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Locating the Energy for Change: an Introduction to Appreciative Inquiry IISD-Apprec Inq 4/12/99 6:35 PM Page i Locating the Energy for Change: An Introduction to Appreciative Inquiry Charles Elliott Dean of Trinity Hall University of Cambridge INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INSTITUT INTERNATIONAL DU IISD DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE IISD-Apprec Inq 4/12/99 6:35 PM Page ii Locating the Energy for Change: An Introduction to Appreciative Inquiry The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) is an independent, not-for-profit corporation head- quartered in Winnipeg, Canada, established and supported by the governments of Canada and Manitoba. Its mandate is to promote sustainable development in decision-making in Canada and around the world. Copyright © Charles Elliott 1999 Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development All rights reserved Printed in Canada Copies are available for purchase from IISD. Copies may also be ordered through IISD’s online order form at http://iisd.ca/about/prodcat/ordering.htm Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Elliott, Charles, 1939- Locating the energy for change: an introduction to appreciative inquiry Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-895536-15-4 1. Organizational change. I. International Institute for Sustainable Development. II. Title. HD58.8.E445 1999 658.4'06 C99-920073-9 This publication is printed on recycled paper. International Institute for Sustainable Development 161 Portage Avenue East, 6th Floor Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3B 0Y4 Tel: (204) 958-7700 Fax: (204) 958-7710 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://iisd.ca ii IISD-Apprec Inq 4/12/99 6:35 PM Page iii Acknowledgements As will quickly become apparent, this book depends on the cooperation of many, many people. At the risk of failing to acknowledge some, I would like to say a big thank you to the following: • to Neil Ford at the IISD for making this volume available to a wider public • to David Cooperrider and his colleagues at Case Western University for pioneering appreciative inquiry and sharing their findings so generously • to my colleagues in the Cambridge Partnership for Organisational Transformation who have taught me so much, and especially to Mette Jacobsgaard with whom I shared much of the fieldwork reported in this volume • to my colleagues in Trinity Hall, Cambridge for granting me leave of absence to do much of the fieldwork • to Virginia Greany who helped read proofs against a tight deadline at considerable personal inconvenience • to all those people and organizations that have undertaken an apprecia- tive inquiry and shared the process and outcomes with me. Without them, this book could never have been written. Joe Petrik edited the original manuscript and coordinated the layout and print production. Shannon Brown, Lael Dyck, Virginia Gonzales and Alison Patmore entered the edits to the manuscript. Don Berg designed the volume’s cover and typeset the manuscript. Charles Elliott, Trinity Hall, Cambridge. 17th March, 1999. iii IISD-Apprec Inq 4/12/99 6:35 PM Page iv Locating the Energy for Change: An Introduction to Appreciative Inquiry About the author Charles Elliott, Dean of Trinity Hall, teaches economics at the University of Cambridge in the UK. He founded the Cambridge Partnership for Organisational Transformation to promote the practice of appreciative inquiry and has used it on three continents with groups as diverse as churches and pris- ons; African villages and multinational corporations; clinics and law firms. He is married with three grown sons and a grand-dog. iv IISD-Apprec Inq 4/12/99 6:35 PM Page v Locating the Energy for Change: An Introduction to Appreciative Inquiry Foreword The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) is publishing this book to introduce development practitioners to appreciative inquiry. This methodology can help them turn sustainable livelihoods from a theoretical con- cept into a practical approach. What’s more important, it can help local people build improved, sustainable futures for themselves and their children, based on their strengths and achievements. To date most applications of appreciative inquiry have taken place in the corpo- rate world. Indeed, many of Elliott’s examples come from executives who are positioning their businesses for the 21st century. But what works for companies can also prove valuable for communities, especially those that are struggling at the subsistence level, as Elliott demonstrates so effectively through his case stud- ies from West Africa. Local people can use the appreciative approach to identify their current strengths, then plan an improved future, based on their under- standing of the “positive present.” I believe that appreciative inquiry is an excit- ing tool that local people can use to empower themselves and break free from poverty through their own vision and effort. IISD has been working in poverty alleviation and empowerment since it was founded in 1990. We began by exploring the complex livelihoods of rural peo- ple in drought-prone areas of Africa to help us understand why five decades of development assistance had made such a small impact. IISD defines livelihoods as the activities, assets and entitlements that poor people use to survive. Unlike those of us who work for wages in developed economies, families struggling to live in the developing world usually depend on a number of activities. The father may herd goats and also pan for gold in a nearby stream. The children may ped- dle crafts in the street. The mother may grow food in a communal garden. None of it adds up to much, but by working together, family members can achieve a basic existence. But can they ever prosper, and if so, will they prosper without diminishing opportunities for their children and grandchildren? For IISD a family’s livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with stresses and shocks such as floods or low commodity prices, when it can maintain and enhance the family’s capabilities and assets, and when it can preserve the natural resource base of the community for future generations. By 1995, through workshops and fieldwork, we had developed a framework that described the elements that produce sustainable livelihoods. They are: • community adaptive strategies and local knowledge; • enabling policies; v IISD-Apprec Inq 4/12/99 6:35 PM Page vi Locating the Energy for Change: An Introduction to Appreciative Inquiry • appropriate science and technology; and • access to credit and investment opportunities. For us the first element is the most important. A community must understand what makes it strong if it is to participate effectively in decisions that affect local livelihoods. This knowledge can then be used to inform the other three elements to improve the overall community structure. Our current challenge is to help communities participate effectively within this sustainable livelihoods framework by developing techniques and methodologies to help local people understand their strengths, analyze their options, plan effec- tively and participate more equally in decision-making. That’s where appreciative inquiry can make a contribution. The current state of the art in poverty allevia- tion is the use of participatory methodologies to help local people identify prob- lems, resource constraints and unmet basic needs. Development professionals then work in partnership with local people, implementing projects to fix the problems. Although this approach is logical and efficient, it can often disem- power the community it is meant to help, by conditioning local people to view their village as a place full of problems that only outsiders can solve, and needs that only governments can meet. The problem-oriented approach can establish a sense of dependency in the community that seems insurmountable. As a result, community participation often dwindles when a project finishes and develop- ment professionals withdraw. Sustainability is difficult to achieve. Appreciative inquiry starts from a fundamentally different—and more positive— point. It is designed to help local people identify their achievements. This process can be very empowering for people who have always considered themselves poor and disadvantaged. When they look for their strengths, they are often amazed to discover how resilient, adaptive and innovative they are. They have to be— poverty is a cruel and unforgiving circumstance. By focusing on their strengths they can use the “positive present” to build a shared vision of a better future, one that is grounded in reality. Appreciative inquiry creates a development pathway based on what is right rather than what is wrong. But can appreciative inquiry help poor people protect and preserve their natural resource base, ensuring opportunities for future generations? Can it open up new income-generating opportunities? Can it enhance social conditions? Quite sim- ply, we don’t know, and we won’t until we have more experience helping local people use appreciative inquiry and have evaluated its results more rigorously. Initial indications, however, are positive. The appreciative approach encourages people to think deeply about the ways they would like to develop. What con- tributes to the well-being of their community? Material success? Cultural identity? A clean environment? Can they choose a development pathway that vi IISD-Apprec Inq 4/12/99 6:35 PM Page vii Locating the Energy for Change: An Introduction to Appreciative Inquiry does not sacrifice some of these goals to achieve others? This holistic emphasis, this focus on gross national happiness
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