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Educational Leaders Serving Language Minority Students (1965-2001) Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2012 Educational Leaders Serving Language Minority Students (1965-2001) Jenny Maria Neal Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Educational Administration and Supervision Commons Recommended Citation Neal, Jenny Maria, "Educational Leaders Serving Language Minority Students (1965-2001)" (2012). Dissertations. 371. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/371 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2012 Jenny Maria Neal LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO EDUCATIONAL LEADERS SERVING LANGUAGE MINORITY STUDENTS (1965–2001) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF EDUCATION PROGRAM IN EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP BY JENNY M. NEAL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS MAY 2012 Copyright by Jenny M. Neal, 2012 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Janis Fine who taught me, guided me, and kept me on track through this journey, regardless of the challenges I encountered. Dr. Fine’s flexibility and willingness to meet me at various locations was pivotal in making me feel that my research was important. I am thankful to Dr. Marla Israel for her valuable teachings and suggestions, and for being a member of my dissertation committee. I also want to thank Dr. Robert Scott Tingley for taking his time to encourage me, providing advice in the early process of this dissertation, and for being on my committee. I want to show gratitude to my friends Debbie, Bill, Gwen, John, Mary, Patricia, and Osvaldo for maintaining our friendship even when there was no time to nurture it. I also want thank my running friends for your interest in my research, your patience, and your encouragement. I extend my gratitude to my ETHS professional community for your support. To all my friends, thank you. I could not have done this research without the support of my husband, Gary. I want to let you know how much your dedication to our family and your unconditional love helps me be a better person. Above all, thank you for believing in me. For this, I am especially grateful. iii DEDICATION To my children Paola, Cesar, and David for whom I strive to always do my best. I love you more every day. You keep me focused and proud. Cesar, I miss you. May you rest in peace. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................iii ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................... 3 Significance of the Study........................................................................................ 5 Methodology........................................................................................................... 7 Brief History of Bilingual Education.................................................................... 10 Definition of Terms............................................................................................... 13 Overview of the Chapters ..................................................................................... 16 II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS............................................................................................... 19 Time Period of 1607 to 1860 ................................................................................ 19 Time Period of 1860 to 1890 ................................................................................ 35 Time Period of 1890 to 1950 ................................................................................ 47 Time Period of 1950 to 1965 ................................................................................ 62 III. BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT OF 1968 .............................................................. 72 Economic Conditions of the 1960s....................................................................... 72 Political Conditions of the 1960s.......................................................................... 78 Social Conditions of the 1960s ............................................................................. 96 Educational Conditions of the 1960s .................................................................... 97 Summary–Conditions That Existed .................................................................... 125 IV. BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT OF 1974 ............................................................ 130 Economic Conditions of the 1970s..................................................................... 130 Negative Effects on the Economy........................................................... 139 Political Conditions of the 1970s........................................................................ 143 Minority Employment............................................................................. 149 School Desegregation............................................................................. 150 Voting Rights.......................................................................................... 151 Fair Housing............................................................................................152 Social Conditions of the 1970s ........................................................................... 156 The Vietnam War.................................................................................... 158 Civil Rights............................................................................................. 161 Women’s Rights......................................................................................165 Individuals with Disabilities Rights........................................................ 168 Gay and Lesbian Rights.......................................................................... 170 v Educational Conditions of the 1970s .................................................................. 171 Lau v. Nichols......................................................................................... 178 Summary–Conditions That Existed .................................................................... 208 V. LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION FOR LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENT AND IMMIGRANT STUDENTS............................................................................................ 213 Economic Conditions, 1975-2000 ...................................................................... 213 Gerald Ford, 1974-1977.......................................................................... 213 Jimmy Carter, 1977-1981....................................................................... 217 Ronald Reagan, 1981-1989..................................................................... 222 George H. Bush, 1989-1993 ................................................................... 230 William J. Clinton, 1993-2001 ............................................................... 234 George W. Bush, 2001-2009.................................................................. 240 Political Conditions, 1975-2000......................................................................... 243 Gerald Ford, 1974-1977.......................................................................... 243 Jimmy Carter, 1977-1981....................................................................... 250 Ronald Reagan, 1981-1989..................................................................... 258 George H. Bush, 1989-1993 ................................................................... 267 William J. Clinton, 1993-2001 ............................................................... 271 George W. Bush, 2001-2009.................................................................. 279 Social Conditions, 1975-2000............................................................................. 282 Gerald Ford, 1974-1977.......................................................................... 283 Jimmy Carter, 1977-1981....................................................................... 287 Ronald Reagan, 1981-1989..................................................................... 299 George H. Bush, 1989-1993 ................................................................... 306 William J. Clinton, 1993-2001 ............................................................... 311 George W. Bush, 2001-2009.................................................................. 317 Educational Conditions, 1975-2000.................................................................... 320 Gerald Ford, 1974-1977.......................................................................... 320 Jimmy Carter, 1977-1981....................................................................... 324 Ronald Reagan, 1981-1989..................................................................... 330 George H. Bush, 1989-1993 ..................................................................
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