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Changes in Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths by Opioid Type And

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Changes in Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths by Opioid Type And Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Weekly / Vol. 68 / No. 34 August 30, 2019 International Overdose Awareness Changes in Opioid-Involved Overdose Day — August 31, 2019 Deaths by Opioid Type and Presence of Benzodiazepines, Cocaine, and August 31, 2019, is International Overdose Awareness Day, a global event that aims to raise awareness that over- Methamphetamine — 25 States, July– dose death is preventable and to reduce the stigma associ- December 2017 to January–June 2018 ated with drug-related death. Goals also include providing information about risk for overdose and community services R. Matt Gladden, PhD1; Julie O’Donnell, PhD1; 1 1 and preventing drug-related harm through evidence-based Christine L. Mattson, PhD ; Puja Seth, PhD policy and practice (https://www.overdoseday.com). From 2013 to 2017, the number of opioid-involved overdose The opioid overdose epidemic, which killed 47,600 U.S. deaths (opioid deaths) in the United States increased 90%, persons in 2017,* substantially expanded in 2013 driven from 25,052 to 47,600.* This increase was primarily driven by by rapid increases in overdose deaths involving synthetic substantial increases in deaths involving illicitly manufactured opioids (excluding methadone), particularly illicitly † † fentanyl (IMF) or fentanyl analogs mixed with heroin, sold manufactured fentanyl. Cocaine and methamphetamine as heroin, or pressed into counterfeit prescription pills (1–3). overdose deaths co-involving synthetic opioids also rapidly Methamphetamine-involved and cocaine-involved deaths that increased during this period (1). A report in this issue of MMWR documented decreases * https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db329_tables-508.pdf#4. † in opioid-involved overdose deaths in 25 states from July– Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid 50–100 times more potent than morphine and is approved for treatment of severe (typically advanced cancer) pain. Illicitly December 2017 to January–June 2018, especially those manufactured fentanyl is manufactured illegally and sold through illegal drug involving fentanyl analogs and prescription opioids. Overdose markets for its heroin-like effect. Fentanyl analogs, also known as fentanyl- related substances, are synthetic opioids that are similar in chemical structure deaths involving illicitly manufactured fentanyl (includ- to fentanyl but modified to generate distinct substances. Fentanyl analogs vary ing those co-occurring with illicit opioids and stimulants) in potency, with some more potent than fentanyl and others with potency increased (2). Improved identification of persons at high risk similar to or less than fentanyl. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/opioids/ for overdoses involving illicitly manufactured fentanyl and fentanyl.html; https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/frs.pdf. linkage to risk-reduction services and evidence-based treat- ment are critical to reducing opioid deaths. Further informa- INSIDE tion on CDC’s state efforts and overdose data is available at 745 Racial Disparities in Breastfeeding Initiation and https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/index.html. Duration Among U.S. Infants Born in 2015 * https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/statedeaths.html. 749 Notes from the Field: Mumps in Detention Facilities † https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html. that House Detained Migrants — United States, September 2018–August 2019 References 751 Notes from the Field: Multistate Outbreak of 1. Kariisa M, Scholl L, Wilson N, Seth P, Hoots B. Drug overdose deaths Salmonella Agbeni Associated with Consumption of involving cocaine and psychostimulants with abuse potential—United Raw Cake Mix — Five States, 2018 States, 2003–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:388–95. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6817a3 753 QuickStats 2. Gladden RM, O’Donnell J, Mattson C, Seth P. Changes in opioid- involved overdose deaths by opioid type and presence of benzodiazepines, cocaine, and methamphetamine—25 states, July– Continuing Education examination available at December 2017 to January–June 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/cme/conted_info.html#weekly. Rep 2019;68:737–44. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report co-involved opioids also substantially increased from 2016 to 2017 presence (detection of the drug in decedent) of co-occurring (4). Provisional 2018§ estimates of the number of opioid deaths nonopioid drugs (cocaine, methamphetamine, and benzodi- suggest a small decrease from 2017. Investigating the extent to azepines). Three key findings emerged regarding changes in which decreases occurred broadly or were limited to a subset of opioid deaths from July–December 2017 to January–June opioid types (e.g., prescription opioids versus IMF) and drug com- 2018. First, overall opioid deaths decreased 4.6%. Second, binations (e.g., IMF co-involving cocaine) can assist in targeting decreases occurred in prescription opioid deaths without co- of intervention efforts. This report describes opioid deaths during involved illicit opioids and deaths involving non-IMF illicit January–June 2018 and changes from July–December 2017 in synthetic opioids (fentanyl analogs and U-series drugs) (5). 25¶ of 32 states and the District of Columbia participating in Third, IMF deaths, especially those with multiple illicit opi- CDC’s State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System oids and common nonopioids, increased. Consequently, IMF (SUDORS).** Opioid deaths were analyzed by involvement (opi- was involved in approximately two-thirds of opioid deaths oid determined by medical examiner or coroner to contribute to during January–June 2018. Notably, during January–June overdose death) of prescription or illicit opioids,†† as well as by the 2018, 62.6% of all opioid deaths co-occurred with at least one common nonopioid drug. To maintain and accelerate § https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm. ¶ Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Maine, reductions in opioid deaths, efforts to prevent IMF-involved Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North deaths and address polysubstance misuse with opioids must Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, be enhanced. Key interventions include broadening outreach Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin. Florida, Illinois, Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Washington collect data from a subset of counties that accounted for 77%–87% of to groups at high risk for IMF or fentanyl analog exposure all unintentional or undetermined-intent opioid overdoses in 2017. and overdose. Improving linkage to and engagement in risk- ** SUDORS captures detailed information on toxicology, death scene investigations, reduction services and evidence-based treatment for persons route of administration, and other risk factors that may be associated with a fatal overdose. SUDORS is part of CDC’s Enhanced State Opioid Overdose Surveillance with opioid and other substance use disorders with attention (ESOOS) program (which funded 12 states through a competitive application to polysubstance use or misuse is also needed. process in Fiscal Year 2016 and an additional 20 states and the District of Columbia in Fiscal Year 2017). https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/foa/state-opioid-mm.html. †† IMF, fentanyl analogs, heroin, and illicitly manufactured U-series drugs. U-series drugs are novel nonfentanyl-related synthetic opioids with no authorized medical uses. U-series drug deaths include those involving U-47700 and its analogs U-48800 and U-49900. U-47700, a nonfentanyl benzamide compound developed by a pharmaceutical company, is not authorized for medical use in the United States and is currently distributed illicitly for its heroin-like effect. Deaths involving U-50488 and U-51754 were also included in this category, but each was involved in five or fewer deaths. The MMWR series of publications is published by the Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027. Suggested citation: [Author names; first three, then et al., if more than six.] [Report title]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:[inclusive page numbers]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Robert R. Redfield, MD, Director Anne Schuchat, MD, Principal Deputy Director Chesley L. Richards, MD, MPH, Deputy Director for Public Health Science and Surveillance Rebecca Bunnell, PhD, MEd, Director, Office of Science Barbara Ellis, PhD, MS, Acting Director, Office of Science Quality, Office of Science Michael F. Iademarco, MD, MPH, Director, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services MMWR Editorial and Production Staff (Weekly) Charlotte K. Kent, PhD, MPH, Editor in Chief Martha F. Boyd, Lead Visual Information Specialist Jacqueline Gindler, MD, Editor Maureen A. Leahy, Julia C. Martinroe, Mary Dott, MD, MPH, Online Editor Stephen R. Spriggs, Tong Yang, Terisa F. Rutledge, Managing Editor Visual Information Specialists Douglas W. Weatherwax, Lead Technical Writer-Editor Quang M. Doan, MBA, Phyllis H. King, Glenn Damon, Soumya Dunworth, PhD, Teresa M. Hood, MS, Terraye M. Starr, Moua Yang, Technical Writer-Editors Information Technology Specialists MMWR Editorial Board Timothy F. Jones, MD, Chairman Matthew L. Boulton, MD, MPH Robin Ikeda, MD, MPH Stephen C. Redd, MD Virginia A. Caine, MD Phyllis Meadows, PhD, MSN, RN Patrick
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