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Effects of Inlet Migration on Barrier Island Planform and Oceanfront Change: New Topsail Inlet, N.C

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Effects of Inlet Migration on Barrier Island Planform and Oceanfront Change: New Topsail Inlet, N.C EFFECTS OF INLET MIGRATION ON BARRIER ISLAND PLANFORM AND OCEANFRONT CHANGE: NEW TOPSAIL INLET, N.C. Merritt Ross Willingham McLean A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Geography and Geology University of North Carolina Wilmington 2009 Approved by Advisory Committee Paul A. Thayer Michael S. Smith William J. Cleary Chair Accepted by Dean, Graduate School This thesis has been prepared in a style and format consistent with The Journal of Coastal Research ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 2 Tidal Inlets .............................................................................................................................. 2 Study Area .................................................................................................................................. 3 Regional Geology ....................................................................................................................... 7 Regional Tidal Inlets ................................................................................................................... 7 Sediment Bypassing .................................................................................................................... 8 Inlet Hazard Zones .................................................................................................................... 10 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................... 13 Inlet Migration .......................................................................................................................... 13 Shoreline Change ...................................................................................................................... 13 Ebb Delta: ................................................................................................................................. 14 Bypassing Events ...................................................................................................................... 14 Management and Inlet Hazard zones ........................................................................................ 14 METHODS ................................................................................................................................... 15 Rate of Change Database .......................................................................................................... 15 Channel Orientation and Barrier Morphology Database .......................................................... 18 Ebb-Tidal Deltas ....................................................................................................................... 19 Area and Volume .................................................................................................................. 19 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 22 Total Inlet Migration ................................................................................................................. 22 Long-term Inlet Characteristics ................................................................................................ 23 Short-term Inlet Changes .......................................................................................................... 31 Inlet Bypassing Cycles .............................................................................................................. 31 Inlet Migration Patterns ............................................................................................................ 33 Oceanfront Change ................................................................................................................... 37 Net Change 1938-2006 ............................................................................................................. 40 iii Topsail Island ........................................................................................................................ 40 Hutaff Island ......................................................................................................................... 41 Net Change Intervals................................................................................................................. 41 Net Change 1938-1949 ............................................................................................................. 41 Hutaff Island ......................................................................................................................... 42 Net Change 1949-1962 ............................................................................................................. 44 Topsail Island ........................................................................................................................ 44 Hutaff Island ......................................................................................................................... 46 Net Change 1962-1974 ............................................................................................................. 46 Topsail Island ........................................................................................................................ 46 Hutaff Island ......................................................................................................................... 48 Net Change 1974-1999 ............................................................................................................. 48 Topsail Island ........................................................................................................................ 49 Hutaff Island ......................................................................................................................... 49 Net Change 1999-2006 ............................................................................................................. 51 Topsail Island ........................................................................................................................ 51 Hutaff Island ......................................................................................................................... 53 Cumulative Shoreline Change .................................................................................................. 53 Topsail Island ............................................................................................................................ 54 Northern Shoreline Reach (T-1 through T-16) ..................................................................... 54 Southern Shoreline Reach ..................................................................................................... 54 1974-1999 ............................................................................................................................. 58 1999-2006 ............................................................................................................................. 63 Hutaff Island ............................................................................................................................. 63 1938-1962 ............................................................................................................................. 63 1962-2006 ............................................................................................................................. 66 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................... 73 Effects of Inlet Migration: ........................................................................................................ 74 Direction of Migration: ............................................................................................................. 74 Rate of Inlet Migration: ............................................................................................................ 78 Long-term Rates of Migration: ................................................................................................. 78 iv Short-term Rates of Migration: ................................................................................................. 79 Tidal Delta Changes:................................................................................................................. 86 Flood Tidal Delta ...................................................................................................................... 86 Ebb Tidal Delta ......................................................................................................................... 90 Oceanfront Shoreline Change ................................................................................................
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