Fraud; Recognition & Prevention
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Ransom Where?
Ransom where? Holding data hostage with ransomware May 2019 Author With the evolution of digitization and increased interconnectivity, the cyberthreat landscape has transformed from merely a security and privacy concern to a danger much more insidious by nature — ransomware. Ransomware is a type of malware that is designed to encrypt, Imani Barnes Analyst 646.572.3930 destroy or shut down networks in exchange [email protected] for a paid ransom. Through the deployment of ransomware, cybercriminals are no longer just seeking to steal credit card information and other sensitive personally identifiable information (PII). Instead, they have upped their games to manipulate organizations into paying large sums of money in exchange for the safe release of their data and control of their systems. While there are some business sectors in which the presence of this cyberexposure is overt, cybercriminals are broadening their scopes of potential victims to include targets of opportunity1 across a multitude of industries. This paper will provide insight into how ransomware evolved as a cyberextortion instrument, identify notorious strains and explain how companies can protect themselves. 1 WIRED. “Meet LockerGoga, the Ransomware Crippling Industrial Firms” March 25, 2019; https://www.wired.com/story/lockergoga-ransomware-crippling-industrial-firms/. 2 Ransom where? | May 2019 A brief history of ransomware The first signs of ransomware appeared in 1989 in the healthcare industry. An attacker used infected floppy disks to encrypt computer files, claiming that the user was in “breach of a licensing agreement,”2 and demanded $189 for a decryption key. While the attempt to extort was unsuccessful, this attack became commonly known as PC Cyborg and set the archetype in motion for future attacks. -
2016.4 Vol.28 Mac はマルウェアから 100%安全か
2016.4 Vol.28 Mac はマルウェアから 100%安全か セキュリティプレス・アン Mac 向けセキュリティソリューション AhnLab V3 365 Clinic for Mac Mac はマルウェアから 100%安全か AppleのMacは、多くの人にマルウェアから安全だと思われている。しかし実際はWindowほどではないにせよ、Mac向けのマルウ ェアもマルウェア史の初期から存在し続けていた。それは現在も同じで、Macも安全地帯ではないということだ。 今回のプレス・アンでは、最新Mac向けマルウェアの特徴を分析し、Mac環境を保護する方策を探る。 Appleのマッキントッシュ(Macintosh、以下Mac)に対するユーザーの信頼は厚く、次のような挿絵からも見て取れる。コンピューター使用中感電し たキャラに、「コンピューターに異常はないかい?」と聞いたところ「これはMacだから大丈夫」と断言する内容である。 [図1] The Brads- Impossible 2 セキュリティプレス・アン その信頼はセキュリティに関しても絶大で、どうやらMacは安全な環境であると思われているらしい。しかし前述のようにMac向けマルウェアは昔か ら存在していたし、Macの運営環境である「OS X」に移行してから10年間、脅威は持続的に発見されている。もちろんWindowに比べればMac向け マルウェアが少ないのは確かだが、最近発見されるマルウェアの傾向を見るとMacもまたマルウェアの安全地帯ではないことが分かる。最近登場して いるMac向けマルウェアの特徴を分析し、Macを保護するソリューションを見てみよう。 主なMacマルウェア 現在のMacも多くの進化を遂げた。プロセッサやOSの変化により、[図2]のようにOS環境がOS Xに変更された前後で発見されたマルウェアは異なる。 初期 偽装した セキュリティ プログラム リリース リリース [図2] Mac向けマルウェア史タイムライン OS X移行後に登場したマルウェアに関する詳細情報は次の通りだ。 マルウェア(発見時期) 特徴 備考 Renepo -システムセキュリティ設定: 低 -OS X 初のマルウェア (2004) -OS X ファイアウォール解除 -2004/3/3、ニックネーム DimBulbが「Macintosh Underground -ソフトウェアアップデート機能解除 forum」に参加後、3/13からスクリプトワームに対して掲載し、フォーラ -ohphoneX(ボイス及びビデオ共有)、d ムの参加者とマルウェア作成を開始。9/10の掲載バージョンが10/23に sniff(暗号スニファ)、John the Rippe 外部に知れ渡り、10/24から大炎上したことから作成を放棄 r(暗号クラック)をダウンロードインストール -Apple社ではマルウェアではないと否認し、対応せず RSPlug(Dnschanger) -DNSアドレスを変更してフィッシングサイ -使用者に実害を与えた初のOS X向けマルウェア (2007.10) トに誘導し、金銭的要求 3 セキュリティプレス・アン マルウェア(発見時期) 特徴 備考 MacSweeper -常に何かを診断し、購入要求 -OS X初の偽装アンチウィルスプログラム (2008.1.17) -KiVVi Softwareで作成し、強制マーケティングに使用したことで公式謝 罪 -2011/5以降Mac Defender、Mac Protector、Mac Security、 Mac Guard、Mac Shieldなど偽装プログラムが大幅に増加 -Apple社は同年5月末セキュリティアップデートを行い、偽装アンチウィルス -
Ransomware Is Here: What You Can Do About It?
WHITEPAPER Ransomware is Here: What you can do about it? Overview Over the last few years, ransomware has emerged as one of the most devastating and costly attacks in the hacker arsenal. Cyber thieves are increasingly using this form of attack to target individuals, corporate entities and public sector organizations alike by holding your system or files for ransom. Unlike other forms of cyber theft that often involve stolen financial or healthcare information, ransomware cuts out the middleman. In cases where an attacker steals health or financial documents, they must sell them on to third parties to make money. As far as ransomware is concerned, the money comes directly from the victim. Ransomware is a quickly growing threat vector. According to the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint center (IC3), infected users made complaints about ransomware 2,453 times in 2015—nearly double the figure for 2014. What’s more, these figures most likely represent only the tip of the iceberg, as many users pay their ransom without making a report to the authorities. A recent survey conducted by a Cyber Security Research Center at the University of Kent found that over 40% of those infected with CryptoLocker actually agreed to pay the ransom demanded, which is a big incentive for hackers to target more systems. Lastly, hackers are rapidly iterating both malware and distribution techniques. In early Q2 of 2016, a new variant of ransomware, known as CryptXXX, emerged on the scene. This program is packed in such a way that users and antivirus software may initially confuse it for a Windows DLL file. -
Internet Security Threat Report VOLUME 21, APRIL 2016 TABLE of CONTENTS 2016 Internet Security Threat Report 2
Internet Security Threat Report VOLUME 21, APRIL 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2016 Internet Security Threat Report 2 CONTENTS 4 Introduction 21 Tech Support Scams Go Nuclear, 39 Infographic: A New Zero-Day Vulnerability Spreading Ransomware Discovered Every Week in 2015 5 Executive Summary 22 Malvertising 39 Infographic: A New Zero-Day Vulnerability Discovered Every Week in 2015 8 BIG NUMBERS 23 Cybersecurity Challenges For Website Owners 40 Spear Phishing 10 MOBILE DEVICES & THE 23 Put Your Money Where Your Mouse Is 43 Active Attack Groups in 2015 INTERNET OF THINGS 23 Websites Are Still Vulnerable to Attacks 44 Infographic: Attackers Target Both Large and Small Businesses 10 Smartphones Leading to Malware and Data Breaches and Mobile Devices 23 Moving to Stronger Authentication 45 Profiting from High-Level Corporate Attacks and the Butterfly Effect 10 One Phone Per Person 24 Accelerating to Always-On Encryption 45 Cybersecurity, Cybersabotage, and Coping 11 Cross-Over Threats 24 Reinforced Reassurance with Black Swan Events 11 Android Attacks Become More Stealthy 25 Websites Need to Become Harder to 46 Cybersabotage and 12 How Malicious Video Messages Could Attack the Threat of “Hybrid Warfare” Lead to Stagefright and Stagefright 2.0 25 SSL/TLS and The 46 Small Business and the Dirty Linen Attack Industry’s Response 13 Android Users under Fire with Phishing 47 Industrial Control Systems and Ransomware 25 The Evolution of Encryption Vulnerable to Attacks 13 Apple iOS Users Now More at Risk than 25 Strength in Numbers 47 Obscurity is No Defense -
Best Practices to Protect Against Ransomware, Phishing & Email Fraud
WHITE PAPER Best Practices for Protecting Against Phishing, Ransomware and Email Fraud An Osterman Research White Paper Published April 2018 SPON Osterman Research, Inc. P.O. Box 1058 • Black Diamond • Washington • 98010-1058 • USA +1 206 683 5683 • [email protected] www.ostermanresearch.com • @mosterman Executive Summary • Various types of security threats are increasing in number and severity at a rapid pace, most notably cryptojacking malware that is focused on mining coins for the roughly 1,400 cryptocurrencies currently in use. • Organizations have been victimized by a wide range of threats and exploits, most notably phishing attacks that have penetrated corporate defenses, targeted email attacks launched from compromised accounts, and sensitive or confidential information accidentally leaked through email. • Threats are becoming more sophisticated as well-financed cybercriminal gangs develop improved variants of malware and social engineering attacks. The result is that the perceived effectiveness of current security solutions is not improving – or is actually getting worse – for many organizations. • Decision makers are most concerned about endpoints getting infected with malware through email or web browsing, user credentials being stolen through email-based phishing, and senior executives’ credentials being stolen through email-based spearphishing. • Four of the five leading concerns expressed by decision makers focus on email as the primary threat vector for cybercriminal activity, and nearly one-half of attacks are focused on account takeovers. Many organizations • Most decision makers have little confidence that their security infrastructure can adequately address infections on mobile devices, are not CEO Fraud/BEC, and preventing users personal devices from introducing malware into the corporate network. -
Siber Güvenlik Ve Savunma STANDARTLAR Ve UYGULAMALAR
Siber Güvenlik ve Savunma STANDARTLAR ve UYGULAMALAR Editör Prof. Dr. Şeref SAĞIROĞLU Yazarlar Prof. Dr. Şeref SAĞIROĞLU - Onur AKTAŞ A. Oğuzhan ALKAN - Bilgehan ARSLAN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Atila BOSTAN - Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Eyüp Burak CEYHAN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi İsmail Fatih CEYHAN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Onur ÇAKIRGÖZ Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mehmet DEMİRCİ - Sedef DEMİRCİ Doç. Dr. Gülüstan DOĞAN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Muharrem Tuncay GENÇOĞLU Doç. Dr. Ali Hakan IŞIK - Burak ÖZÇAKMAK Dr. Öğr. Üyesi A. Nurdan SARAN - Doç. Dr. Gökhan ŞENGÜL Seda YILMAZ - Özgür YÜREKTEN Ankara 2019 Siber Güvenlik ve Savunma: Standartlar ve Uygulamalar Editör Prof. Dr. Şeref SAĞIROĞLU Yazarlar Prof. Dr. Şeref SAĞIROĞLU Doç. Dr. Gökhan ŞENGÜL Doç. Dr. Ali Hakan IŞIK Doç. Dr. Gülüstan DOĞAN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Atila BOSTAN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Eyüp Burak CEYHAN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi İsmail Fatih CEYHAN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Onur ÇAKIRGÖZ Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mehmet DEMİRCİ Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Muharrem Tuncay GENÇOĞLU Dr. Öğr. Üyesi A. Nurdan SARAN Onur AKTAŞ A. Oğuzhan ALKAN Bilgehan ARSLAN Sedef DEMİRCİ Burak ÖZÇAKMAK Seda YILMAZ Özgür YÜREKTEN ISBN: 978-605-2233-42-9 1. Baskı Aralık, 2019 / Ankara 1500 Adet Yayınları Yayın No: 334 Web: grafikeryayin.com Kapak, Sayfa Tasarımı, Baskı ve Cilt Grafik-Ofset Matbaacılık Reklamcılık San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. 1. Cadde 1396. Sokak No: 6 06520 (Oğuzlar Mahallesi) Balgat-ANKARA Tel : 0 312. 284 16 39 Pbx - Faks : 0 312. 284 37 27 E-posta : [email protected] Web : grafiker.com.tr Bu kitap HAVELSAN'ın katkılarıyla basılmıştır. İÇİNDEKİLER EDİTÖRDEN ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 BİLGİ GÜVENLİĞİ DERNEĞİ'NDEN ............................................................................. 15 ÖN SÖZ ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19 1. BÖLÜM SİBER GÜVENLİK MATEMATİĞİ 1.1. -
Ethical Hacking
Ethical Hacking Alana Maurushat University of Ottawa Press ETHICAL HACKING ETHICAL HACKING Alana Maurushat University of Ottawa Press 2019 The University of Ottawa Press (UOP) is proud to be the oldest of the francophone university presses in Canada and the only bilingual university publisher in North America. Since 1936, UOP has been “enriching intellectual and cultural discourse” by producing peer-reviewed and award-winning books in the humanities and social sciences, in French or in English. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Ethical hacking / Alana Maurushat. Names: Maurushat, Alana, author. Description: Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20190087447 | Canadiana (ebook) 2019008748X | ISBN 9780776627915 (softcover) | ISBN 9780776627922 (PDF) | ISBN 9780776627939 (EPUB) | ISBN 9780776627946 (Kindle) Subjects: LCSH: Hacking—Moral and ethical aspects—Case studies. | LCGFT: Case studies. Classification: LCC HV6773 .M38 2019 | DDC 364.16/8—dc23 Legal Deposit: First Quarter 2019 Library and Archives Canada © Alana Maurushat, 2019, under Creative Commons License Attribution— NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Printed and bound in Canada by Gauvin Press Copy editing Robbie McCaw Proofreading Robert Ferguson Typesetting CS Cover design Édiscript enr. and Elizabeth Schwaiger Cover image Fragmented Memory by Phillip David Stearns, n.d., Personal Data, Software, Jacquard Woven Cotton. Image © Phillip David Stearns, reproduced with kind permission from the artist. The University of Ottawa Press gratefully acknowledges the support extended to its publishing list by Canadian Heritage through the Canada Book Fund, by the Canada Council for the Arts, by the Ontario Arts Council, by the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, and by the University of Ottawa. -
ATTACK LANDSCAPE UPDATE Ransomware 2.0, Automated Recon, Supply Chain Attacks, and Other Trending Threats
ATTACK LANDSCAPE UPDATE Ransomware 2.0, automated recon, supply chain attacks, and other trending threats Attack Landscape Update 1 CONTENTS Foreword: 2020 proved that our health data really is a target 3 Introduction 5 Trending Threats 6 Ransomware 2.0 6 Infostealers and automated recon 9 Dodging detection 13 Email threats: Coming to an inbox near you 14 You’ve got mail malware 14 Phishing for sensitive data 17 COVID-themed spam continues to spread 20 Vulnerabilities: The legacy of unpatched software 21 Legacy systems, legacy vulns 22 The vulnerabilities of 2020 23 Honeypots:Tracking opportunistic attacks 24 Conclusion 28 Attack Landscape Update 2 FOREWORD: 2020 PROVED THAT OUR HEALTH DATA REALLY IS A TARGET By Mikko Hypponen For many years, our clients and customers have asked me about personal health data. “Isn’t it true that health data is one of the prime targets of evil hackers? Isn’t it true that they’re after my medical history?” they have asked. For years my answer has been: “No, it’s not.” Around 99% of the cases we investigate at F-Secure Labs are criminals who are trying to make money. My thinking has been that if you’re trying to make money, your prime target is financial information like credit card data, not X-ray images. But now I’m changing my mind. The reason? The rise in attacks against hospitals, medical research units, and even patients that has occurred during the pandemic – in particular, the October attack against the Psychotherapy Center Vastaamo in Finland, in which sensitive information related to tens of thousands of patients was compromised. -
D6.2 Altcoins – Alternatives to Bitcoin and Their Increasing Presence In
Ref. Ares(2018)1599225 - 22/03/2018 RAMSES Internet Forensic platform for tracking the money flow of financially-motivated malware H2020 - 700326 D6.2 Altcoins: Alternatives to Bitcoin and their increasing presence in Malware-related Cybercrime Lead Authors: Darren Hurley-Smith (UNIKENT), Julio Hernandez-Castro (UNIKENT) With contributions from: Edward Cartwright (UNIKENT), Anna Stepanova (UNIKENT) Reviewers: Luis Javier Garcia Villalba (UCM) Deliverable nature: Report (R) Dissemination level: Public (PU) (Confidentiality) Contractual delivery date: 31/08/2017 Actual delivery date: 31/08/2017 Version: 1.0 Total number of pages: 36 Keywords: Cryptocurrency, altcoin, malware, darknet market, privacy Abstract Bitcoin is a relatively well-known cryptocurrency, a digital token representing value. It uses a blockchain, a distributed ledger formed of blocks which represent a network of computers agreeing that transactions have occurred, to provide a ledger of sorts. This technology is not unique to Bitcoin, many so-called ‘altcoins’ now exist. These alternative coins provide their own services, be it as a store of value with improved transactions (lower fees, higher speed), or additional privacy. Malware and Dark Net Market (DNM) operators have used Bitcoin to facilitate pseudo-anonymous extraction of value from their victims and customers. However, several high-profile arrests have been made using Bitcoin transaction graphing methods, proving that the emphasis is on the pseudo part of pseudo-anonymity. Altcoins specialising in masking the users’ identity – Monero, ZCash, and Dash – are therefore of interest as the next potential coins of choice for criminals. Ethereum, being the second largest crypto-currencies and imminently implementing its own privacy features, is also of interest. -
Ransomware Payments in the Bitcoin Ecosystem
Ransomware Payments in the Bitcoin Ecosystem Masarah Paquet-Clouston Bernhard Haslhofer Benoît Dupont GoSecure Research Austrian Institute of Technology Université de Montréal Montreal, Canada Vienna, Austria Montreal, Canada [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT the time of writing, there are 5051 known ransomware families de- Ransomware can prevent a user from accessing a device and its tected and almost all of them demand payments in Bitcoin [27], files until a ransom is paid to the attacker, most frequently in Bit- which is the most prominent cryptocurrency. coin. With over 500 known ransomware families, it has become Yet, global and reliable statistics on the impact of cybercrime in one of the dominant cybercrime threats for law enforcement, se- general, and ransomware in particular, are missing, causing a large curity professionals and the public. However, a more comprehen- misunderstanding regarding the severity of the threat and the ex- sive, evidence-based picture on the global direct financial impact tent to which it fuels a large illicit business. Most of the statistics of ransomware attacks is still missing. In this paper, we present available on cybercrime and ransomware are produced by private a data-driven method for identifying and gathering information corporations (cf. [29, 38, 39]) that do not disclose their underlying on Bitcoin transactions related to illicit activity based on foot- methodologies and have incentives to over- or underreport them prints left on the public Bitcoin blockchain. We implement this since they sell cybersecurity products and services that are sup- method on-top-of the GraphSense open-source platform and ap- posed to protect their users against such threats [23]. -
History of Ransomware
THREAT INTEL REPORT History of Ransomware What is ransomware? Ransomware is a type of malicious software, or malware, that denies a victim access to a computer system or data until a ransom is paid.1 The first case of ransomware occurred in 1989 and has since evolved into one of the most profitable cybercrimes. This evolution is charted in Figure 1 at the end of the report, for easy visual reference of the timeline discussed below. 1989: The AIDS Trojan The first ransomware virus was created by Harvard-trained evolutionary biologist Joseph L. Popp in 1989.2 Popp conducted the attack by distributing 20,000 floppy discs to AIDS researchers from 90 countries that attended the World Health Organizations (WHO) International AIDS Conference in Stockholm.3 Popp claimed that the discs contained a program that analyzed an individual’s risk of acquiring AIDS through a risk questionnaire.4 However, the disc contained a malware program that hid file directories, locked file names, and demanded victims send $189 to a P.O. box in Panama if the victims wanted their data back.5 Referred to as the “AIDS Trojan” and the “PS Cyborg,” the malware utilized simple symmetric cryptography and tools were soon available to decrypt the file names.6 The healthcare industry remains a popular target of ransomware attacks over thirty years after the AIDS Trojan. 2005: GPCoder and Archiveus The next evolution of ransomware emerged after computing was transformed by the internet in the early 2000s. One of the first examples of ransomware distributed online was the GPCoder 1 “Ransomware,” Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, 2020, https://www.us- cert.gov/Ransomware. -
KOOBFACE: Inside a Crimeware Network
JR04-2010 KOOBFACE: Inside a Crimeware Network By NART VILLENEUVE with a foreword by Ron Deibert and Rafal Rohozinski November 12, 2010 WEB VERSION. Also found here: INFOWAR http://www.infowar-monitor.net/koobface MONITOR JR04-2010 Koobface: Inside a Crimeware Network - FOREWORD I Foreword There is an episode of Star Trek in which Captain Kirk and Spock are confronted by their evil doppelgängers who are identical in every way except for their more nefarious, diabolical character. The social networking community Facebook has just such an evil doppelgänger, and it is called Koobface. Ever since the Internet emerged from the world of academia and into the world-of-the-rest-of-us, its growth trajectory has been shadowed by the emergence of a grey economy that has thrived on the opportunities for enrichment that an open, globally connected infrastructure has made possible. In the early years, cybercrime was clumsy, consisting mostly of extortion rackets that leveraged blunt computer network attacks against online casinos or pornography sites to extract funds from frustrated owners. Over time, it has become more sophisticated, more precise: like muggings morphing into rare art theft. The tools of the trade have been increasingly refined, levering ingenuous and constantly evolving malicious software (or malware) with tens of thousands of silently infected computers to hide tracks and steal credentials, like credit card data and passwords, from millions of unsuspecting individuals. It has become one of the world economy’s largest growth sectors—Russian, Chinese, and Israeli gangs are now joined by upstarts from Brazil, Thailand, and Nigeria—all of whom recognize that in the globally connected world, cyberspace offers stealthy and instant means for enrichment.