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Linking the Performance of Entrepreneurial Universi- Ties to Technoparks and University Characteristics in Turkey Volume 8, Number 1, 2021, 97{117 journal homepage: region.ersa.org DOI: 10.18335/region.v8i1.300 Linking the Performance of Entrepreneurial Universi- ties to Technoparks and University Characteristics in Turkey Tuzin Baycan1, Gokcen Arkali Olcay2 1 Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey 2 Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey Received: 10 January 2020/Accepted: 2 December 2020 Abstract. Universities' third mission of knowledge commercialization imposes them a core role towards becoming entrepreneurial universities in the triple helix interacting with the government and industry. Entrepreneurial universities have crucial functions of providing entrepreneurial support infrastructure for innovation and engaging in the regional economy. Technoparks, in that sense, form an essential channel for universities to disseminate and commercialize the knowledge considering their geographical proximity and facilitating mechanisms. Measuring the performances of entrepreneurial universities and technoparks in quantitative metrics have been initiated by different government agencies in Turkey, which resulted in two different indices. The Most Entrepreneurial and Innovative University Index and the Performance Index for Technoparks track performances annually. Using the data provided by the two indices, this study explores how the technoparks' performance can be linked to the universities' scores in entrepreneurship and innovation, along with some university-specific characteristics and their interactions. The geographical proximity provided by the technoparks contributes to the performance of entrepreneurial universities. While the increasing university size has a negative effect on university entrepreneurial scores, the socio-economic development factor of the region positively contributes to the scores. Young universities are also found to benefit more from the large share of the graduate students of their student composition on university entrepreneurship and innovation scores. Key words: Entrepreneurial universities in Turkey, technoparks, knowledge commercial- ization, geographical proximity, regional innovation 1 Introduction Universities play a fundamental role in regional innovation and economic growth (Gu- nasekara 2006, Power, Malmberg 2008, Rasmussen et al. 2006) beyond their traditional missions of teaching and research that they were identified with so long in the history. The third mission of universities, contributing to the knowledge society, has its roots seeded in the pioneering work of Clark(1983). In his conceptual tool of the triangle of coordination, Clark(1983) views the place of universities from a broader perspective within the interactions of academic oligarchy, state authority, and market. This notion of 97 98 T. Baycan, G. Arkali Olcay interactions was later developed into the notion of the triple helix by Etzkowitz, Leydes- dorff(1995). Even the triple helix model has further been transformed into the quadruple and quintuple models to incorporate the society's and environment's role (Carayannis, Campbell 2010). The government plays a key role in the interaction of the university and industry where the linear model of innovation based on the long-term contribution of the knowledge disseminated from the university to the economy is no longer the only option. Universities contribute to knowledge-based economic development via a spiral model of innovation commercializing and capitalizing the knowledge in both short and long terms (Etzkowitz, Leydesdorff 1995, Leydesdorff, Etzkowitz 1996). Studying the ten to fifteen years of transformative developments in the five European institutions, Clark(1998) argues that universities are forced to change by the enormous demand overload surpassing their capacities, which they respond to transforming them- selves into entrepreneurial universities. The notion of the entrepreneurial university is closely linked to the universities' third mission of evolving with new perspectives on technology transfer and commercialization and expanding to undertake a more direct role in regional development and innovation (Rasmussen et al. 2006). Etzkowitz(2004) punctuates the new mission of the entrepreneurial university acting as an economic entity interacting with the users of knowledge in capitalizing the knowledge. The acceptance of knowledge commercialization as a third mission first came onto the development agenda in the U.S. in the 1980s and later spread to European countries in the 1990s (Baycan, Stough 2013, Charles, Howells 1992, van Geenhuizen 2010). While the first wave of knowledge commercialization in the 1980s was recognized by the establishment of traditional science parks where collaboration with existing industry emerged, the second wave in the 1990s saw a stronger focus on patenting/licensing and spinoffs as well as an increased involvement by students in commercialization (Rasmussen et al. 2006). The third mission of engaging with the community (Rubens, Spiragelli 2017) is essential in getting the most out of all the stakeholders in the interacting spheres of the university, industry, and government. The engagement with the industry could take different forms, such as formal contracting, sponsoring research, transferring key personnel into employment, or access to university facilities (Monck et al. 1988, Quintas et al. 1992). Science and technology parks form another significant mechanism in engaging businesses with the academic knowledge on-site, which could have important regional implications (Lindel¨of,L¨ofsten 2002). The geographical proximity provided by science parks could facilitate the transfer of knowledge, interactive learning, and innovation (Albahari et al. 2017). The emergence of science and technology parks initiated a debate on how property- based actions improve the economic and innovation performance of the university, industry, and the region (Link, Scott 2007). In the prior literature, scholars study how the science and technology park characteristics such as size, age, sectorial specialization, and geographical area affect the park tenants' innovation performance (Albahari et al. 2017, 2018, Liberati et al. 2016). Firms that are smaller in size benefit more from being located in science and technology parks on innovation performance (Huang et al. 2012). Besides, firms’ innovation performance improves when the firms are located in less technologically developed areas or very new or longer established parks (Albahari et al. 2018). Different terminology is used for technology parks in the literature. It is more common to use the term science park in Europe, the research park in the U.S., and the technology park (i.e., technopark) in Asia (Eckhardt, Shane 2003, Link, Scott 2007). While science, research, and technology parks are used interchangeably in the literature, we choose to use the term technopark within the context of our study. According to the legislation passed in 2001 in Turkey, technoparks are referred to as technology development zones representing the sites where academic, economic, and social structures are integrated and established within the close vicinity of the university, high-technology institute, or R&D center for which they operate (General Directorate of Legislation Development 2001). Technoparks maintain companies that develop technology or software, carry out activities to transform a technological invention into commercial products, and use high or new technologies benefiting from the resources of the university or high-technology institute that they operate for. REGION : Volume 8, Number 1, 2021 T. Baycan, G. Arkali Olcay 99 On the other hand, entrepreneurial universities have come onto the agenda of the Higher Education Council of Turkey as well, and several programs, including regional development-oriented mission differentiation and specialization of Turkish universities, have been initiated recently. Two indices have been developed by the government agencies to track the performance of the entrepreneurial universities and the technoparks: the Most Entrepreneurial and Innovative University Index and the Performance Index for Technoparks. Universities that are smaller in size embrace the third mission differently in contributing to the regional economy and innovation (Rubens, Spiragelli 2017). Not all the universities get the expected benefits of the close geographical proximity of the technoparks. This study aims to understand how technoparks can be linked to the success of entrepreneurial universities from a regional perspective using the most recent data of the two indices. In understanding the link between the two, we also consider the effects of specific characteristics such as technopark age, university age, university size, the graduate program composition, and the socio-economic development index of the region. In analyzing the third role of universities, Gunasekara(2006) highlights the variation in universities' performance of fulfilling the third mission in different regions. From the perspective of the Turkish regional innovation system, this study offers insights to regional policymakers, universities, and firms. Technoparks, with their proximity to universities, can help them to build entrepreneurial capacities and contribute to their innovation performances. However, other factors also promote entrepreneurial university performance a great deal. Young universities can benefit more from being research-oriented via investing in advanced degrees for more graduate-level students. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section2
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