene Matthew J. Ballinger1,* and Derek J. Taylor2 1Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, PO Box GY, Mississippi State, MS 39762 and 2Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Abstract How insects combat RNA virus infection is a subject of intensive research owing to its importance in insect health, virus evolution, and disease transmission. In recent years, a pair of potentially linked phenomena have come to light as a result of this work—first, the pervasive production of viral DNA from exogenous nonretroviral RNA in infected individuals, and second, the widespread distribution of nonretroviral integrated RNA virus sequences (NIRVs) in the genomes of diverse eukaryotes. The evolutionary consequences of NIRVs for viruses are unclear and the field would benefit from studies of natural virus infections co-occurring with recent integrations, an exceedingly rare circumstance in the literature. Here, we provide evidence that a novel insect-infecting phasmavirus (Order Bunyavirales) has been persisting in a phantom midge host, Chaoborus americanus, for millions of years. Interestingly, the infection persists despite the host’s acquisition (during the Pliocene), fixation, and expression of the viral nucleoprotein gene. We show that virus prevalence and geographic distribution are high and broad, comparable to the host-specific infections reported in other phantom midges. Short-read mapping analyses identified a lower abundance of the nucleoprotein-encoding genome segment in this virus relative to related viruses. -
Rangeland Grasshopper and Mormon Cricket Suppression Program 1
United States Department of Rangeland Grasshopper Agriculture Marketing and Regulatory and Mormon Cricket Programs Animal and Plant Health Suppression Program 1 Inspection Service Final Environmental Impact Statement—2002 Contents 1 Grasshopper Environmental Impact iii Preface v Executive Summary 1 I. Purpose of and Need for the Proposed Action 15 II. Background 21 III. Alternatives 31 IV. The Affected Environment 37 V. Environmental Consequences 43 VI. Other Environmental Considerations 85 VII. References for Chapters I through VI 91 Appendix A. Background Information on Grasshopper Programs 101 Appendix B. Environmental Risk Assessment for Rangeland Grasshop- per Suppression Programs—Insecticides 117 Appendix C. Environmental Fate and Transport Modeling for Grass- hopper Insecticides 189 Appendix D. References for Appendices A, B, and C 207 Appendix E.Federal Register Notices Associated With This Document 235 Appendix F. Summary of Public Comments on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement 237 Appendix G. Preparers and Reviewers 257 Appendix H. Distribution List 259 Appendix I. Acronyms and Glossary 269 Grasshopper Environmental Impact Statement iii Contents iv Grasshopper Environmental Impact Statement Preface Preface Several changes to assist readers have been made from the draft to this Final Rangeland Grasshopper and Mormon Cricket Suppression Program Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). This document has two sections as follows: ◆ The first section consists of chapters 1 through 6, and the references cited in those chapters are listed in chapter 7. ◆ The second section contains the appendices. Appendix A provides additional background information, appendix B is an environmental risk assessment, and appendix C is the environmental fate and transport modeling. The references cited in those appendices are listed in appendix D. -
Western Forest Insects United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service
USDA Western Forest Insects United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication No. 1339 November 1977 Reviewed and Approved for Reprinting July 2002 WESTERN FOREST INSECTS R.L.Furniss and V.M. Carolin Entomologists, Retired Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Forest Service MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION NO. 1339 Issued November 1977 Reviewed and Approved for Reprinting July 2002 This publication supersedes "Insect Enemies of Western Forests," Miscellaneous Publication No. 273. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 001-000-03618-1 Catalog No. 1.38-1339 PREFACE This manual concerns itself with insects and related organisms in forests and woodlands of North America, west of the 100th Meridian and north of Mexico. ("Eastern Forest Insects," by Whiteford L. Baker (1972) covers the area east of the 100th Meridian.) The intended primary users are practicing foresters and others responsible for preventing or minimizing insect-caused damage to forests and wood products. Thus, major purposes of the manual are to facilitate recognition of insects and their damage and to provide needed information for determining a course of action. The manual should also be useful to students of forestry and entomology, professional entomologists, extension specialists, forestry technicians, forest owners, forest recreationists, teachers, and others. This manual supersedes "Insect Enemies of Western Forests," (Misc. Pub. No. 273), by F. Paul Keen, issued in 1938 and last revised in 1952. In this manual the discussion of insects is arranged in taxonomic order rather than by part of the tree affected. -
Ecologie Van Steekmuggen En Knutten
Alterra is onderdeel van de internationale kennisorganisatie Wageningen UR (University & Research centre). De missie is ‘To explore the potential of nature to improve the quality of life’. Binnen Wageningen UR bundelen negen gespecialiseerde en meer toegepaste onderzoeksinstituten, Wageningen University en hogeschool Van Hall Larenstein hun krachten om bij Leidraad Risicomanagement te dragen aan de oplossing van belangrijke vragen in het domein van gezonde voeding en leefomgeving. Met ongeveer 40 vestigingen (in Nederland, Brazilië en China), 6.500 medewerkers en 10.000 studenten behoort Wageningen UR wereldwijd tot de vooraanstaande kennisinstellingen binnen haar domein. De integrale benadering van de vraagstukken en de samenwerking tussen natuurwetenschappelijke, technologische en maatschappijwetenschappelijke disciplines Overlast Steekmuggen en Knutten vormen het hart van de Wageningen Aanpak. Alterra Wageningen UR is hèt kennisinstituut voor de groene leefomgeving en bundelt een grote hoeveelheid expertise op Toelichting op de Leidraad het gebied van de groene ruimte en het duurzaam maatschappelijk gebruik ervan: kennis van water, natuur, bos, milieu, bodem, landschap, klimaat, landgebruik, recreatie etc. Alterra-rapport 2298 ISSN 1566-7197 Meer informatie: www.alterra.wur.nl Piet Verdonschot en Anna Besse-Lototskaya Leidraad Risicomanagement Overlast Steekmuggen en Knutten Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen het kader van het Beleidsondersteunend onderzoek van het ministerie van EL&I in 2010 als BO-onderzoek (BO-11-006.03-007) en in 2011 als BO-11-011.03-004, HelpDeskvraag 3319 Biodiversiteit. Leidraad Risicomanagement Overlast Steekmuggen en Knutten Toelichting op de Leidraad Piet Verdonschot en Anna Besse-Lototskaya Alterra-rapport 2298 Alterra, onderdeel van Wageningen UR Wageningen, 2012 Referaat Piet Verdonschot en Anna Besse-Lototskay, 2012. -
~ ) (, C \' T./ "\ N 0 '; ~L'l·L-{ T(R WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
~_) (, c \' t./ "\ n 0 '; ~l'l·L-{ t(r WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SA WHO/VBC/79.753. Rev. 1 VBC/BCDS/79.02. Rev. 1 ~~1 ' ENGLISH ONLY DATA SHEET ON THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT(l)~~Li~:i~} Lagenidium giganteum (Couch 1935) ~rvv~ L. giganteum is a facultative parasitic fungus which can grow vegetatively either as a saprophyte in the aquatic environment or as a parasite of mosquito larvae. Its life cycle is typical of the genus Lagenidium with both asexual (zoospore) and sexual (oospore) stages The zoospore of the fungus is the infectious agent. The mos quito larva is killed when the fungus invades theh~mocoel and forms an extensive mycelium throughout the body. Several isolates of L. giganteum have been reported and differences have been noted in their pathogenicity and mosquito host-range although in general the species has been shown to infect a wide range of Aedes and Culex species with some activity against Anopheles, Psorophora and Culiseta. The specificity of the fungus appears to be limited to mosquitos and one gnatspecies (to a lesser extent); no evidence of pathogenicity was found in non target organisms: 1196 aquatic invertebrates (30 species,7 orders) tested in the laboratory a wide variety of aquatic crustaceans and insects found associated with Cx. tarsalis, as well as fish, birds and rats. Basic studies on the biochemistry of ~· giganteum infection in mosquito larvae have been carried out, which include carbohydrates sources, nitrogen, lipids and, most recently, sterols requirements. The practical use of L. giganteum for biological control of mosquito larvae requires a simple and rapid meansof mass production of infective zoospores.