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Ransom Where?
Ransom where? Holding data hostage with ransomware May 2019 Author With the evolution of digitization and increased interconnectivity, the cyberthreat landscape has transformed from merely a security and privacy concern to a danger much more insidious by nature — ransomware. Ransomware is a type of malware that is designed to encrypt, Imani Barnes Analyst 646.572.3930 destroy or shut down networks in exchange [email protected] for a paid ransom. Through the deployment of ransomware, cybercriminals are no longer just seeking to steal credit card information and other sensitive personally identifiable information (PII). Instead, they have upped their games to manipulate organizations into paying large sums of money in exchange for the safe release of their data and control of their systems. While there are some business sectors in which the presence of this cyberexposure is overt, cybercriminals are broadening their scopes of potential victims to include targets of opportunity1 across a multitude of industries. This paper will provide insight into how ransomware evolved as a cyberextortion instrument, identify notorious strains and explain how companies can protect themselves. 1 WIRED. “Meet LockerGoga, the Ransomware Crippling Industrial Firms” March 25, 2019; https://www.wired.com/story/lockergoga-ransomware-crippling-industrial-firms/. 2 Ransom where? | May 2019 A brief history of ransomware The first signs of ransomware appeared in 1989 in the healthcare industry. An attacker used infected floppy disks to encrypt computer files, claiming that the user was in “breach of a licensing agreement,”2 and demanded $189 for a decryption key. While the attempt to extort was unsuccessful, this attack became commonly known as PC Cyborg and set the archetype in motion for future attacks. -
The Evolution of Ransomware
The evolution of ransomware SECURITY RESPONSE The evolution of ransomware Kevin Savage, Peter Coogan, Hon Lau Version 1.0 – August 6, 2015 Never before in the history of human kind have people across the world been subjected to extortion on a massive scale as they are today. CONTENTS OVERVIEW ..............................................................................3 Key information ......................................................................5 Types of ransomware .............................................................5 How ransomware has evolved ...............................................7 Targets for ransomware .......................................................13 Systems impacted by ransomware ......................................14 Ransomware: How it works ..................................................18 Ransom techniques ..............................................................27 How widespread is the problem of ransomware .................33 What does the future hold for ransomware? .......................37 Conclusion ............................................................................45 Appendix ..............................................................................47 Mitigation strategies ............................................................51 Symantec detections for common ransomware families 54 Resources .............................................................................56 OVERVIEW Never before in the history of human kind have people across the world been -
2016.4 Vol.28 Mac はマルウェアから 100%安全か
2016.4 Vol.28 Mac はマルウェアから 100%安全か セキュリティプレス・アン Mac 向けセキュリティソリューション AhnLab V3 365 Clinic for Mac Mac はマルウェアから 100%安全か AppleのMacは、多くの人にマルウェアから安全だと思われている。しかし実際はWindowほどではないにせよ、Mac向けのマルウ ェアもマルウェア史の初期から存在し続けていた。それは現在も同じで、Macも安全地帯ではないということだ。 今回のプレス・アンでは、最新Mac向けマルウェアの特徴を分析し、Mac環境を保護する方策を探る。 Appleのマッキントッシュ(Macintosh、以下Mac)に対するユーザーの信頼は厚く、次のような挿絵からも見て取れる。コンピューター使用中感電し たキャラに、「コンピューターに異常はないかい?」と聞いたところ「これはMacだから大丈夫」と断言する内容である。 [図1] The Brads- Impossible 2 セキュリティプレス・アン その信頼はセキュリティに関しても絶大で、どうやらMacは安全な環境であると思われているらしい。しかし前述のようにMac向けマルウェアは昔か ら存在していたし、Macの運営環境である「OS X」に移行してから10年間、脅威は持続的に発見されている。もちろんWindowに比べればMac向け マルウェアが少ないのは確かだが、最近発見されるマルウェアの傾向を見るとMacもまたマルウェアの安全地帯ではないことが分かる。最近登場して いるMac向けマルウェアの特徴を分析し、Macを保護するソリューションを見てみよう。 主なMacマルウェア 現在のMacも多くの進化を遂げた。プロセッサやOSの変化により、[図2]のようにOS環境がOS Xに変更された前後で発見されたマルウェアは異なる。 初期 偽装した セキュリティ プログラム リリース リリース [図2] Mac向けマルウェア史タイムライン OS X移行後に登場したマルウェアに関する詳細情報は次の通りだ。 マルウェア(発見時期) 特徴 備考 Renepo -システムセキュリティ設定: 低 -OS X 初のマルウェア (2004) -OS X ファイアウォール解除 -2004/3/3、ニックネーム DimBulbが「Macintosh Underground -ソフトウェアアップデート機能解除 forum」に参加後、3/13からスクリプトワームに対して掲載し、フォーラ -ohphoneX(ボイス及びビデオ共有)、d ムの参加者とマルウェア作成を開始。9/10の掲載バージョンが10/23に sniff(暗号スニファ)、John the Rippe 外部に知れ渡り、10/24から大炎上したことから作成を放棄 r(暗号クラック)をダウンロードインストール -Apple社ではマルウェアではないと否認し、対応せず RSPlug(Dnschanger) -DNSアドレスを変更してフィッシングサイ -使用者に実害を与えた初のOS X向けマルウェア (2007.10) トに誘導し、金銭的要求 3 セキュリティプレス・アン マルウェア(発見時期) 特徴 備考 MacSweeper -常に何かを診断し、購入要求 -OS X初の偽装アンチウィルスプログラム (2008.1.17) -KiVVi Softwareで作成し、強制マーケティングに使用したことで公式謝 罪 -2011/5以降Mac Defender、Mac Protector、Mac Security、 Mac Guard、Mac Shieldなど偽装プログラムが大幅に増加 -Apple社は同年5月末セキュリティアップデートを行い、偽装アンチウィルス -
Ransomware Is Here: What You Can Do About It?
WHITEPAPER Ransomware is Here: What you can do about it? Overview Over the last few years, ransomware has emerged as one of the most devastating and costly attacks in the hacker arsenal. Cyber thieves are increasingly using this form of attack to target individuals, corporate entities and public sector organizations alike by holding your system or files for ransom. Unlike other forms of cyber theft that often involve stolen financial or healthcare information, ransomware cuts out the middleman. In cases where an attacker steals health or financial documents, they must sell them on to third parties to make money. As far as ransomware is concerned, the money comes directly from the victim. Ransomware is a quickly growing threat vector. According to the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint center (IC3), infected users made complaints about ransomware 2,453 times in 2015—nearly double the figure for 2014. What’s more, these figures most likely represent only the tip of the iceberg, as many users pay their ransom without making a report to the authorities. A recent survey conducted by a Cyber Security Research Center at the University of Kent found that over 40% of those infected with CryptoLocker actually agreed to pay the ransom demanded, which is a big incentive for hackers to target more systems. Lastly, hackers are rapidly iterating both malware and distribution techniques. In early Q2 of 2016, a new variant of ransomware, known as CryptXXX, emerged on the scene. This program is packed in such a way that users and antivirus software may initially confuse it for a Windows DLL file. -
ESET Observed That the Focus of Android Ransomware Operators Cybercriminals, Even Though It Had Been Around for Many Years Before
TRENDS IN ANDROID RANSOMWARE Authors Robert Lipovský – Senior Malware Researcher Lukáš Štefanko – Detection Engineer Gabriel Braniša – Malware Researcher The Rise of Android Ransomware Contents SUMMARY 2 RANSOMWARE ON ANDROID 2 Common infection vectors 3 Malware c&c communication 3 Malware self-protection 4 ANDROID RANSOMWARE CHRONOLOGY 5 Android defender 5 Ransomware meets fake av, meets…porn 7 Police ransomware 8 Simplocker 9 Simplocker distribution vectors 9 Simplocker in English 10 Lockerpin 11 Lockerpin’s aggressive self–defense 12 Jisut 13 Charger 15 HOW TO KEEP YOUR ANDROID PROTECTED 15 – 1 – The Rise of Android Ransomware SUMMARY RANSOMWARE ON ANDROID 2016 brought some interesting developments to the Android ransomware Ransomware, as the name suggests, is any type of malware that demands scene Ransomware is currently one of the most pressing cybersecurity a sum of money from the infected user while promising to “release” issues across all platforms, including the most popular mobile one a hijacked resource in exchange There are two general categories of malware that fall under the “ransomware” label: Authors of lock-screen types as well as file-encrypting “crypto-ransomware” have used the past 12 months to copycat effective techniques from desktop • Lock-screen ransomware malware, as well as develop their own sophisticated methods specialized • Crypto-ransomware for targets running Android devices In lock-screen types of ransomware, the hijacked resource is access to the In addition to the most prevalent scare tactics used by lock-screen -
Internet Security Threat Report VOLUME 21, APRIL 2016 TABLE of CONTENTS 2016 Internet Security Threat Report 2
Internet Security Threat Report VOLUME 21, APRIL 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2016 Internet Security Threat Report 2 CONTENTS 4 Introduction 21 Tech Support Scams Go Nuclear, 39 Infographic: A New Zero-Day Vulnerability Spreading Ransomware Discovered Every Week in 2015 5 Executive Summary 22 Malvertising 39 Infographic: A New Zero-Day Vulnerability Discovered Every Week in 2015 8 BIG NUMBERS 23 Cybersecurity Challenges For Website Owners 40 Spear Phishing 10 MOBILE DEVICES & THE 23 Put Your Money Where Your Mouse Is 43 Active Attack Groups in 2015 INTERNET OF THINGS 23 Websites Are Still Vulnerable to Attacks 44 Infographic: Attackers Target Both Large and Small Businesses 10 Smartphones Leading to Malware and Data Breaches and Mobile Devices 23 Moving to Stronger Authentication 45 Profiting from High-Level Corporate Attacks and the Butterfly Effect 10 One Phone Per Person 24 Accelerating to Always-On Encryption 45 Cybersecurity, Cybersabotage, and Coping 11 Cross-Over Threats 24 Reinforced Reassurance with Black Swan Events 11 Android Attacks Become More Stealthy 25 Websites Need to Become Harder to 46 Cybersabotage and 12 How Malicious Video Messages Could Attack the Threat of “Hybrid Warfare” Lead to Stagefright and Stagefright 2.0 25 SSL/TLS and The 46 Small Business and the Dirty Linen Attack Industry’s Response 13 Android Users under Fire with Phishing 47 Industrial Control Systems and Ransomware 25 The Evolution of Encryption Vulnerable to Attacks 13 Apple iOS Users Now More at Risk than 25 Strength in Numbers 47 Obscurity is No Defense -
A Systematic Empirical Analysis of Unwanted Software Abuse, Prevalence, Distribution, and Economics
UNIVERSIDAD POLITECNICA´ DE MADRID ESCUELA TECNICA´ SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS INFORMATICOS´ A Systematic Empirical Analysis of Unwanted Software Abuse, Prevalence, Distribution, and Economics PH.D THESIS Platon Pantelis Kotzias Copyright c 2019 by Platon Pantelis Kotzias iv DEPARTAMENTAMENTO DE LENGUAJES Y SISTEMAS INFORMATICOS´ E INGENIERIA DE SOFTWARE ESCUELA TECNICA´ SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS INFORMATICOS´ A Systematic Empirical Analysis of Unwanted Software Abuse, Prevalence, Distribution, and Economics SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF: Doctor of Philosophy in Software, Systems and Computing Author: Platon Pantelis Kotzias Advisor: Dr. Juan Caballero April 2019 Chair/Presidente: Marc Dasier, Professor and Department Head, EURECOM, France Secretary/Secretario: Dario Fiore, Assistant Research Professor, IMDEA Software Institute, Spain Member/Vocal: Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez, Assistant Research Professor, IMDEA Networks Institute, Spain Member/Vocal: Juan Tapiador, Associate Professor, Universidad Carlos III, Spain Member/Vocal: Igor Santos, Associate Research Professor, Universidad de Deusto, Spain Abstract of the Dissertation Potentially unwanted programs (PUP) are a category of undesirable software that, while not outright malicious, can pose significant risks to users’ security and privacy. There exist indications that PUP prominence has quickly increased over the last years, but the prevalence of PUP on both consumer and enterprise hosts remains unknown. Moreover, many important aspects of PUP such as distribution vectors, code signing abuse, and economics also remain unknown. In this thesis, we empirically and sys- tematically analyze in both breadth and depth PUP abuse, prevalence, distribution, and economics. We make the following four contributions. First, we perform a systematic study on the abuse of Windows Authenticode code signing by PUP and malware. -
Solution Brief Recovering from Ransomware with Barracuda Backup
Solution Brief Recovering from Ransomware with Barracuda Backup Ransomware is a malware variant that locks an end user’s computer or encrypts their files, then demands a sum of money to allow access or decryption. What’s worse, if an organization hands over the cash, there are often times when the attacker doesn’t play nice and still withholds the key even after payment. Ransomware is problematic for businesses because it not only results in financial loss, but also tainted credibility and lost productivity. However, this situation can be avoided if your organization has taken the steps to implement a ransomware prevention plan. In this solution brief, we will discuss some of the steps you can take to prevent ransomware attacks, as well as how to quickly recover from them using Barracuda Backup. Introduction Due to the sophistication of today’s threat landscape, ransomware can be difficult to catch right at the door. Once this malicious malware crosses the threshold, a business user is hit by a daunting message, informing the user that their computer and files have been seized, and payment is required. What’s equally perturbing is that ransomware doesn’t discriminate—it can happen to the mom and pop shops to large enterprises. It’s not a matter of if a business will get hit, but when. Protecting Your Organization from Ransomware Attackers have created many different variations of ransomware over the past few years, such as CryptoLocker, CryptoWall, TorrentLocker, TeslaCrypt, Locky, Petya, WannaCry, Bad Rabbit, and Samas. Each of these variations use new methods of infecting their victims’ computers, thereby compromising the data and network of many organizations worldwide. -
Best Practices to Protect Against Ransomware, Phishing & Email Fraud
WHITE PAPER Best Practices for Protecting Against Phishing, Ransomware and Email Fraud An Osterman Research White Paper Published April 2018 SPON Osterman Research, Inc. P.O. Box 1058 • Black Diamond • Washington • 98010-1058 • USA +1 206 683 5683 • [email protected] www.ostermanresearch.com • @mosterman Executive Summary • Various types of security threats are increasing in number and severity at a rapid pace, most notably cryptojacking malware that is focused on mining coins for the roughly 1,400 cryptocurrencies currently in use. • Organizations have been victimized by a wide range of threats and exploits, most notably phishing attacks that have penetrated corporate defenses, targeted email attacks launched from compromised accounts, and sensitive or confidential information accidentally leaked through email. • Threats are becoming more sophisticated as well-financed cybercriminal gangs develop improved variants of malware and social engineering attacks. The result is that the perceived effectiveness of current security solutions is not improving – or is actually getting worse – for many organizations. • Decision makers are most concerned about endpoints getting infected with malware through email or web browsing, user credentials being stolen through email-based phishing, and senior executives’ credentials being stolen through email-based spearphishing. • Four of the five leading concerns expressed by decision makers focus on email as the primary threat vector for cybercriminal activity, and nearly one-half of attacks are focused on account takeovers. Many organizations • Most decision makers have little confidence that their security infrastructure can adequately address infections on mobile devices, are not CEO Fraud/BEC, and preventing users personal devices from introducing malware into the corporate network. -
Detecting Malware in TLS Traffic
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING Detecting Malware in TLS Traffic Project Report Supervisor: Author: Sergio Maffeis Olivier Roques Co-Supervisor: Marco Cova Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the MSc degree in Computing Science / Security and Reliability of Imperial College London September 2019 Abstract The use of encryption on the Internet has spread rapidly these last years, a trend encouraged by the growing concerns about online privacy. TLS (Transport Layer Security), the standard protocol for packet encryption, is now implemented by every major websites to protect users’ messages, transactions and credentials. However cybercriminals have started to incorporate TLS into their activities. An increasing number of malware leverage TLS encryption to hide their communications and to exfiltrate data to their command server, effectively bypassing traditional detection platforms. The goal of this project is to design and implement an effective alternative to the unpractical method of decrypting TLS packets’ payload before looking for signs of malware activity. This work presents a highly accurate supervised classifier that can detect malicious TLS flows in a company’s network traffic based on a set of features related to TLS, certificates and flow metadata. The classifier was trained on curated datasets of benign and malware observations, which were extracted from capture files thanks to a set of tools specially developed for this purpose. We detail in this report the complete development process, from data collection and feature extraction to model selection and performance analysis. ii Acknowledgments I would like to particularly thank Marco Cova and Sergio Maffeis, my project su- pervisors, for their valuable and continuous suggestions and for their constructive feedbacks on this project. -
Ransomware and Cyber Risk Management
Ransomware and Cyber Risk Management By Randy Werner Ransomware and cyber extortion represent one of the more malicious types of hacker attacks making the rounds today. It sneaks into computer systems, encrypts files, and demands a ransom before decrypting the files. A major problem is that ransomware does not always decrypt files even after the ransom is paid. Being prepared and taking precautions against cyber risk exposures such as ransomware is therefore essential. Otherwise, if not prepared, you are at the mercy of criminals who prey on unprepared and unsuspecting businesses and individuals. Ransom demands range from a few hundred dollars to several thousand, depending on the size of the victim. Not all ransomware attacks are reported to authorities, so estimates of the total amount paid over the past few years vary widely, ranging up to $300 million. The more notorious names among ransomware are CryptoLocker, CryptoWall, TorrentLocker and Locky, among others. Some attacks rely on software that now has known fixes, so a solution might be found online. However, other ransomware is technically advanced and has no known fix, except for the victim to rely on current backup files. The primary defense is to institute frequent backups of the files you do not want to lose. Some ransomware even seeks out backup copies of files, so best practices include creating multiple backups in different locations. Cloud services, or remote backup services, and external or USB hard drives are options to consider for multiple backups. Even with backup files in place, a firm may still spend many hours gathering, re-entering and reconstructing data. -
ATTACK LANDSCAPE UPDATE Ransomware 2.0, Automated Recon, Supply Chain Attacks, and Other Trending Threats
ATTACK LANDSCAPE UPDATE Ransomware 2.0, automated recon, supply chain attacks, and other trending threats Attack Landscape Update 1 CONTENTS Foreword: 2020 proved that our health data really is a target 3 Introduction 5 Trending Threats 6 Ransomware 2.0 6 Infostealers and automated recon 9 Dodging detection 13 Email threats: Coming to an inbox near you 14 You’ve got mail malware 14 Phishing for sensitive data 17 COVID-themed spam continues to spread 20 Vulnerabilities: The legacy of unpatched software 21 Legacy systems, legacy vulns 22 The vulnerabilities of 2020 23 Honeypots:Tracking opportunistic attacks 24 Conclusion 28 Attack Landscape Update 2 FOREWORD: 2020 PROVED THAT OUR HEALTH DATA REALLY IS A TARGET By Mikko Hypponen For many years, our clients and customers have asked me about personal health data. “Isn’t it true that health data is one of the prime targets of evil hackers? Isn’t it true that they’re after my medical history?” they have asked. For years my answer has been: “No, it’s not.” Around 99% of the cases we investigate at F-Secure Labs are criminals who are trying to make money. My thinking has been that if you’re trying to make money, your prime target is financial information like credit card data, not X-ray images. But now I’m changing my mind. The reason? The rise in attacks against hospitals, medical research units, and even patients that has occurred during the pandemic – in particular, the October attack against the Psychotherapy Center Vastaamo in Finland, in which sensitive information related to tens of thousands of patients was compromised.